Persians
| File:Persian people - Persians 280507.JPG | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| approx. 50-80 million (including all sub-groups) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Iran | 40,810,716 or 34,689,910[1] [2] |
 Tajikistan | 7,008,521[3] [4] |
 United States | 1,000,000[5] [6] [7] [8] |
 Turkey | 800,000[1] |
 UAE | 400,000[2] |
 Germany | 110,000[3] |
 Canada | 88,200[4] |
 United Kingdom | 80,000[1] |
 France | 62,000[1] |
 Israel | 80,000[1] |
 Lebanon | 50,000[1] |
 India | 60,000 (Parsi and Irani people)[1] |
 China | 1,0 million[citation needed] |
 Azerbaijan | 22,000 (Speak a Medieval Persian Dialect called Tat-Persian)[5][9] |
 Kuwait | 60,000 |
 Greece | 20,000[1] |
 Sweden | 15,000[1] |
| China | 10,000[1] |
 Denmark | 10,000[1] |
 Belgium | 6,000[1] |
 Netherlands | 28,000[1] |
 Norway | 6,000[1] |
 South Africa | 5,000[1] |
 Finland | 2,000[1] |
| Languages | |
| Persian (Western dialect, in addition to regional varieties) | |
| Religion | |
| Predominately Shi'a Muslim.[6][7] There are also some adherents of Sunni Muslim, Bahá'í Faith, Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism and some Atheistand agnostic | |
The Persians (or the Persian Speakers) are an Iranian ethnic group who speak the Persian language and share a common culture and history.
Terminology
The term Persia was adopted by all western languages through the Greeks and was used as an official name for Iran by the West until 1935. Due to that label, all Iranians were considered Persian. Therefore, many Western sources, when regarding Iran's history, will label many non-Persian Iranians as Persians, which distinguishes nationality, not necessarily the Persian ethnic group. Also, many others who embraced the Persian language and culture are also often referred to as Persian, not necessarily meaning ethnic group, but rather as a part of Persian civilization (culturally and linguistically).
The first known written record about them is from an Assyrian inscription of the 834 BC, which mentions both Parsua (Persians) and Muddai (Medes).[8][9] The term used by Assyrians 'Parsua' was a general designation to refer to southwestern Iranian tribes (who referred to themselves as Aryans). Greeks rendered this word as 'Persis' which is where the word Persian in English comes from. In Arabic as there is no letter "P", they referred to Persia and Persians as 'Fars' ('Faras') and 'Farsis'.
Sub-groups
Ethnic Persians can also be found outside of Iran and include the Tajiks and Farsiwan who can be found in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and the Xinjiang province of China. Closely related to the Farsiwan are the Qizilbash of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Another group called the Tats lives mainly in the Caucasus region concentrated in Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Russian Dagestan. Parsis, a Zoroastrian sect of western India, centred around Gujarat and Bombay, are also largely descended from Persian Zoroastrians. The Iranis, another small community in western India, are descended from more recent Persian Zoroastrian immigrants to the subcontinent. In addition, the Hazara are an ethnic group of Persianized Mongol origin.
History
The Persians are descendents of the Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes that began migrating from Central Asia into what is now Iran in the second millennium BC.[10][11][12] The Persian language and other Iranian tongues emerged as these Aryan tribes split up into two major groups, the Persians and the Medes, and intermarried with peoples indigenous to the Iranian plateau such as the Elamites.[13][14]
The ancient Persians from the province of Pars became the rulers of a large empire under the Achaemenid dynasty (Hakhamanesheeyan) in the sixth century BC, reuniting with the tribes and other provinces of the ancient Iranian plateau and forming the Persian Empire. Over the centuries Persia was ruled by various dynasties; some of them were ethnic Iranians including the Achaemenids, Parthians (Ashkanian), Sassanids (Sassanian), Buwayhids and Samanids, and some of them were not, such as the Seleucids, Ummayyads, Abbasids, and Seljuk Turks.
The founding dynasty of the empire, the Achaemenids, and later the Sassanids, were from the southern region of Iran, Pars. The latter Parthian dynasty arose from the north. However, according to archaeological evidence found in modern day Iran in the form of cuneiforms that go back to the Achaemenid era, it is evident that the native name of Parsa (Persia) had been applied to Iran from its birth.[15][16]
Persian language
The Persian language is one of the world's oldest languages still in use today, and is known to have one of the most powerful literary traditions, with formidable Persian poets like Ferdowsi, Hafez, Khayyam, Attar, Saadi, Nezami, Roudaki, and, of course, the legendary Rumi. By native speakers as well as in Urdu, Arabic and other neighboring languages, it is called Fārsī, and additionally Dari or Tajiki in the eastern parts of Greater Iran. It is part of the Iranian sub-section of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Persian-speakers are today in the majority in Iran, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan,[17] and form a large minority in Uzbekistan as well. Smaller groups of Persian-speakers are found in Pakistan, western China, as well as in Bahrain, Iraq, and Azerbaijan.
Religion
History
The Persian civilization spawned three major religions: Zoroastrianism, Manichaeanism, and the Bahá'í Faith. Other religions such as Mazdakism and Manichaenism also arose from ancient Iran, with the former having been dubbed the first communistic ideology, and the latter heavily influencing Saint Augustine, hence, indirectly influencing Christianity: Both religions were sub-branches of Zoroastrianism. The religion of Zoroastrianism originates from ancient Persia. Zoroastrianism is said to be the first monotheistic religion.
Most Persians in Iran are Shia Muslims, while some communities of Shia Sufis also exist. There is also a sizeable number of Sunni Muslims. Historically, some of the greatest Sunni Muslim scholars in history were Persian or had Persian descent, including Abu Dawood, Al Muslim, Hakim al-Nishaburi, and Abu Hanifa, amongst many others. There are also smaller communities of Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, and Bahá'ís. There are also Persians who are Atheist and Agnostic. Also see religious minorities in Iran.
Arts
The artistic heritage of Persia is eclectic and includes major contributions from both east and west. Persian art borrowed heavily from the indigenous Elamite civilization and Mesopotamia and later from Hellenism (as can be seen with statues from the Greek period). In addition, due to Persia's somewhat central location, it has served as a fusion point between eastern and western arts and architecture as Greco-Roman influence was often fused with ideas and techniques from India and China. When talking of the creative Persian arts one has to include a geographic area that actually extends into Central Asia, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and Iraq as well as modern Iran. This vast geographic region has been pivotal in the development of the Persian arts as a whole.
Statues
Persians artistic expression can be seen as far back as the Achaemenid period as numerous statues depicting various important figures, usually of political significance as well as religious, such as the Immortals (elite troops of the emperor) are indicative of the influence of Mesopotamia and ancient Babylon. What is perhaps most representative of a more indigenous artistic expression are Persian miniatures. Although the influence of Chinese art is apparent, local Persian artists used the art form in various ways including portraits that could be seen from the Ottoman Empire to the courts of the Safavids and Mughals.
Music
The music of Persia goes back to the days of Barbod in the royal Sassanid courts, and even earlier. As it evolved, a distinct eastern Mediterranean style emerged as Persian folk music is often quite similar to the music of modern Iran's neighbors. In modern times, musical tradition has seen setbacks due to the religious government's policies in Iran, but has survived in the form of Iranian exiles and dissidents who have turned to Western rock music with a distinctive Iranian style as well as Persian rap.
Architecture
Architecture is one of the areas where Persians have made outstanding contributions. Ancient examples can be seen in the ruins at Persepolis, while in modern times monuments such as the Tomb of Omar Khayyam are displays of the varied tradition in Persia. Various cities in Iran are historical displays of a distinctive Persian style that can be seen in the Kharaghan twin towers of Qazvin province and the Shah Mosque found in Isfahan. Persian architecture streams over the borders of Iran and is clearly seen throughout Central Asia as with the Bibi Khanum Mosque in Samarkand and the Minaret of Jam in western Afghanistan. Islamic architecture was founded on the base established by the Persians. Persian techniques can also be clearly seen in the structures of the Taj Mahal at Agra and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.
Rugs
Gottfried Semper called rugs "the original means of separating space". Rug weaving was thus developed by ancient civilizations as a basis of architecture. Persian rugs are said to be the most detailed hand-made works of art.
Gardens
The Persian gardens were designed to reflect paradise on earth;[citation needed] The English word "Paradise" is thought to come from the Persian word Pardis which refers to these gardens.
Although having existed since ancient times, the Persian garden gained greater prominence during the Islamic period as Arab rulers cultivated Persian techniques to create gardens of Persian design from Al-Andalus to Kashgar.[citation needed] Persian gardens are immortalized in the One Thousand and one nights and the works of Omar Khayyam.
Women
Persian women have played an important role throughout history. Scheherazade, though fictional, is an important figure of female wit and intelligence, while the beauty of Mumtaz Mahal inspired the building of the Taj Mahal itself. While in ancient times, aristocratic females possessed numerous rights sometimes on par with men, generally Persian women did not attain greater parity until the 20th century. However, Tahirih, the poet, had a great influence on modern women's movements throughout the Middle East. The Tahirih Justice Center is named after her. Females were given such status in ancient Persia that they were the first to ever serve in a national military.[citation needed]
Persian women today serve an active role in society. Peace activists such as Shirin Ebadi have pushed for greater rights for women, while many Iranian women exiles have set examples of excellence that have no doubt inspired many Persian women to strive for change in the conservative society prevalent in today's Iran. Even with the current climate of religious conservativism, Persian women still tend to take a more active role in social, religious and family affairs than their Arab or Turkish counterparts.[citation needed] Despite the barriers imposed by the Revolution, Iranian women can be seen working in a variety of areas such as politics, law enforcement, transportation industries, etc. Universities still tend to be dominated by women in Iran and one may find a large number of female legislators in the Iranian Majlis (parliament),[citation needed] even by western standards. Former Vice President Masoumeh Ebtekar, noted for her eloquence in dealing with western media, set a new standard for aspiring Iranian female politicians while serving under President Khatami. Outstanding Iranian female academics, such as Laleh Bakhtiar have forever left a mark in the fields they contribute to.
Culture
See also
- Persianization
- Demographics of Iran
- History of Iran
- Iranian-American
- Iranian Australian
- Iranian Kuwaitis
- List of Iranians
- Tajiks
- Farsiwan
- Turko-Iranian
- Iranian Peoples
- Persian People
- Iranis of India
- Parsis of India
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o http://www.farsinet.com/pwo/diaspora.html
- ^ Travel Video Television News - Iranians investing heavily in Dubai
- ^ Persian World Outreach - Persian-speaking people outside of Iran
- ^ http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?T=501&Lang=E&GV=1&GID=0&S=1&O=D%7C1
- ^ Gernot L. Windfuhr, Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study, Walter de Gruyter, 1979, pp4
- ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html
- ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=12883
- ^ Abdolhossein Zarinkoob "Ruzgaran : tarikh-i Iran az aghz ta saqut saltnat Pahlvi" pp. 37
- ^ Bahman Firuzmandi "Mad, Hakhamanishi, Ashkani, Sasani" pp. 155
- ^ http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-230041?tocId=230041
- ^ Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of World History (6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/Bartleby.com.
The Medes and the Persians, c.1500-559
- ^ Bahman Firuzmandi "Mad, Hakhamanishi, Ashkani, Sasani" pp. 20
- ^ Iran. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
- ^ Bahman Firuzmandi "Mad, Hakhamanishi, Ashkani, Sasani" pp. 12-19
- ^ Persia - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
- ^ The Splendor of Persia: The Land and the People - by Robert Payne
- ^ BBC News - Afghan poll's ethnic battleground
External links
- Persians Are Not Arabs
- http://music.tirip.com Persian Singers, Poets and Musicians
- Ethnologue information for Western Persians
- Statistics on geographic distribution of Persians worldwide
- Persian Diaspora