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Talyllyn Railway

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Talyllyn Railway
Rheilffordd Talyllyn
Locomotive No. 4 Edward Thomas stands at Tywyn Wharf station – April 2005
LocaleWales Mid-Wales
TerminusTywyn Wharf
Commercial operations
NameTalyllyn Railway
Original gauge27
Preserved operations
Operated byTalyllyn Railway Company, supported by Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society
Stations7 and 5 halts
Length7¼ miles (11.8 km)
Preserved gauge27
1866Opened
1911Sold to Henry Haydn Jones
1946Quarry closed
Preservation history
1951Taken over by the Preservation Society
1976Opening of extension to Nant Gwernol
2001Railway celebrates 50 years of preservation

The Talyllyn Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Talyllyn) is a narrow-gauge preserved railway running for 7¼ miles (11.8 km)[1] from Tywyn[a] on the Mid-Wales coast to Nant Gwernol near the village of Abergynolwyn. The line was opened in 1866 to carry slate from the quarries at Bryn Eglwys to Tywyn, and was the first narrow gauge railway in Britain authorised by Act of Parliament to carry passengers using steam haulage.[2][3] Despite severe under-investment,[4] the line remained open, and in 1951 it became the first railway in the world to be preserved as a heritage railway by volunteers.[5][6]

Since preservation, the railway has operated as a tourist attraction. It has significantly expanded its rolling stock through acquisition and an engineering programme to build new locomotives and carriages. In 1976 an extension was opened along the former mineral line from Abergynolwyn to the new station at Nant Gwernol. In 2001 the preservation society celebrated its 50th anniversary. In 2005 a major rebuilding and extension of Tywyn Wharf station was opened, including a much expanded facility for the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum.

The origin of the railway's name is uncertain: it is thought to refer to the parish of Talyllyn, which contains its eastern terminus,[7] or it may come from Tal-y-llyn,[b] a large glacial ribbon lake at the foot of Cadair Idris 3 miles (5 km) further east.[8] The gauge of the track is 2 feet 3 inches (686 mm). This is an unusual gauge, and was shared by only three other public railways in the United Kingdom: the nearby Corris Railway (which predated the Talyllyn), and the subsequent Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway and Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway.

The fictional Skarloey Railway, which formed part of the Railway Series of children's books by the Rev. W Awdry, was based on the Talyllyn Railway. The preservation of the line inspired the Ealing Comedy film The Titfield Thunderbolt.

History

Origins and construction: up to 1866

Slate quarrying began in the hills above Tywyn in the 1830s. Although many small quarries and test levels were established, only one major quarry was developed in the region, at Bryn Eglwys, 7 miles (11 km) north east of the town, where underground working began in the early 1840s.[9] By 1847 the quarry was being worked by local landowner John Pughe. The finished slates were sent by packhorse to the wharf at Pennal, transferred to boats for a river trip to Aberdyfi (also known as Aberdovey), and then finally loaded into sea-going vessels. This complex transportation arrangement was expensive and limited the quarry's output.[10]

In 1861 the outbreak of the American Civil War cut off supplies of cotton to the mills of the north west of England. As a result, a number of prosperous mill owners looked for new business opportunities to diversify their interests. One such owner was William McConnel of Lancashire who, in 1859, had purchased a house near Dolgellau, north of Tywyn. In January 1864, McConnel formed the Aberdovey Slate Company, which leased the land including Bryn Eglwys from the landowner, Lewis Morris of Machynlleth.[11]

The remains of Bryn Eglwys quarry in 2008

McConnel set about improving Bryn Eglwys to increase its output. In 1865, as part of this effort, his company earmarked money for the construction of a narrow gauge railway connecting the quarry with the port of Aberdyfi. However the standard gauge Aberystwyth and Welsh Coast Railway was expanding rapidly from its base at Machynlleth and in 1863 had reached Tywyn, although the line was initially isolated from the rest of the system because of difficulties in bridging the estuary of the Afon Dyfi to the south. McConnel decided to build his line from the quarry to Tywyn, the nearest point where slate could be transferred to the standard gauge railway.[12]

An Act of Parliament (28 and 29 Vict, cap cccxv), allowing the company to operate passenger trains as a public railway, was given Royal Assent on 5 July 1865.[13][14] The company appointed James Swinton Spooner as engineer for the construction. He laid out plans for a relatively straight line climbing steadily from Tywyn to the quarry and work quickly got underway. By September 1866 construction had advanced to the point where the Board of Trade inspector Captain Henry Tyler could make an initial inspection and report.[15]

Tyler's report led to an unusual alteration. The loading gauge of the line was too small – the internal width of the overbridges was only 9 ft 1 in (277 cm). The railway's passenger carriages were 5 ft 3½ in (162 cm) wide, leaving less than 2 ft (61 cm) clearance on either side, less than the minimum required clearance of 2 ft 6 in (76 cm). To alleviate this problem, McConnel proposed that the doors on one side of each carriage would be permanently barred and the track slewed off-centre beneath the bridges to allow adequate clearance at least on the side with doors. This would allow passengers to get out of the carriages if the train stopped underneath a bridge. Tyler agreed to this arrangement, and to this day all carriages on the Talyllyn have doors on one side only. This unusual feature for a public railway is shared (for different reasons) with the neighbouring Corris Railway.[16]

Tyler also required that improvements be made to the railway's first two steam locomotives. Locomotive No. 1 suffered from excessive "vertical motion" while No. 2 was said to suffer from "horizontal oscillation". No. 1 was returned to its manufacturer where a set of trailing wheels was added to reduce the rear overhang. The springs on No. 2 were adjusted and the crank pins shortened to reduce its oscillation.[17]

Tyler did not approve the opening until his listed improvements were completed. During the first half of 1866, the various changes required were made and construction of the line was finished. In October 1866 the railway began an unofficial passenger service, despite not being authorised by the Board of Trade. Passengers were carried "at their own risk" and possibly free of charge until the line was officially sanctioned. In November of that year, Tyler returned to Tywyn and re-inspected the railway. Subject to some further minor improvements he approved its formal opening for passenger service. The first public passenger timetable was issued in December 1866,[18] and the first purpose-built, steam-worked, narrow gauge public railway in Britain opened for service.[19]

Prosperity under McConnel: 1866–1880s

Talyllyn posed on Dolgoch Viaduct around 1867

The railway opened with two locomotives, one carriage and several goods vehicles in use and was operated under a "one engine in steam" policy to ensure that two trains could not collide.[20] Initially the working locomotive was housed in a wooden shed at Ty Dwr on the mineral line above Abergynolwyn station, while the main engineering works at Pendre were constructed.[21] The Pendre works opened on 17 February 1867 and from then on trains began working from Pendre instead of Abergynolwyn.[17]

At the opening, stations were provided at Pendre and Abergynolwyn. In 1867, the halt at Rhydyronen opened, followed by Brynglas and Dolgoch in 1873. Some time shortly after the opening of the railway, a branch to Abergynolwyn village was provided. A steep incline dropped from the mineral line east of Abergynolwyn station to the village below where a series of tram lines radiated. Coal, building materials and general goods were delivered down the incline and the contents of the village cesspits were hauled back up for disposal along the lineside.[20]

The railway used steam locomotives from the start, unlike its neighbour the horse-drawn Corris Railway. The original two engines, although of entirely different design, were purchased from Fletcher, Jennings & Co. of Whitehaven in Cumbria,[22] and both are still in service, 140 years on, but so many of their parts have been replaced down the years that much of their present-day component metal is not original. The Talyllyn's rare gauge is thought to have been adopted to match the Corris Railway.[23]

The line's two original steam locomotives were among the earliest engines built for such a narrow gauge. No. 1 Talyllyn is an 0-4-2ST (saddle tank) and No. 2 Dolgoch is an 0-4-0WT (well tank). The line carried slate from the quarry to the wharf at Tywyn and general goods along its length. Public passenger trains initially ran between Abergynolwyn, Dolgoch and Pendre stations only; quarrymen were carried on unofficial trains that continued on from Abergynolwyn to the foot of the Alltwyllt incline in Nant Gwernol gorge.[20]

The line operated successfully during its early years, serving the quarry and the local district. By 1880, Bryn Eglwys employed 300 workers and was producing 8,000 tons of finished slate per year, all shipped via the railway.[9] Passenger traffic was substantial, rising from 11,500 passengers carried in 1867 to over 23,000 (roughly equivalent to 40,000 passenger journeys) in 1877.[24]

Declining fortunes: 1890s–1910

Talyllyn at the foot of the Alltwyllt incline, the present site of Nant Gwernol station, 1890
Horse-drawn charabancs on the "Grand Tour" pass Tal-y-llyn Lake.

The last two decades of the 19th century saw a decline in the demand for slate. Many smaller quarries fell on hard times, including Bryn Eglwys. By 1890 production had halved to 4,000 tons a year.[9] In 1896 production at the Penrhyn Quarry in north Wales was stopped due to labour disputes. Penrhyn was one of the largest producers of slate and the loss of production there resulted in a temporary increase in demand at other quarries. McConnel expanded production at Bryn Eglwys to take advantage of the sudden demand. Unfortunately, he did so with the aim of maximising profits during the remainder of his lease, which expired in 1910. He built new trial levels without proper provision for the removal of overburden and pushed the limits of safe working in the existing chambers. As McConnel's lease drew to its close, there was no prospect of a further lessee coming forward and work began on dismantling the quarry's equipment.[25]

From the 1880s onwards the "Grand Tour" was a popular option with tourists. This used charabancs to link the Talyllyn and Corris railways via Tal-y-llyn Lake and Cadair Idris, returning on Cambrian Railways trains.[26]

Haydn Jones era: 1911–1950

The Bryn Eglwys quarry was the primary employer in the Abergynolwyn district, so its closure caused significant distress. Local landowner Henry Haydn Jones purchased the company in 1910 and reopened the quarry in January 1911. Haydn Jones was also elected the Liberal MP for Merioneth in 1910, a post he held continuously until 1945.[25]

Haydn Jones did not have any capital to invest in the quarry, and the first workings reopened were on the "Broad Vein", which yielded relatively hard slate that was less popular and harder to sell. Indeed the lack of an available market for this output forced the quarry to switch to extracting softer slate from the "Narrow Vein". Because Haydn Jones could not afford to open new workings into the Narrow Vein, he resorted to the dangerous practice of narrowing the columns that supported the roofs of the underground chambers. This practice had begun under McConnel's ownership and Haydn Jones continued it throughout his ownership of the quarry.[25] A brief construction boom after the First World War saw production return to around 4,000 tonnes per year.[9]

The 1920s also saw an upsurge in holiday traffic, as Britain recovered from the war and tourism gained in popularity. The Talyllyn saw summer passenger numbers grow significantly and regularly had to supplement its formal passenger stock with slate wagons fitted with planks as seats.[27] An unusual tourist service offered by the railway was to hire a slate wagon, which would be left at Abergynolwyn. At the end of the day the tourists would return to Tywyn in the wagon, powered by gravity. This service was discontinued in the early 1930s.[28] The additional income from the tourist trade defrayed some of the costs of operating the railway, but never enough for it to make a profit during Haydn Jones' ownership.

The lease on Bryn Eglwys expired in 1942, but was extended on an annual basis. In 1946 the weakened columns gave way in a significant collapse. The quarry was deemed unsafe and closed immediately.

Haydn Jones had promised to continue operating the railway as long as he was alive and so despite the closure of the quarry the railway continued to run trains on a shoestring budget. In 1947 the British railway system was nationalised and the Talyllyn was one of the few operating railways not included. The reasons for this are unclear, but it is significant that all official mention of the railway had ceased several decades before and it is likely that the line was simply forgotten by officialdom.[29]

Between 1947 and 1949 the railway ran a passenger service two days a week. On 2 July 1950 Haydn Jones died. The line continued to operate for the remainder of the summer season, ending on 6 October.[30]

Preservation

Rescue: 1951–1960

Locomotive No. 2 Dolgoch at Abergynolwyn in 1951, early in the preservation era
The Guinness brewery locomotive, the first exhibit donated to the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum

With the death of Haydn Jones, closure of the railway seemed inevitable. During the Second World War and in the period immediately afterwards several enthusiasts, particularly from the Birmingham area, had become aware of the narrow gauge railways of Wales. There had been suggestions that one of the lines, most probably the Ffestiniog Railway, could be saved. In the summer of 1950, Tom Rolt wrote a letter to the Birmingham Post suggesting that a rescue of the Talyllyn be undertaken. He received sufficient positive response for a meeting of interested enthusiasts to be held on 11 October 1950 at the Imperial Hotel in Birmingham. Around 70 people attended the meeting and Rolt proposed the formation of a committee to look into the acquisition of the railway. With the support of the meeting, the committee met for the first time on 23 October and immediately entered into negotiation with Haydn Jones' executors.[31]

The transfer of ownership to the committee was legally complex. Both parties agreed that all shares in the railway company would be transferred from Haydn Jones' estate to a new company called Talyllyn Holdings Ltd. whose board consisted of two directors from the executors and two from the committee. The transfer took place on 8 February 1951 at which point the newly formed Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society effectively took control of the railway. The Society immediately began to publicise its efforts, hoping to raise funds and find further volunteers to help reopen the railway. By May nearly 650 members had joined the society.[32]

The railway re-opened under the control of the Society for the first time on the Whit Monday bank holiday, 14 May 1951,[33] with trains running between Wharf and Rhydyronen stations. Regular trains began to run on 4 June and continued through the summer.[34]

In the early years of preservation, the line struggled to operate using the original rolling stock. When the line was taken over in 1950 Dolgoch was the only operating locomotive and it was apparent that it was in need of a major overhaul. To enable operations to continue the two remaining steam locomotives, Nos. 3 and 4, from the recently closed Corris Railway were purchased in 1951 and named Sir Haydn and Edward Thomas respectively. Because these two railways were both built to the unusual gauge of 27 it was relatively easy to adapt the Corris locomotives to work on the Talyllyn. No. 3 became the first new locomotive to travel on the railway for over 90 years in 1951, but it frequently derailed. On inspection it turned out that the Talyllyn track was laid approximately half an inch (13 mm) wider than the official gauge. This had been a deliberate policy by the old company to accommodate the long wheelbase of Talyllyn. Both Talyllyn and Dolgoch had unusually wide wheel treads that allowed them to stay on the wide-of-gauge track. This problem was eventually cured by relaying the railway to its correct gauge and altering Talyllyn's trailing wheels to allow them to swivel horizontally, shortening the locomotive's fixed wheelbase.[35] No. 4 was unserviceable when it arrived. Fortunately John Alcock,[36] the Chairman of Hunslet Engine Company, was a member of the Preservation society and had No. 4 overhauled free of charge at his works.[37]

Another early addition to the locomotive fleet was No. 6 Douglas, donated to the society by the Birmingham engineering firm, Abelsons Ltd. The locomotive was built for the depot railway serving RAF Calshot where it worked until 1945. After rebuilding from its original 2 ft (610 mm) gauge, it entered service in 1954.[38]

Through the 1950s the volunteers and staff members of the TRPS rebuilt the line and rescued it from its state of decay. This period was characterised by a "Boy's Own comic spirit of adventure, involving enthusiasm, ingenuity and a fair degree of irresponsibility".[39] Slowly the line revived. The challenges of the first years of the revival are described in Rolt's book Railway Adventure.

On 22 May 1957 the BBC produced a live outside broadcast from the railway. Wynford Vaughan Thomas and Huw Weldon commentated on a trip from Dolgoch to Abergynolwyn. The publicity from this broadcast drew substantial numbers of visitors to the railway that summer, with more than 57,500 passengers carried. This increase in revenue in turn enabled the railway to continue to improve its infrastructure and provide tourists with a better experience.[40]

1958 saw the return to steam of locomotive No. 1 Talyllyn after an extensive overhaul.[41]

An important development during this period was the establishment of the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum at Tywyn Wharf station. The first exhibit for what was to become the museum, was a locomotive donated in 1952 by Guinness from their recently closed St. James's Gate Brewery railway. In 1954 the Preservation Society agreed to start work on a formal museum and number of exhibits from around the United Kingdom were acquired to form the nucleus of the collection. In 1955 work started on converting the old gunpowder store at Wharf station into a temporary museum building and in 1956 the first exhibit arrived at Tywyn.[42]

Securing the infrastructure: 1960–1969

Tywyn Wharf station in 1964, after layout improvements

The 1960s proved to be a decade of consolidation for the Talyllyn. Pendre works underwent several much-needed expansions, adding additional covered storage for carriages and more workshop room. Modern machine tools, along with proper lighting and a new power supply were added. Substantial improvements to Tywyn Wharf station were also made, along with continued relaying and upgrading of the track to Abergynolwyn.[43]

Passenger numbers continued to climb after the BBC broadcast of 1957; in 1960, 67,000 passenger journeys were made, increasing to 78,500 in 1964.[44] In response to this growing popularity the railway undertook a programme of new rolling stock construction.

By the early 1960s Tywyn Wharf station was in need of major improvements. Before preservation, the station had contained only a fan of sidings, which meant that there was no way for the locomotive of an arriving train to run round the carriages. As a result, trains were pushed from behind as far as Pendre, where the locomotive could be moved past the carriages to the front of the train. A loop was installed at Wharf for the first time in August 1952, to avoid having to propel trains to Pendre,[45] but in the winter of 1964/65 a major upgrade of the station was carried out. This improved the track layout and extended the original office building to provide covered accommodation for passengers, and a shop.[46]

As passenger numbers continued to grow during the late 1960s, it became clear that further motive power was needed, especially as the rebuilt No. 1 was not performing well. The Talyllyn's unusual track gauge and restricted loading gauge meant that it was unlikely that a locomotive could be found that could work on the line unaltered.[47] In 1969 a 3 ft (914 mm) gauge steam locomotive was purchased from the Bord na Mona (Irish Peat Board) with a view to rebuilding it for use on the Talyllyn. This locomotive was unofficially known as Irish Pete, a nod to its original use.[48]

Extension to Nant Gwernol: 1969–1980

The head of the Alltwyllt incline at the end of the Nant Gwernol extension in 2008
The footbridge across the Nant Gwernol

The preservation society had long held ambitions to extend the railway along the former mineral extension from Abergynolwyn to the foot of the Alltwyllt incline. As early as 1959, work had begun to trace the owners of the land that the extension traversed. Planning began in the mid-1960s, but construction did not start until 1968 when the winding house for the Abergynolwyn village incline was demolished.[49] To bring the line up to passenger standards some of the curves needed to be eased, and this required blasting work, as the line runs on a narrow ledge on the hillside at this point.[50]

The extension and new station at Nant Gwernol were opened on 22 May 1976 by Wynford Vaughan Thomas who drove in the ceremonial "golden spike" to complete the extension.[51] Despite this official opening ceremony, minor work still remained to bring the extension to the standard required to run regular passenger trains. Regular train services began on 29 May 1976.[52]

Although the extension of the railway was completed in 1976, work in the vicinity continued with the creation of footpaths connecting to the new station. A new footbridge was built crossing the Nant Gwernol gorge and connecting the station with the existing path on the east side of the river. The bridge and paths were opened on 3 May 1980 by Lord Parry, the chairman of the Wales Tourist Board.[53]

Preliminary work on the conversion of Irish Pete for use on the Talyllyn began in the early 1970s, but by 1975 it was clear that passenger numbers were no longer increasing. The conversion project was put on hold and the chassis and boiler were put into storage at Pendre.[54] 1973 proved to be the peak year for passengers on the Talyllyn with 186,000 passenger journeys made,[55] and for the rest of the 1970s and into the 1980s and early 1990s numbers continued to decline.[56]

Consolidation: 1980–2001

Locomotive No. 7 Tom Rolt at Tywyn Wharf station

With passenger numbers falling and the line extended to Nant Gwernol, the railway entered a period of consolidation.

By 1987, the boiler on locomotive No. 6 Douglas was life expired and in need of replacement. Consideration was given to reviving the project to build a new locomotive from the components of Irish Pete instead of purchasing a new boiler for Douglas. In early 1988 work recommenced on the rebuilding of the ex-Bord na Mona locomotive. A new design for a 0-4-2 side tank locomotive was prepared by the railway's Chief Engineer John Bate. This reused the chassis and boiler from the locomotive, with a new superstructure and the addition of trailing wheels. The new locomotive, officially named Tom Rolt after the Preservation Society's first chairman, was put into service on 6 May 1991.[57]

During this period further expansions of both Tywyn Wharf and Pendre stations were undertaken. Abergynolwyn station, which had been rebuilt as part of the Nant Gwernol extension in the 1970s, was expanded further to provide an additional attraction at the eastern end of the line.[56]

One major anomaly remained in the railway's operations: the 1889 Regulation of Railways Act had required, amongst other measures, that all British passenger trains be fitted with continuous brakes. McConnel had secured an exemption for the Talyllyn Railway, on the basis that the low speed of operation meant they were unnecessary and that the cost of compliance would bankrupt the enterprise. By the end of the 1990s the Railway Inspectorate was insisting that the Talyllyn be brought into compliance with the act, a little over 100 years after it had passed. By 2001, the railway had fitted its entire passenger fleet with the necessary equipment, operated by air brake pumps mounted on the locomotives.[56]

New museum: 2001–present

The Preservation Society celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2001. As part of the year of celebrations a major new project was launched to once more extend and improve facilities at Tywyn Wharf station. For many years the station had been home to semi-permanent buildings housing the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum. The new plans for the station included the construction of a new two-storey building to house the museum and the extension of the existing station building to house a new cafe and booking office. Work began on the first phase of the project in January 2002.[56]

In 2003 the railway received a £682,500 Heritage Lottery grant towards the £1,170,000 cost of redeveloping Wharf station.[58] Work continued on the redevelopment for several years. The new station and museum were opened by Prince Charles and The Duchess of Cornwall on 13 July 2005.

The railway has seen a steady increase in passengers carried since the turn of the millennium, with nearly 95,500 passenger journeys recorded in 2006,[59] still around half the peak figure carried in 1973.

Today

Locomotive No. 2 Dolgoch at Pendre, newly repainted into maroon livery - March 2008

The Talyllyn Railway is a successful and popular tourist attraction. The original 1860s locomotives and passenger stock still run regularly alongside the roster of more modern rolling stock. The railway is promoted as one of The Great Little Trains of Wales, a joint marketing scheme launched in 1970 that encompasses nine narrow gauge railways in the country, mostly found in north and mid Wales.[60][61] In 2006, nearly 51,000 passengers were carried.[59]

In 2003 the railway employed 13 full-time staff, plus the equivalent of an extra six part-time staff in the summer and some 350 volunteers.[58]

Special events

The railway operates a programme of special events throughout the year. These include the Tom Rolt Steam and Vintage Rally, children's Duncan Days and Tywyn Victorian week. Since 1984 there has been an annual running event called Race the Train, which follows the railway track 7¼ miles (11.8 km) from Tywyn to Abergynolwyn and back again.[62] The challenge is for runners to complete the 14½-mile (23.3 km) cross country route faster than the train, which takes around 1 hour 45 minutes.

Young Members Group

The Young Members Group (YMG) are the members of the Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society aged 14–25. On occasions during the peak season, the Talyllyn Railway has held a Young Members Day in which the youngest qualified people available that day run the railway.[63]

Route

See also: List of stations and halts on the Talyllyn Railway
Map of the Talyllyn RailwayTywyn WharfPendreHendyFach GochCynfalRhydyronenTynllwynhenBrynglasDolgochQuarry SidingAbergynolwynNant GwernolAberdyfiAbergynolwynBarmouthBryn-crugBryn EglwysTal-y-llyn LakeTywynMap of the Talyllyn Railway
Map of the Talyllyn Railway
Map of the Talyllyn Railway.
Click on the place names for the relevant article.

Original passenger line

Tywyn Wharf station, 2008

The main terminus of the line is at Tywyn Wharf, where the railway's administrative headquarters and the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum are located. When the line carried traffic from the quarry, slates were transferred to the Cambrian Railway on the transhipment sidings.

Wharf station (originally known as King's Station, after a local landowner) stands at an elevation of 40 ft (12 m) above sea level. The line passes immediately under the A493 Machynlleth to Dolgellau road and enters a long cutting that climbs towards Pendre, at a maximum gradient of 1 in 60. On the left (north) side of the cutting there was once a long siding used for gravity shunting of wagons into the sidings at Wharf station. The railway runs through the cutting for about half a mile (800 m), before passing under another road bridge and passing the locomotive and carriage sheds and works at Pendre.[45]

Dolgoch at Brynglas level crossing

From Pendre, the railway passes over a gated level crossing and runs beside an industrial estate before climbing up to Ty Mawr bridge and on to Hendy. This is the first of five minor halts, and serves the adjacent farm. The railway runs in an approximately north-easterly direction along the Fathew valley, mainly through fields of local farms on the valley floor, although this is where some of the steepest gradients on the line are to be found.[64] The ruling gradient of the line is 1 in 60.[65]

More local halts follow at Fach Goch, and Cynfal, the latter having a small platform.[64] The section from Cynfal to Rhydyronen was relaid in 1951 using rail purchased from the Corris Railway after closure in 1948, and is therefore known informally as the Corris Straight.[66]

Rhydyronen, now a request stop, was the first intermediate station built on the line; it opened in 1867. A siding at the station was removed in 1957.[67]

A short steep climb under a road bridge follows the station, followed by a slight downhill gradient. Unlike the Ffestiniog Railway, the Talyllyn was not designed to be worked as a gravity line, however this is the only downhill section between Pendre and Nant Gwernol.[68] Another minor halt follows at Tynllwynhen, before the passing loop and station at Brynglas.

A Talyllyn Railway train climbing eastwards along the Fathew Valley between Brynglas and Dolgoch
Dolgoch station in 1894

Above Brynglas, the line crosses the Cwm Pandy stream and enters a shallow cutting, climbing as it goes. The cutting ends at a road overbridge after which the line runs through open countryside as it starts to ascend the valley side on a ledge. After approximately a quarter of a mile (400 m) it enters woodlands west of Dolgoch, climbing steadily. The line curves to the south east and crosses the Dolgoch gorge on the railway's most impressive civil engineering structure, the Dolgoch viaduct, which carries the line Template:Ft to m above the Dolgoch ravine.[69]

Dolgoch station is immediately east of the viaduct, situated on a left-hand curve. This is the main intermediate station on the line and is popular with tourists visiting the nearby falls. The station is Template:Ft to m above sea level. The railway continues in a north easterly direction, curving through the woods and climbing the valley side. It shortly passes Quarry Siding, where a halt, passing loop and a small shale quarry are located. This rock is mainly used for ballasting on the railway. The line continues its ascent towards Abergynolwyn station, situated on a ledge cut into the hillside.[70]

Abergynolwyn to Nant Gwernol

Abergynolwyn was the original terminus of the statutory railway. Beyond here the railway continued as a mineral extension, now converted for passenger use. The extension was originally sharply curved, as the line turns south east into the steeply sided Nant Gwernol gorge. These curves were eased when conversion for passenger use took place in 1976. The whole section is within woods, now owned by the Forestry Commission.

Shortly after leaving Abergynolwyn station the line reaches Ty Dwr, where the original locomotive shed stood from 1865–1867. After Pendre works opened in 1867, the temporary shed here was demolished, but the slate water tower continued in use into the 1950s.[71]

Map of the Abergynolwyn Village Branch
The village incline from the north west, around 1880

About half way along the ¾-mile (1.2 km) extension is the site of the Village Incline. From here the line runs into the gorge, high above the river on a narrow ledge. The railway ends at the foot of the first incline leading to the Bryn Eglwys quarry. The original line fanned out into a set of three sidings, used to marshal trains of loaded slate wagons coming down from the quarry and empty wagons waiting to ascend.[72]

Nant Gwernol station, the eastern terminus of the line, was built on the site of the sidings.

The village of Abergynolwyn was built to house the quarrymen of Bryn Eglwys and their families. To serve the village an incline and short branch were laid from a point about half way along the mineral extension. The winding house for the incline stood on the narrow ledge, with the mineral line passing through it. The two-track incline dropped 150 ft (46 m) over a distance of 363 ft (111 m). At its foot, the line crossed the Nant Gwernol on a girder bridge. Immediately after the bridge, short lines branched off to the east from a wagon turntable to the coal yard and smithy of Pandy Farm and west to a writing slate factory (later a carpenter's yard). The main branch then split to form a storage loop, with a further wagon turntable and a longer branch serving the houses and school to the north east. The main branch continued north, crossing the main road then passing between the two main terraces in the village. This line ended in a turntable and a final short line connecting to the Capel Jerusalem chapel.[73]

The village incline was lifted during the early years of preservation, to provide much needed rail to replace the existing track.[74] The winding house was demolished in 1968 to allow realignment of the railway to form the extension to Nant Gwernol.[49]

Galltymoelfre Tramway

The Cantrybedd incline at the end of the Galltymoelfre Tramway

Until the closure of the quarries in 1946, the line east from Abergynolwyn was worked as a mineral tramway – only slate and goods trains serving Bryn Eglwys ran on this section. The quarry lay about a mile (1.6 km) south-east of Nant Gwernol station and 300 ft (100 m) above it. A further mineral tramway connected the quarry with the railway.[75]

What is now Nant Gwernol station was the terminus of the Talyllyn Railway proper. Here the line fanned out into a set of sidings where inbound trains were left and outbound slate trains assembled. The sidings were located on a narrow ledge in the side of the Nant Gwernol gorge. Rising south-east from the end of the sidings was the Template:Ft to m long, double track gravity operated, Alltwyllt incline.[76]

From the top of the Alltwyllt incline the Galltymoelfre Tramway ran south-east towards the quarry for about half a mile (800 m). The tramway was laid in light bridge rail and worked for its entire existence using horses. The tramway ended at the foot of the Cantrybedd Incline, a Template:Ft to m long double track, gravity operated incline. This final incline rose to the north edge of Bryn Eglwys quarry, reaching a height of Template:Ft to m above sea level.[75]

Operation

See also: Talyllyn Railway rolling stock

The line has six steam locomotives for passenger trains and four diesel locomotives, which are primarily used to haul works trains. It is unusual for all steam locomotives to be operable at the same time, as at least one is normally scheduled for overhaul.[77] The railway also owns 23 carriages and vans, including all of the original carriages and the brake van built for the railway.

The railway is single track, so special measures have to be taken to prevent collisions. Before preservation, the railway operated a "one engine in steam" policy. However with growing passenger numbers it became necessary to install passing loops and a more stringent method of single line control was introduced.[78] The line is worked by tokens, which authorise the driver to enter a single line section, and these are interlocked to prevent more than one token being withdrawn for a section at any one time. A loop is at Pendre, which was used from the opening of the railway for shunting purposes, and further loops were installed at Brynglas in 1953 and Quarry Siding in 1963.[79] When the Nant Gwernol extension opened in 1976, Abergynolwyn also became a passing loop.

Each passing loop is controlled by a small signal box, known as a block-post. These house the lever frames that control the points, the token equipment and telephones. The railway has few signals; instead it has stop boards at each loop, and the blockman allows trains to proceed by use of flags.[80] When the block-post is unstaffed, it is the responsibility of the locomotive crew to change the token before proceeding.[81]

The line in fiction

The Talyllyn Railway is represented in the Thomas the Tank Engine books as the Skarloey Railway, with most of the fictional locomotives being based on real-life equivalents. The author, Rev. W. Awdry, visited the line on a family holiday in the early days of preservation and became involved as a volunteer soon afterwards. Several of the stories in The Railway Series come from real-life experiences at the Talyllyn, and a number of the books contain full-page illustrations of Talyllyn locomotives.[82]

The preservation of the Talyllyn Railway by volunteers was the inspiration for the 1953 film The Titfield Thunderbolt,[83] an Ealing Studios comedy about a group of villagers attempting to run a service on a disused branch line after closure. T. E. B. Clarke, the script writer for the film, had heard about the preservation of the Talyllyn and spent a day on the railway in 1951. Some of the early incidents in preservation were incorporated into the film. In Railway Adventure, Tom Rolt recalled that he had hoped the film might be produced on the Talyllyn,[84] but in the end it was recorded on the recently closed Bristol and North Somerset Railway branch line along the Cam Brook valley in Somerset.

See also

Notes

^ a: The spelling of local place names has changed during the history of the railway, for example Tywyn was generally spelled as "Towyn" until 1975.[85] Modern place name spellings are used throughout this article.
^ b: According to the Ordnance Survey, the name of the lake is hyphenated. However, in the early days of the preservation society, it was decided that the name of the railway would be unhyphenated.[86] This convention has been applied to the railway ever since, and is used throughout this article.

References

  1. ^ Boyd 1965, page 85
  2. ^ Mitchell and Eyres, 2005 page 7
  3. ^ Boyd 1988, page 44
  4. ^ Rolt 1965, page 50
  5. ^ Thomas 2002, page 32
  6. ^ Ransom 1996, page 139
  7. ^ Johnson 1999, page 27
  8. ^ Boyd 1965, page 61–62
  9. ^ a b c d Richards 1999, page 195
  10. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 62–63
  11. ^ Boyd 1988, page 9
  12. ^ Boyd 1965, page 64
  13. ^ Boyd 1988, page 45
  14. ^ Potter, page 11
  15. ^ Boyd 1965, page 65
  16. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 68–69
  17. ^ a b Boyd 1965, page 70
  18. ^ Rolt 1998, page 13
  19. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 68–70
  20. ^ a b c Boyd 1965, page 71
  21. ^ Boyd 1988, page 149
  22. ^ Rolt 1965, pages 82–83
  23. ^ Rolt 1998, pages 5–6
  24. ^ Boyd 1965, page 118
  25. ^ a b c Boyd 1965, pages 72–73
  26. ^ Rolt 1998, pages 24–25
  27. ^ Ransom 1996, page 130
  28. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 116–117
  29. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 73–74
  30. ^ Boyd 1965, page 74
  31. ^ Rolt 1965, pages 52–53
  32. ^ Rolt 1965, pages 54–55
  33. ^ Potter, page 78
  34. ^ Rolt 1965, page 56
  35. ^ Boyd 1988, page 260
  36. ^ Rolt 1998, picture facing page 109
  37. ^ Johnson 1997, page 57
  38. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 99–100
  39. ^ Goddin 2002, page 46
  40. ^ Rolt 1965, pages 61–62
  41. ^ Mitchell and Eyres, 2005 page 25
  42. ^ Rolt 1965, pages 112–114
  43. ^ Bate 2001, chapter 5
  44. ^ Rolt 1965, page 99
  45. ^ a b Boyd 1965, page 77
  46. ^ Mitchell and Eyres, 2005 page 19
  47. ^ Mitchell and Eyres, 2005 page 87
  48. ^ Bate 2001, page 155
  49. ^ a b Thomas 2002, page 34
  50. ^ Bate 2001, page 181
  51. ^ Bate 2001, page 184–185
  52. ^ Bate 2001, page 189
  53. ^ "Narrow Gauge News-Centre". Railway Times. 18: page 11. 1980. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  54. ^ Bate 2001, page 234
  55. ^ Bate 2001, page 169
  56. ^ a b c d Thomas 2002, page 35
  57. ^ Bate 2001, pages 234–237
  58. ^ a b "Facelift for 'Thomas' station". BBC News. 2003. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  59. ^ a b Robinson, John S. "The annual TRPS Council Meeting report, 2006". Talyllyn Railway Company. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  60. ^ Bate 2001, page 157
  61. ^ Yarborough, Bruce. "The Great Little Trains of Wales website". Great Little Trains of Wales. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  62. ^ "Race the Train website". Tywyn Rotary Club. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  63. ^ Knapton, Paul. "Talyllyn website report on Young Members day". Talyllyn Railway Company. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  64. ^ a b Potter, page 226
  65. ^ "Talyllyn Railway history". Talyllyn Railway Company. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  66. ^ Rolt 1965, page 43
  67. ^ Potter, page 227
  68. ^ Potter, page 228
  69. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 82–83
  70. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 83–84
  71. ^ Mitchell and Eyres 2005, page 70
  72. ^ Boyd 1965, pages 84–86
  73. ^ Boyd 1988, page 153–162
  74. ^ Potter, page 126
  75. ^ a b Boyd 1988, page 165
  76. ^ Boyd 1988, page 162
  77. ^ Higginson, Karen. "Talyllyn website - 100% availability". Talyllyn Railway Company. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
  78. ^ Potter, pages 130–131
  79. ^ Potter, pages 132–133
  80. ^ Potter, page 222
  81. ^ Rolt 1965, page 102
  82. ^ Potter, page 89
  83. ^ Huntley 1969, page 77
  84. ^ Rolt 1998 page 115
  85. ^ Bate 2001, page 186
  86. ^ "No Names, No Hyphens, No Packdrill". Talyllyn News. 2. Talyllyn Railway: page 1. 1953. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Bibliography

  • Bate, J.H.L. (2001). The Chronicles of Pendre Sidings. RailRomances. ISBN 1-900622-05-X.
  • Boyd, James I.C. (1965). Narrow Gauge Railways in Mid Wales. Oakwood Press.
  • Boyd, James I.C. (1988). The Tal-y-llyn Railway. Wild Swan Publications Ltd. ISBN 0906867460.
  • Cozens, Lewis (1948). The Tal-y-llyn Railway. author.
  • Household, H.G.W. and Eldson, O. (1926). "The Tal-y-llyn Railway" (PDF). Railway Magazine. 58: pages 431–435. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Huntley, John (1969). Railways in the Cinema. Ian Allan.
  • Johnson, Peter (1997). The Heyday of the Welsh Narrow Gauge. Ian Allan. ISBN 0711025118.
  • Johnson, Peter (1999). Welsh Narrow Gauge: a view from the past. Ian Allan. ISBN 0711026548.
  • Mitchell, David J. and Eyres, Terry (2005). The Talyllyn Railway. Past and Present Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1858951259.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Potter, D. (1990). The Talyllyn Railway. David St John Thomas. ISBN 0-946537-50-X.
  • Ransom, P.J.G (1996). Narrow Gauge Steam: Its origins and world-wide development. Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 0860935337.
  • Richards, Alun John (1999). The Slate Regions of North and Mid Wales, and their Railways. Carreg Gwalch. ISBN 0863815529.
  • Rolt, L.T.C. (1998). Railway Adventure. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0330027832.
  • Rolt, L.T.C. (ed.) (1965). Talyllyn Century. David & Charles. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  • Thomas, Cliff (2002). The Narrow Gauge in Britain and Ireland. Atlantic Publishing. ISBN 1902827058.
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