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Peyronie's disease

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Peyronie's disease
SpecialtyUrology Edit this on Wikidata

Peyronie's disease (also known as "Induratio penis plastica"[1]) is a connective tissue disorder involving the growth of fibrous plaques[2] in the soft tissue of the penis affecting as many as 1-4% of men. Specifically the fibrosing process occurs in the tunica albuginea, a fibrous envelope surrounding the penile corpora cavernosa causing an abnormal upward curvature of the penis.

Peyronie's Disease is also formally known as "penile induration" or "Induratio Penis Plastica (IPP)" and colloquially as "bent nail syndrome". A French surgeon, François Gigot de la Peyronie, first described the disease in 1743. [3][4][5]

Exception

A certain degree of curvature of the penis is considered normal, as many men are born with this benign condition, commonly referred to as congenital curvature. This causes the penis to point in a direction other than directly forward, while still having a relatively straight shaft.

Symptoms

The disease may cause pain; hardened, cord-like lesions (scar tissue known as "plaques"); or abnormal curvature of the penis when erect. Although the popular conception of Peyronie's disease is that it always involves curvature of the penis, the scar tissue sometimes causes divots or indentations rather than curvature. In addition, narrowing and or shortening of the penis may occur. Pain felt in the early stages of the disease often resolves in twelve to eighteen months. Erectile dysfunction, in varying degrees, often accompanies these symptoms in the later stages of the disease process. The condition may also make sexual intercourse painful and/or difficult, though many men report satisfactory intercourse in spite of the disease. Although it can affect men of any race and age, it is most commonly seen in Caucasian males above the age of 40.[citation needed] Peyronie's Disease is not contagious, nor is it related in any way to cancer. The disease only affects men and is confined to the penis, although a substantial number of men with Peyronie's exhibit concurrent connective tissue disorders in the hand, and to a lesser degree, in the feet.

About 30 percent of men with Peyronie's disease develop fibrosis in other elastic tissues of the body, such as on the hand or foot, including Dupuytren's contracture of the hand. An increased incidence in genetically related males suggests a genetic component.[citation needed]

Diagnosis

A urologist can diagnose the disease and suggest treatment, and it is best to seek out a urologist who specializes in Peyronie's Disease, as the disease and its current treatments are not well understood by general practitioners or family doctors.

Causes

The underlying cause of Peyronie's Disease is not well understood, but is thought to be caused by trauma or injury to the penis usually through sexual activity and the patient is often unaware of any traumatic event or injury.[6]

There is also an association that a class of anti-hypertensive drugs known as beta blockers may be a possible cause of or exacerbate the disease, although it has not been proven. However, all beta blocker drugs list Peyronie's disease as a possible side effect.[7]

Treatment

Without treatment, about 12-13% of patients will spontaneously improve over time, 40-50% will get worse and the rest will be relatively stable.[citation needed]

Medication and supplements

Many oral treatments have been studied, but results so far have been mixed.[8] Some consider the use of non-surgical approaches to be "controversial".[9]

Vitamin E supplementation has been studied for decades, and some success has been reported in older trials, but those successes have not been reliably repeated in larger, newer studies.[10] A combination of Vitamin E and colchicine has shown some promise in delaying progression of the condition.[11]

Newer agents targeting the basic mechanisms of inflammation have not yet been studied in larger clinical trials. Such medications include potassium para-aminobenzoate (Potaba),[12] acetyl L-carnitine, propionyl L-carnitine, L-arginine, sildenafil (acting through phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition) and pentoxifylline (acting through TGFβ1 inhibition).

Interferon-alpha-2b has been proposed in recent publications.[13]

Formulations of superoxide dismutase are also reported to be effective in Pey[1].

Injections to plaques (scar tissue formed by the disease) with Verapamil may be effective in some patients. Use of iontophoresis with Verapamil and Dexamethasone, applied to the affected areas has been studied[14] but a recent placebo controlled trial failed to show a significant improvement. There are no clinical trials listed in the NIH trial registry.

Surgery

Surgery, such as the "Nesbit operation",[15] is considered a last resort and should only be performed by highly skilled urological surgeons knowledgeable in specialized corrective surgical techniques. A penile prosthesis may be appropriate in advanced cases.[16] A European surgery called the Leriche technique has shown effectiveness at reducing curvature and returning sexual function. [17]

Physical therapy and devices

Self-administered manual stretching techniques, as well as a number of devices which exert gentle longitudinal forces on the plaque, are currently being studied in clinical trials. Vacuum therapy devices (or penis pumps), which have traditionally been used to treat erectile dysfunction, are currently being prescribed to help correct the curvature of the penis associated with Peyronie's.[citation needed]

Counseling

Peyronie's Disease can be a physically and psychologically devastating disease. While most men will continue to be able to have sexual relations, they are likely to experience some degree of deformity and erectile dysfunction in the wake of the disease process. It is not uncommon for men afflicted with Peyronie's Disease to exhibit depression, withdrawal from their sexual partners, and an unwillingness to talk openly about their concerns with their partner and/or their physician. Accordingly, seeking out a mental health professional is often recommended as an adjunct to medical treatment.

See also

References

  1. ^ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). Page 990. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071380760.
  2. ^ Levine LA, Estrada CR, Storm DW, Matkov TG (2003). "Peyronie disease in younger men: characteristics and treatment results". J. Androl. 24 (1): 27–32. PMID 12514077.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Peyronie's disease at Who Named It?
  4. ^ "Peyronie's Disease". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
  5. ^ "Peyronie's disease - MayoClinic.com". Retrieved 2007-12-03.
  6. ^ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/peyronies-disease/DS00427/DSECTION=causes
  7. ^ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/peyronies-disease/DS00427/DSECTION=causes
  8. ^ Levine LA (2003). "Review of current nonsurgical management of Peyronie's disease". Int. J. Impot. Res. 15 Suppl 5: S113–20. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901084. PMID 14551587.
  9. ^ Hauck EW, Diemer T, Schmelz HU, Weidner W (2006). "A critical analysis of nonsurgical treatment of Peyronie's disease". Eur. Urol. 49 (6): 987–97. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.02.059. PMID 16698449.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Mynderse LA, Monga M (2002). "Oral therapy for Peyronie's disease". Int. J. Impot. Res. 14 (5): 340–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900869. PMID 12454684.
  11. ^ Prieto Castro RM, Leva Vallejo ME, Regueiro Lopez JC, Anglada Curado FJ, Alvarez Kindelan J, Requena Tapia MJ (2003). "Combined treatment with vitamin E and colchicine in the early stages of Peyronie's disease". BJU Int. 91 (6): 522–4. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04134.x. PMID 12656907.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Carson CC (1997). "Potassium para-aminobenzoate for the treatment of Peyronie's disease: is it effective?". Tech Urol. 3 (3): 135–9. PMID 9422444.
  13. ^ Trost LW, Gur S, Hellstrom WJ (2007). "Pharmacological Management of Peyronie's Disease". Drugs. 67 (4): 527–45. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767040-00004. PMID 17352513.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Riedl CR, Plas E, Engelhardt P, Daha K, Pflüger H (2000). "Iontophoresis for treatment of Peyronie's disease". J. Urol. 163 (1): 95–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67981-5. PMID 10604323.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Ralph DJ, Minhas S (2004). "The management of Peyronie's disease". BJU Int. 93 (2): 208–15. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04587.x. PMID 14690485.
  16. ^ Hellstrom WJ, Usta MF (2003). "Surgical approaches for advanced Peyronie's disease patients". Int. J. Impot. Res. 15 Suppl 5: S121–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901085. PMID 14551588.
  17. ^ Khouaja K., Delmas V. and Boccon-Gibod L. (Sep. 2004), "Leriche technique for the treatment of La Peyronie's disease(trans. from French)", Prog Urol. (in French), no. 4, Urology Clinic Hospital Bichat, Paris, archived from the original on 11-02-2005, retrieved 06-26-2009 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date=, and |archivedate= (help); Unknown parameter |reprint= ignored (help)
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