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Mountain gorilla

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Mountain Gorilla
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Family:
Hominidae
Genus:
Gorilla
Species:
G. beringei
Subspecies:
G. b. berengei
Trinomial name
Gorilla beringei beringei
Matschie, 1914

The Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei[2]) is one of the two subspecies of the Eastern Gorilla. There are two populations. One is found in the Virunga volcanic mountains of Central Africa, within 3 national parks: Mgahinga, in south-west Uganda; Volcanoes, in north-west Rwanda; and Virunga in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The other is found in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Some say that the Bwindi population in Uganda is a 3rd subspecies, though no description has been finished.

Description

The Mountain Gorilla has longer and darker hair than other gorilla species, allowing it to live in hot or cold weather and travel into areas where temperatures drop below 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius).[citation needed] It has chosen a life on the ground more than any other non-human primate, and its feet most resemble those of humans. Gorillas can be identified by nose prints unique to each individual.[citation needed] Males usually weigh twice as much as the females, and this subspecies is on average the largest of all gorillas.[3] Adult males have more pronounced bony crests on the top and back of their skulls, giving their heads a more conical shape. These crests anchor the powerful masseter muscles, which attach to the lower jaw, or mandible. Adult females also have these crests, but they are less pronounced.[citation needed]

Adult males are called silverbacks because a saddle of gray or silver-colored hair develops on their backs with age. The hair on their backs is shorter than on most other body parts, and their arm hair is especially long. Upright, males reach 1.5–1.8 m (5–6 ft) in height, with an arm span of 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in) and weigh 204–227 kg (450–500 lb).[4] The tallest silverback recorded was a 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) individual shot in Alimbongo, northern Kivu in May 1938 and the heaviest was a 1.83 m (6 ft) silverback shot in Ambam, Cameroon which weighed about 266 kg (586 lb).[3]

The Mountain Gorilla is primarily terrestrial and quadrupedal. However, it will climb into fruiting trees if the branches can carry its weight, and it is capable of running bipedally up to 6 m (20 ft).[citation needed] Like all great apes other than humans, its arms are longer than its legs. It moves by knuckle-walking (like the Common Chimpanzee, but unlike the Bonobo and both orangutan species), supporting its weight on the backs of its curved fingers rather than its palms.[citation needed]

The Mountain Gorilla is diurnal, most active between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.[citation needed] Many of these hours are spent eating, as large quantities of food are needed to sustain its massive bulk. It forages in early morning, rests during the late morning and around midday, and in the afternoon it forages again before resting at night. Each gorilla builds a nest from surrounding vegetation to sleep in, constructing a new one every evening. Only infants sleep in the same nest as their mothers. They leave their sleeping sites when the sun rises at around 6 am, except when it is cold and overcast; then they often stay longer in their nests.[5]

Habitat and diet

Adult male feeding on insects in rotting tree trunk

The Mountain Gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes, ranging in altitude from 2225 to 4267 m (7300-14000 ft). Most are found on the slopes of three of the dormant volcanoes: Karisimbi, Mikeno, and Visoke.[6] The vegetation is very dense at the bottom of the mountains, becoming more sparse at higher elevations, and the forests where the Mountain Gorilla lives are often cloudy, misty and cold.[7]

The Mountain Gorilla is primarily an herbivore; the majority of its diet is composed of the leaves, shoots and stems (85.8%) of 142 plant species. It also feeds on bark (6.9%), roots (3.3%), flowers (2.3%), and fruit (1.7%), as well as small invertebrates. (0.1%).[8] Adult males can eat up to 34 kg (75 lb) of vegetation a day, while a female can eat as much as 18 kg (40 lb).[citation needed]

The home range size (the area used by one group of gorillas during one year) is influenced by availability of food sources and usually includes several vegetation zones. George Schaller identified ten distinct zones, including: the bamboo forests at 2225–2804 m (7300–9200 ft); the Hagenia forests at 2804–3353 m (9200–11000 ft); and the giant senecio zone at 3444–4267 m (11300–14000 ft).[5] The Mountain Gorilla spends most of its time in the Hagenia forests, where gallium vines are found year-round. All parts of this vine are consumed: leaves, stems, flowers, and berries. It travels to the bamboo forests during the few months of the year fresh shoots are available, and it climbs into subalpine regions to eat the soft centers of giant senecio trees.[6]

Reproduction

Adult female breastfeeding

A newborn gorilla weighs about 1.8 kg (4 lb), and spends its first few months of life in constant physical contact with its mother.[citation needed] In their first few months of life, infant Mountain Gorillas ride on their mother's backs. At an earlier stage, the mother will almost constantly be holding the infant. It begins to walk at around four or five months, and starts to put plant parts in its mouth between four and six months. At eight months it regularly ingests solid food.[9] Weaning occurs around three years of age, although juveniles may remain with their mothers for years after that.[10]

Infant less than one month old

Young male and female gorillas are considered infants from birth until three years of age, juvenile between the ages of about three and six, and subadult from six to about eight years old. Blackbacks are sexually immature males from around eight years until they have developed the silver saddle and large canines of maturity.[11] Females begin to ovulate at 7 or 8 years of age and have their first infant between the ages of 10 and 12. Males generally do not start breeding before the age of 15.[12]

The Mountain Gorilla has no mating season and females usually initiate mating behavior. The length of their menstrual cycle is about 28 days with 1-3 fertile days, and ovulation ceases for 3–5 years after reproducing. The length of gestation is eight and a half months. Females generally bear one infant every 6 to 8 years, and may leave only 2–6 offspring over a 40 year life span. Males that have harems of 3–4 females increase their reproductive output by fathering 10-20 offspring over 50 years.[10]

Social structure

The Mountain Gorilla is highly social, and lives in relatively stable, cohesive groups held together by long-term bonds between adult males and females. Relationships among females are relatively weak.[13] These groups are nonterritorial; the silverback generally defends his group rather than his territory. In the Virunga Mountain Gorillas, the average length of tenure for a dominant silverback is 4.7 years.[14]

61% of groups are composed of one adult male and a number of females and 36% contain more than one adult male. The remaining gorillas are either lone males or exclusively male groups, usually made up of one mature male and a few younger males.[15] Group sizes vary from five to thirty, with an average of ten individuals. A typical group contains: one silverback, who is the group's undisputed leader; one or two blackbacks, who act as sentries; three to four sexually mature females, who are ordinarily bonded to the dominant silverback for life; and from three to six juveniles and infants.[16]

Most males, and about 60% of females, leave their natal group. Males leave when they are about 11 years old, and often the separation process is slow: they spend more and more time on the edge of the group until they leave altogether.[10][17]

The dominant silverback generally determines the movements of the group, leading it to appropriate feeding sites throughout the year. He also mediates conflicts within the group and protects it from external threats.[7] He is the center of attention during rest sessions, and young animals frequently stay close to him and include him in their games. If a mother dies or leaves the group, the silverback is usually the one who looks after his abandoned offspring, even allowing them to sleep in his nest.[18] Experienced silverbacks are capable of removing poachers' snares from the hands or feet of their group members.[19]

When the dominant silverback dies or is killed by disease, accident, or poachers, the family group may be severely disrupted.[6] Unless he leaves behind a male descendant capable of taking over his position, the group will either split up or be taken over in its entirety by an unrelated male. When a new silverback takes control of a family group, he may kill all of the infants of the dead silverback.[20] This practice of infanticide is an effective reproductive strategy, in that the newly acquired females are then able to conceive the new male's offspring. Infanticide has not been observed in stable groups.

Behavior

Aggression

Severe aggression is rare in stable groups, but when two Mountain Gorilla groups meet, the two silverbacks can sometimes engage in a fight to the death, using their canines to cause deep, gaping injuries.[16][citation needed] The entire sequence has nine steps: (1) progressively quickening hooting, (2) symbolic feeding, (3) rising bipedally, (4) throwing vegetation, (5) chest-beating with cupped hands, (6) one leg kick, (7) sideways running, two-legged to four-legged, (8) slapping and tearing vegetation, and (9) thumping the ground with palms to end display.[21]

Affiliation

Young gorilla 2-3 years old

The midday rest period is an important time for establishing and reinforcing relationships within the group. Mutual grooming reinforces social bonds, and helps keep hair free from dirt and parasites. It is not as common among gorillas as in other primates, although females groom their offspring regularly. Young gorillas play often and are more arboreal than the large adults. Playing helps them learn how to communicate and behave within the group. Activities include wrestling, chasing and somersaults. The silverback and his females tolerate and even participate if encouraged.[citation needed]

Vocalization

Twenty-five distinct vocalizations are recognized, many of which are used primarily for group communication within dense vegetation. Sounds classified as grunts and barks are heard most frequently while traveling, and indicate the whereabouts of individual group members.[22] They may also be used during social interactions when discipline is required. Screams and roars signal alarm or warning, and are produced most often by silverbacks. Deep, rumbling belches suggest contentment and are heard frequently during feeding and resting periods. They are the most common form of intragroup communication.[16]

Fears

For reasons unknown, Mountain Gorillas that have been studied appear to be naturally afraid of certain reptiles. Infants, whose natural behavior is to chase anything that moves, will go out of their way to avoid chameleons and caterpillars. Koko, the gorilla trained in sign language, is afraid of crocodiles and alligators, even though she was born in captivity and has never seen them. They are also afraid of water and will cross streams only if they can do so without getting wet (ie. crossing over fallen logs). Dian Fossey observed and noted the Mountain Gorilla's obvious dislike of rain, as well.[23]

Research

"The Old Man of Mikeno", bronze Bust of a Mountain Gorilla by Carl Akeley

In October 1902, Captain Robert von Beringe (1865-1940) shot two large apes during an expedition to establish the boundaries of German East Africa.[5] One of the apes was recovered and sent to the Zoological Museum in Berlin, where Professor Paul Matschie (1861-1926) classified the animal as a new form of gorilla and named it Gorilla beringei after the man who discovered it.[19] In 1925 Carl Akeley, a hunter from the American Museum of Natural History who wished to study the gorillas, convinced Albert I of Belgium to establish the Albert National Park to protect the animals of the Virunga mountains.[24]

George Schaller began his 20 month observation of the Mountain Gorillas in 1959, subsequently publishing two books: The Mountain Gorilla and The Year of the Gorilla. Little was known about the life of the Mountain Gorilla before his research, which described its social organization, life history, and ecology.[24] Following Schaller, Dian Fossey began what would become a 13 year study in 1967. Fossey made new observations, completed the first accurate census, and established active conservation practices, such as anti-poaching patrols. Ruth Keesling succeeded Fossey who was killed in 1985 and buried at the Karisoke Research Station in Rwanda. [25] [26] Keesling took over the Digit Fund renaming it the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund Europe. [25]


In April 2007 it was announced that a census of the Mountain Gorillas in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable National Park had recorded a 6% increase in population since a census in 2002.[27]

Conservation

Mother and infant in Volcans National Park, Rwanda

Mountain Gorillas are threatened by poaching, loss of habitat, and disease.

  • Poaching: Mountain Gorillas are not usually hunted for bushmeat, but they are frequently maimed or killed by traps and snares intended for other animals. They have been killed for their heads, hands, and feet, which are sold to collectors. Infants are sold to zoos, researchers, and people who want them as pets. The abduction of infants generally involves the loss of at least one adult, as members of a group will fight to the death to protect their young. Poaching for meat is particularly threatening in regions of political unrest. Most of the African great apes survive in areas of chronic insecurity, where there is a breakdown of law and order. The killing of mountain gorillas at Bikenge in Virunga National Park in January 2007 was a well documented case.
  • Habitat loss: The forests where Mountain Gorillas live are surrounded by rapidly increasing human settlement. The humans' need for land, food, and timber encroaches on the gorillas' habitat through roads, slash-and-burn agriculture, and logging. The resulting deforestation confines the gorillas to isolated forest islands. Some groups may raid crops for food, creating further animosity and retaliation.
  • Disease: Humans and gorillas are genetically similar enough that gorillas are vulnerable to many of the same diseases as humans. However, gorillas have not developed the immunities to resist human diseases, and infections could severely impact the population. Habituated groups that are visited by tourists have the greatest risk.
  • War and civil unrest: Civil wars and weak governments in central Africa, and in particular in the Congo, put conservation efforts at risk from local militias and government corruption[28].[25]

Conservation requires work at many levels, from local to international, and involves protection and law enforcement as well as research and education:

  • "Active conservation includes frequent patrols in wildlife areas to destroy poacher equipment and weapons, firm and prompt law enforcement, census counts in regions of breeding and ranging concentration, and strong safeguards for the limited habitat the animals occupy."[16]
  • "Theoretical conservation seeks to encourage growth in tourism by improving existing roads that circle the mountains, by renovating the park headquarters and tourists' lodging, and by the habituation of gorillas near the park boundaries for tourists to visit and photograph."[16]
  • Community-based conservation supports African ownership, provides education on the personal as well as environmental benefits of preserving protected areas, and encourages local people to take pride in and assume some of the responsibility for the protection of their parks.[16]

Summer 2007 slaying

File:MtGorillaRugendoSalak.jpg
This photo of a silverback gorilla from the Rugendo family was taken prior to the 2007 slaughter[29][30]

In early 2007 two mountain gorillas were found dead. They appeared to be killed execution style by gunshots to the head.[citation needed] http://www.gorillas.org/Endangered_Mountain_Gorilla_Mother_Shot_Dead

Evolution

Reasearchers recently have discovered that about 800,000 years ago that the mountain gorilla had evolved from the eastern gorilla. [citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN2008
  2. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a b Wood (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-0851122359.
  4. ^ Knight, Tim (2008). "Gorilla Natural History". Gorillas Online. Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ a b c Schaller, G.B. (1963). The mountain gorilla: Ecology and behavior. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. ISBN 0226736350.
  6. ^ a b c "Mountain Gorillas". Exploring the Environment - Modules and Activities. 2003-05-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ a b "The Life of Mountain Gorillas". The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. 2002.
  8. ^ Fossey, D., & Harcourt, A.H. (1977). "Feeding ecology of free ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)". In Clutton Brock (Ed.) (ed.). Primate ecology: Studies of feeding and ranging behaviour in lemurs, monkeys and apes. London: Academic Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Watts, D.P. (1985). "Observations on the ontogeny of feeding behavior in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)". American Journal of Primatology. 8: 1. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350080102.
  10. ^ a b c Lindsley, T., & Sorin, A. (2001). "Gorilla gorilla beringei". Animal Diversity Web. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "LindsleySorin" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ Groves, C., & Meder, A. (2001). "A model of gorilla life history". Australian Primatology.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "The International Gorilla Conservation Programme".
  13. ^ Stewart, K.J., & Harcourt, A.H. (1987). "Gorillas: variation in female relationships". In B. B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham and T.T. Struhsaker (Eds.) (ed.). Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Robbins, M.M. (1995). "A demographic analysis of male life history and social structure of mountain gorillas". Behaviour. 132: 21. doi:10.1163/156853995X00261.
  15. ^ Harcourt, A.H. (1988). "Bachelor groups of gorillas in captivity: The situation in the wild". Dodo.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Fossey, D. (1983). Gorillas in the mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0395282179. Cite error: The named reference "Fossey1983" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ Watts, D.P. (1990). "Ecology of gorillas and its relation to female transfer in mountain gorillas". International Journal of Primatology. 11: 21. doi:10.1007/BF02193694.
  18. ^ Stewart, K.J. (2001). "Social relationships of immature gorillas and silverbacks". In M.M. Robbins, P. Sicotte, K.J. Stewart (Eds.) (ed.). Mountain Gorillas: Three decades of research at Karisoke. New York: Cambridge Univ Press. ISBN 0521019869.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  19. ^ a b "Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe". n.d.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  20. ^ Fossey, D. (1984). "Infanticide in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) with comparative notes on chimpanzees". In G. Hausfater, S. B. Hrdy (Eds.) (ed.). Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspectives. New York: Aldine Publishing Company.
  21. ^ Maple, T.L., & Hoff, M.P. (1982). Gorilla Behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Harcourt, A.H., Stewart, K.J., Hauser, M. (1993). "Functions of wild gorilla 'close' calls. I. Repertoire, context, and interspecific comparison". Behaviour. 124: 89. doi:10.1163/156853993X00524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Sara Godwin (1990). Gorillas.
  24. ^ a b "Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund - UK".
  25. ^ a b c Salak, Kira. ""PLACES OF DARKNESS: AFRICA'S MOUNTAIN GORILLAS"". National Geographic Adventure.
  26. ^ Salak, Kira. "Photos from "PLACES OF DARKNESS: AFRICA'S MOUNTAIN GORILLAS"". National Geographic Adventure.
  27. ^ "Uganda's mountain gorillas increase in number". Newswise. 2007-04-22. Retrieved 2008-06-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ [1]
  29. ^ Salak, Kira. ""PLACES OF DARKNESS: AFRICA'S MOUNTAIN GORILLAS and THE WAR IN CONGO"". National Geographic Adventure.

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