Brown Dog affair

The original statue of the brown dog was erected in Battersea in 1906, then dismantled and presumed destroyed in 1910 after the Brown Dog riots. A new statue of the dog was erected in Battersea Park in 1985.

The Brown Dog affair was a political controversy about vivisection that raged in Edwardian England from 1903 until 1910. It involved the infiltration of London University medical lectures by Swedish women activists, pitched battles between medical students and the police, police protection for the statue of a dog, a libel trial at the Royal Courts of Justice, and the establishment of a Royal Commission to investigate the use of animals in experiments. The affair became a cause célèbre that reportedly divided the country.

The controversy was triggered by allegations that Dr. William Bayliss of the Department of Physiology at University College, London, had performed illegal dissection in February 1903 on a brown terrier dog — anaesthetized according to Bayliss and his team, conscious according to the Swedish activists — before an audience of medical students. The procedure was condemned as cruel and unlawful by the National Anti-Vivisection Society. Bayliss, whose research on dogs led to the discovery of hormones, was outraged by the assault on his reputation. He sued for libel and won.

Anti-vivisectionists commissioned a bronze statue of the dog as a memorial, unveiled in Battersea in 1906, but medical students were angered by its provocative plaque — "Men and women of England, how long shall these things be?" — leading to frequent vandalism of the memorial and the need for a 24-hour police guard against the so-called "anti-doggers." On December 10, 1907, 1,000 anti-doggers marched through central London, clashing with 400 police officers in Trafalgar Square, one of a series of battles that became known as the Brown Dog riots.

Tired of the controversy, Battersea Council removed the statue in 1910 under cover of darkness, after which it was allegedly destroyed by the council's blacksmith, despite a 20,000-strong petition in its favour. A new statue of the brown dog was commissioned by anti-vivisection groups over 70 years later, and was erected in Battersea Park in 1985.

Background

Politics

Claude Bernard, considered the father of physiology, wrote that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lighted hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen."

Walter Gratzer, professor emeritus of biochemistry at King's College London, writes that a powerful opposition to vivisection arose in England during the reign of Queen Victoria, represented equally in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. At that time, the word "vivisection" was used to describe the dissection of live animals, either with or without anaesthesia, often in front of audiences of medical students. The term is now used more broadly to include other kinds of animal testing, particularly anything invasive.

Frances Power Cobbe founded the National Anti-Vivisection Society in 1875.

According to Gratzer, well-known physiologists, such as Claude Bernard and Charles Richet in France, and Michael Foster and Burdon Sanderson in England, were frequently pilloried for the work they did. Bernard was a particular target of violent abuse, even from members of his own family; he appears to have shared their distaste, writing that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lighted hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen." Gratzer reports that British anti-vivisectionists infiltrated the lectures in Paris of Bernard's teacher, François Magendie, where animals were strapped down on boards to be dissected, with Magendie allegedly shouting to the dogs as they struggled: "Tais-toi, pauvre bête!" (Be quiet, you poor beast!)

The British National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS) was founded in December 1875 by Frances Power Cobbe, an early feminist and animal rights activist, at a time when there were around 300 experiments on animals each year in the UK. The opposition to vivisection led the government to set up the First Royal Commission on Vivisection in July 1875, which recommended that legislation be enacted to control it; the Second Royal Commission was set up on 1906 because of the Brown Dog affair. The first led to the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 — described by NAVS as "infamous but well-named" — which legalized and set limits on the practice. The law remained in force for 110 years, until it was replaced by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, which is the subject of similar criticism from the modern animal rights movement.

The Cruelty to Animals Act stipulated that researchers could not be prosecuted for cruelty, but that animals must be anaesthetized, may be used only once (though several procedures regarded as part of the same experiment were permitted), and must be killed when the study is over. Prosecutions under the Act could be made only with the approval of the Home Secretary — at the time Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston — who was thought to be unsympathetic to the anti-vivisectionists' cause.

Science

File:ErnestStarling1.jpg

Ernest Starling

In the early twentieth century, Ernest Starling, Professor of Physiology at University College, London, and his brother-in-law, physiologist William Bayliss, were using vivisection on dogs to determine whether the nervous system controls pancreatic secretions, as postulated by Ivan Pavlov.

They knew that the pancreas produces digestive juices in response to increased acidity in the duodenum and jejunum, due to the arrival of chyme there. By severing the duodenal and jejunal nerves in anaesthetized dogs, while leaving the blood vessels intact, and then introducing acid into the duodenum and jejunum, they discovered that the process is not mediated by a nervous response, but instead by a new type of chemical reflex. They named the chemical messenger secretin, as it is secreted by the intestinal lining into the bloodstream, stimulating the pancreas on circulation.

In 1905, Starling coined the term "hormone", from the Greek hormao (òρµáω meaning "I arouse", or "I excite") to describe chemicals such as secretin that are capable, in extremely small quantities, of stimulating organs from a distance.

Bayliss and Starling had also used vivisection on anaesthetized dogs to discover peristalsis in 1899. Over their careers, they went on to discover a variety of other important physiological phenomena and principles, many of which were based on their experimental work involving animal vivisection.

Vivisection of the brown dog

The brown dog was a terrier, probably a former stray dog or pet, described as small by Starling, and as large by the Swedish women who witnessed the dissection. He was first used in a dissection in December 1902 by Starling, who had cut open the dog's abdomen and ligated the pancreatic duct. The dog lived in a cage for the next two months, reportedly upsetting people with his howling.

File:Henry-Hallett-Dale.gif

Henry Dale, the future Nobel laureate, killed the dog when the dissection was over.

He was brought back to the lecture theatre for another demonstration in February 1903. During this second procedure, he is reported to have been stretched on his back on an operating board, with his legs tied to the board, his head clamped into position, and his mouth muzzled to keep him quiet.

In front of the audience, Starling cut the dog open again to inspect the results of the previous surgery, after which he clamped the wound, then handed the dog over to William Bayliss, who wanted to look at the salivary glands. Bayliss cut a new opening in the dog's neck to expose the glands. The dog was then stimulated with electricity to demonstrate that salivary pressure was independent of blood pressure. Bayliss was unable to show this, and gave up trying after half an hour. The dog was handed over to a student, Henry Dale, a future Nobel laureate, who removed the dog's pancreas, then killed him with a knife.

Walter Gratzer writes that the dog was anaesthetized during the procedure with a morphine injection, then with a mixture of chloroform, alcohol, and ether, which was delivered to a tube in the dog's trachea via a pipe hidden behind the bench the men were working on. He notes that, without anaesthesia, it would have been impossible for the researchers to perform the surgery.

Infiltration by Swedish activists

Unknown to Starling and Bayliss, their lectures had been infiltrated by two Swedish women activists. Louise "Lizzy" Lind-af-Hageby, a Swedish countess, and Leisa K. Schartau had visited the Pasteur Institute in Paris in 1900 and were appalled by the use of animals there. On their return to Sweden, they made contact with the Swedish Animal Protection League, and in December 1900 founded the Anti-Vivisection Society of Sweden. In 1902, they enrolled as students at the London School of Medicine for Women — a vivisection-free college which had visiting arrangements with other London colleges — in part to further their medical training, in part as undercover anti-vivisectionists. They attended lectures at King's and University College, keeping a meticulous diary, which they published in 1903 as Eye-Witnesses, changing the title for the second edition to The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology. The book was reportedly a bombshell, receiving 200 reviews in four months.

Of the brown dog, the women wrote that he appeared conscious, and that there was no smell of anaesthesia:

A large dog, stretched on its back on an operation board, is carried into the lecture-room by the demonstrator and the laboratory attendant. Its legs are fixed to the board, its head is firmly held in the usual manner, and it is tightly muzzled. There is a large incision on the side of the neck, exposing the gland. The animal exhibits all the signs of intense suffering; in his struggles, he again and again lifts his body from the board, and makes powerful attempts to get free. The lecturer, attired in the blood-stained surplice of the priest of vivisection, has tucked up his sleeves and is now comfortably smoking a pipe, whilst with hands coloured crimson he arranges the electrical circuit for the stimulation that will follow. Now and then, he makes a funny remark, which is appreciated by those around him.

Other students present during the surgery reported that the dog had not struggled, but had merely twitched.

Involvement of the National Anti-Vivisection Society

The Swedish women decided to show their diary to the barrister Stephen Coleridge, secretary of the National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS), and the son of a former Lord Chief Justice of England.

Coleridge's attention was drawn to the description of the brown dog experiments, because the Cruelty to Animals Act forbade the use of an animal in more than one experiment. Yet it appeared that the brown dog had been used by Ernest Starling to perform surgery on the pancreas, then used again by Starling when he opened the dog to inspect the results of the previous surgery, and for a third time by Bayliss to study the salivary glands. Furthermore, the dog had not been properly anaesthetized, according to the women, and had been killed by Henry Dale, at the time an unlicensed research student. The women also alleged that the students had laughed during the procedure: "there were jokes and laughter everywhere" in the lecture hall while the brown dog was being dissected, according to Lind-af-Hageby, a claim she published in her book under the chapter title "Fun." These were all regarded as prima facie violations of the Act.

Stephen Coleridge gave an angry speech about the allegations, possibly intending to provoke a suit for libel.

Peter Mason writes that Coleridge decided there was no point in relying on a prosecution under the Act, which he regarded as deliberately obstructive. Instead, he gave an angry speech about the allegations to the annual meeting of the National Anti-Vivisection Society at St. James Hall in May 1903, probably with a view to inciting a suit for libel. The speech included a statement from Lind-af-Hageby: "The dog struggled forcibly during the whole experiment and seemed to suffer extremely during the stimulation. No anaesthetic had been administered in my presence, and the lecturer said nothing about any attempts to anaesthetise the animal having previously been made." Coleridge accused the scientists of having tortured the animal. "If this is not torture, let Mr. Bayliss and his friends ... tell us in Heaven's name what torture is."

Mason writes that a verbatim report of the speech was published the next day by the radical Daily News — founded by Charles Dickens — and over the next three days by other national and regional papers. Questions were raised in the House of Commons, particularly by Sir Frederick Banbury, a Conservative MP and sponsor of a vivisection bill aimed at ending demonstrations of the kind conducted by Starling and Bayliss. On May 8, 1903, Coleridge challenged Bayliss in a letter to the Daily News: "As soon as Dr. Bayliss likes to test the bona fides and accuracy of my public declaration ... he shall be confronted from the witness box by eyewitnesses I rely upon."

Bayliss demanded a public apology, and when it failed to materialize, he issued a writ for libel. Starling decided not to sue. Even The Lancet, a medical journal that was no supporter of Coleridge, wrote that "it may be contended that Professor Starling ... committed a technical infringement of the Act."

Bayliss v. Coleridge

File:Bayliss-lecture-reconstruction-1903.jpg

The court was shown this reconstruction of the brown dog's dissection.

The trial began on November 11, 1903 at the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand, and lasted seven days. Walter Gratzer writes that the public gallery was "packed and rowdy."

Starling was the first witness. He admitted that he had broken the law by using the dog twice, but said in his defence that he had done so to avoid sacrificing two dogs. The court accepted Bayliss's statement that the brown dog had been anaesthetized with one-and-a-half grains of morphia and six ounces of alcohol, chloroform, and ether. He further stated that the dog had been suffering from chorea, a disease involving involuntary spasm, meaning that any movement the women had witnessed was not purposive. In addition, Bayliss testified that a tracheotomy had been performed, and that it was therefore impossible for the women to have heard the dog crying and whining, as they had claimed.

William Bayliss testified that the dog had been anaesthetized. He said that any movement had been the result of chorea, and was not purposive.

Coleridge's defence called on the two Swedish women as witnesses. They testified that they were the first students to arrive at the lecture hall, and that they saw the dog being brought in. They were then left alone with the dog for about two minutes, and examined him themselves. They observed scars from the previous operations, and saw an incision in the neck where two tubes had been placed. They did not smell any anaesthetic. The dog was making what they regarded as voluntary movements, which suggested to them that he was conscious.

Coleridge was criticized for having accepted this "unsubstantiated calumny," as the bacteriologist Harold Ernst later called it, without seeking corroboration, though he knew that speaking about it publicly could lead to prosecution. Coleridge responded that he hadn't sought verification because he knew the claims would be denied, and he testified that he continued to regard the women's statement as true.

The jury found that Bayliss had been defamed, and on November 18 he was awarded £2,000 with £3,000 costs, worth around £250,000 in 2004, according to Gratzer. There are conflicting views as to how popular a decision this was. The Edinburgh Medical Journal wrote in 1904 that the ruling was greeted by applause in the court, and Frances Power Cobbe fell into a depression because of the animus of the public. While The Times declared itself satisfied with the verdict, the Daily News called it a miscarriage of justice, and launched a fund to cover Coleridge's expenses, raising £5,735 within four months. Bayliss donated his damages to UCL for use in research; Gratzer writes that the fund is probably still being used today to buy animals for research. Ernest Bell of Covent Garden, publisher of The Shambles of Science, withdrew the book from circulation, and on November 25, 1903, wrote to Bayliss's solicitors to say he would hand over all remaining copies.

Brown Dog memorial built

After the trial, Lind-af-Hageby was approached by Anna Louisa Woodward, founder of the World League Against Vivisection, who suggested the idea of a public memorial. Woodward raised a subscription, and commissioned from sculptor Joseph Whitehead a bronze statue of the dog on top of a granite memorial stone — 7 ft 6 ins tall — containing a drinking fountain for human beings, and a lower trough for dogs and horses.

The group turned to the borough of Battersea, known as one of the more radical in London — proletarian and socialist, according to Walter Gratzer — for a location in which to install the memorial. The local hospital in Battersea refused to perform vivisection, and was known locally as the "Antiviv." The area was also home to the well-known Battersea Dogs Home. The council agreed to provide a space for the statue near the newly completed Latchmere Estate. It was unveiled on September 15, 1906, bearing an inscription — probably the work of Woodward — hailed by The New York Times as "hysterical language customary of anti-vivisectionists," and "a slander on the whole medical profession":

In Memory of the Brown Terrier Dog done to Death in the Laboratories of University College in February 1903, after having endured Vivisection extending over more than two months and having been handed from one Vivisector to another till Death came to his Release. Also in Memory of the 232 dogs vivisected at the same place during the year 1902. Men and Women of England, how long shall these things be?

Riots and strange relationships

Medical students at London's teaching hospitals were enraged by the plaque. From November 1907 onwards, they organized protests and tried to destroy the statue. Roberta Kalechofsky writes that, for the next 18 months, Battersea became the scene of almost nightly riots.

The first action on November 20 was an organized attempt by 25 or more students of University College to destroy the statue, leading to the arrest of ten of them. The next day, others protested in Tottenham Court Road against the fines levied on the ten, and the day after saw a demonstration of hundreds of students, who marched holding effigies of the brown dog on small skewers. The Times reported that they marched down the Strand to burn an effigy of a magistrate; when it failed to ignite they threw it in the Thames.

The rioting reached its height on December 10, 1907, when 100 medical students once again tried to pull the memorial down. From five o'clock in the evening until around midnight, they were opposed by a group of local people who arrived to defend it. The crowd dispersed only when mounted police arrived and arrested demonstrators who appeared in court the next day and were fined £5. On the same evening or shortly after it, 1,000 students surged down the Strand, shouting slogans in support of Professor Starling, and were met in Trafalgar Square by 400 police officers, leading to violent clashes. Over the following weeks, more rioting broke out, with medical and veterinary students uniting. A women's suffrage meeting in Paddington organized by Millicent Fawcett was violently invaded, as was a meeting organized by Louise Lind-af-Hageby.

London's police commissioner approached the mayor of Battersea, John Archer — the first person of African descent to be elected to public office in the UK — to ask whether Battersea council would either contribute to policing costs, which had reached £700 a year, or take the statue down. Archer refused.

Susan McHugh of the University of New England writes that the dog's mongrelly status reflected the unique political mix of groups who rallied to the statue's defence. The riots saw socialists, trade unionists, Marxists, Liberals, and suffragettes descend on Battersea to fight the medical students, even though the suffragettes, identified with the bourgeoisie, were not a group toward whom organized male workers felt any warmth. But the "Brown Dog Done to Death in the Laboratories of University College" by the male scientific establishment united them, if only briefly.

According to Susan Hamilton of the University of Alberta, it was the Swedish women's hard-won access to higher education that had made the case possible in the first place, creating a new form of political agitation, a "new form of witnessing." For psychologist Richard Ryder, the entire Brown Dog affair became almost a battle of the sexes — a conflict between feminism, supporting the vulnerability of the Brown Dog, and machismo, represented by the scientists and the students. Hilda Kean, a historian at Ruskin College, writes that the Swedish protagonists were young and female, positioned as anti-establishment and representative of the future, while the accused scientists, older and male, were portrayed as remnants of a previous age.

"Exit the 'Brown Dog'"

"Exit the 'Brown Dog'": A photograph in the Daily Graphic, March 11, 1910, shows the empty spot where the Brown Dog had stood.

Battersea Council grew tired of the controversy. A new Conservative council was elected in November 1909, amid talk of removing the statue. There were protests in support of it, and the 500-strong Brown Dog memorial defence committee was established. Twenty thousand people signed a petition, and 1,500 attended a rally in February 1910 addressed by Charlotte Despard, the Irish suffragette and Sinn Féin activist; Liberal MP George Greenwood; and Louise Lind-af-Hageby. There were demonstrations in central London, and speeches in Hyde Park, with supporters wearing masks of dogs.

The protests were to no avail. The statue was quietly removed before dawn on March 10, 1910. It is believed to have been destroyed by a council blacksmith, who reportedly smashed it, then melted it down.

Peter Mason writes that all that is left of the old Brown Dog is a small hump on the pavement at the centre of Latchmere Recreation Ground, near the Latchmere Pub. The sign on a nearby fence reads "No Dogs."

Memorial restored

The new Brown Dog by Nicola Hicks, described as a "coquettish contrast to its down-to-earth predecessor," was erected in Battersea Park in 1985. (Image: National Recording Project of the Public Monuments and Sculpture Association (South London Boroughs).)

The New York Times wrote in March 1910 that "it is not considered at all probable that the effigy will ever again be exhibited in a public place."

Over 75 years later, a new memorial to the brown dog was erected just behind the Pump House in Battersea Park, commissioned by the National Anti-Vivisection Society and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, and unveiled by actress Geraldine James on December 12, 1985. The new statue, by sculptor Nicola Hicks, is mounted on top of a five-foot high Portland stone plinth, the dog based on Hicks's own terrier and described by Mason as "a coquettish contrast to its down-to-earth predecessor." It repeats the original inscription, and adds:

This monument replaces the original memorial of the brown dog erected by public subscription in Latchmere Recreation Ground, Battersea in 1906. The sufferings of the brown dog at the hands of the vivisectors generated much protest and mass demonstrations. It represented the revulsion of the people of London to vivisection and animal experimentation. This new monument is dedicated to the continuing struggle to end these practices. After much controversy the former monument was removed in the early hours of 10 March 1910. This was the result of a decision taken by the then Battersea Metropolitan Borough Council, the previous council having supported the erection of the memorial. Animal experimentation is one of the greatest moral issues of our time and should have no place in a civilised society. In 1903, 19,084 animals suffered and died in British laboratories. During 1984, 3,497,355 animals were burned, blinded, irradiated, poisoned and subjected to countless other horrifyingly cruel experiments in Great Britain.

Echoing the fate of the previous memorial, the statue was moved into storage in 1992 by Battersea Park's owners, the Conservative Wandsworth Borough Council, as part of a park renovation scheme, according to the Council. Anti-vivisectionists, suspicious of the Council's explanation, campaigned for its return. It was reinstated in the park's Woodland Walk in 1994, near the Old English Garden, a more secluded location than before.

Hilda Kean has criticized the new statue. The old Brown Dog was upright and defiant, she writes, not begging for mercy, which made it a radical political statement. The new Brown Dog is a pet, the creator's own terrier, sited in the Old English Garden as "heritage." Quoting David Lowenthal, professor emeritus at UCL, Kean writes that "what heritage does not highlight, it hides." She writes that the new statue has been separated from its anti-vivisection message and from popular images of animal rights activism — the balaclavas of activists and the painful eyes of rabbits. The new Brown Dog is too safe, she argues. Unlike its controversial ancestor, it makes no one uncomfortable.

See also

• Greyfriars Bobby
• Pro-Test
• Research Defence Society

References

• Bayliss, William & Starling, Ernest. "The mechanism of pancreatic secretion", The Journal of Physiology, 1902, 12;28(5):325–53. PMID 16992627
• Bayliss, W.M. Principles of General Physiology. London: Longmans, 1924.
• Biscoe, Tim. The Bayliss-Starling Prize Lecture, Physiology News, No. 65, Winter 2006, p. 40.
• Croce, Pietro. Vivisection or Science: An investigation into testing drugs and safeguarding health. Zed Books, 1999. ISBN 185649733X
• Ernst, Harold C. Journal of Social Science, Proceedings of the American Association, XLII, September 1904.
• Gratzer, Walter. Eurekas and Euphorias: The Oxford Book of Scientific Anecdotes. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0192804030
• Hamilton, Susan. Animal Welfare & Anti-vivisection 1870-1910: Nineteenth Century Woman's Mission. ISBN 0415321417
• Henderson, John. "Ernest Starling and 'Hormones': An historical commentary", Journal of Endocrinology, (2005) 184, 5–10. PMID 15642778
• Jones, Steve. "View from the lab: Why a brown dog and its descendants did not die in vain", The Daily Telegraph, November 12, 2003.
• Kean, Hilda. "An Exploration of the Sculptures of Greyfriars Bobby, Edinburgh, Scotland, and the Brown Dog, Battersea, South London, England", Society and Animals, Volume 1, Number 4, December 2003, pp. 353–373.
• Kean, Hilda. Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. Reaktion Books, 1998. ISBN 1861890141
• Lee, Frederic S. of Columbia University, "Miss Lind and her views", Letter to the Editor, The New York Times, February 3, 1909.
• Lind-af-Hageby, Louise & Schartau, Leisa K. The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology, 1903. First published as Eye-Witnesses, 1903. ISBN 1152413334
• Kalechofsky, Roberta. Autobiography of a Revolutionary: Essays on Animal and Human Rights. Micah Publications, 1991.
• Mason, Peter. The Brown Dog Affair. Two Sevens Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0952985403
• Mann, Keith. From Dawn 'Til Dusk. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007. ISBN 0955585007
• McHugh, Susan. Dog. Reaktion Books, 2004. ISBN 1861892039
• Phelps, Norm. The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to Peta. Lantern, 2007. ISBN 1590561066
• Preece, Rod. Awe for the Tiger, Love for the Lamb: A Chronicle of Sensibility to Animals. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0415943639
• Ryder, Richard D. Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. Berg Publishers, 2000. ISBN 1859733301
• Priddey, Helen. "Sir William Bayliss, 1860-1924", ''The Bugle 2003, reproduced by the Wolverhampton University Local History Society.
• Sutch, Gillian. "Brown Dog statue", The Review, Issue 52, Summer 2002, reproduced by Friends of Battersea Park.
• Tansey, E.M. Template:PDFlink, Advances in Physiology Education, Volume 19: Number 1, June 1998.
• "Exit the 'Brown Dog'," Daily Graphic, March 11, 1910.
• "Battersea Loses Famous Dog Statue", The New York Times, March 13, 1910.
• "John Archer 1863-1932", Animal Aid.
• The Edinburgh Medical Journal, XV, 1904, p. 6.
• Australasian Medical Gazette, Vol. XXIII, January-December 1904, p. 132.
• "The little brown dog", National Anti-Vivisection Society.
• "Ernest Henry Starling", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
• "Sir William Maddock Bayliss", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
• "Vivisection," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2006.
• "The history of the NAVS", National Anti-Vivisection Society.
• "London by numbers: the brown dog riots", The Independent on Sunday, October 26, 2003.
• "In sickness and in health: vivisection's undoing", The Daily Telegraph, November 2003.

Further reading

• Bayliss, Leonard. "The 'Brown Dog' Affair' in Potential, the UCL Physiology magazine, Spring 1957, No. 2, pp. 11–22. Leonard Bayliss was the son of William Bayliss.
• Coult, Tony. The Strange Affair of the Brown Dog, a radio play based on Peter Mason's book, The Brown Dog Affair, featuring Maggie Steed, Louisa Woodward, and Nerys Hughes. Directed by Turan Ali. First broadcast in 1998.
• Galloway, John. Review of Peter Mason's The Brown Dog Affair in Nature, 394, 635–636, August 13, 1998.
• Greek, C. Ray & Swingle Greek, Jean. Sacred Cows and Golden Geese: The Human Cost of Experiments on Animals, Continuum, 2002. ISBN 0826412262
• Harte, Negley, and North, John. The World of UCL, 1828-1990, Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd, London, 1991. The 1991 revised edition has an image of the restaged experiment on p. 127.
• Kean, Hilda. "The 'Smooth Cool Men of Science': The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection", History Workshop Journal, 1995; 40: 16–38.
• Lansbury, Coral. The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers, and Vivisection in Edwardian England. 1985. ISBN 0299102505
• Liddick, Donald R. & Liddick, Donald R. Jnr. Eco-terrorism: Radical Environmental And Animal Liberation Movements. Praegar Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0275985350
• Lind-af-Hageby, L. (ed.). The Anti-Vivisection Review. The Journal of Constructive Anti-Vivisection, journal founded by Louise Lind-af-Hageby.

External links

• Old English Garden, Battersea Park, on WikiMapia