Jump to content

West Midlands Metro

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 81.2.110.250 (talk) at 23:47, 18 January 2010 (→History: Remove bias and strange claim about 'obscure parliamentary', keep the ref as its right for the dispute). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Midland Metro
File:Midland Metro logo.PNG
Overview
Statusactive
OwnerCentro
LocaleWest Midlands
Stations23
Service
TypeTram/light rail
Services1
Operator(s)Travel Midland Metro
Depot(s)Wednesbury
Rolling stockAnsaldobreda T69
History
Opened30 May 1999
Technical
Line length20.2 km (13 mi)
Track gaugeStandard gauge
Operating speed35 km/h (22 mph)
Midland Metro tram 05 approaching West Bromwich tram stop
File:Jewellry Quarter railway station train and tram - Birmingham - 2005-10-14.jpg
A Midland Metro tram at Jewellery Quarter station next to a former Central Trains train

The Midland Metro is a light-rail or tram line in the West Midlands of England between the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton via West Bromwich and Wednesbury.

It is owned and promoted by Centro, and operated by a subsidiary of the National Express Group (NEG) under the brand name Travel Midland Metro (TMM).

Midland Metro carries about five million passengers annually[1], about one third of that predicted by Centro in the planning stage.[2]

History

In the mid 1980s, after a brief experiment with guided buses, the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive (Centro) planned a tram line between Five Ways, just west of Birmingham city centre, and the Clock Garage, in the eastern suburbs. It would have involved large scale property demolition, and was to have been the first of a series of tramways known as the 'Light Rail Transit' system. However, sustained public opposition led to its abandonment before construction had started[citation needed].

Following the establishment of a new Passenger Transport Authority in 1986, the project was revived under the name 'Midland Metro'. It would be the "largest infrastructure project in the West Midlands to the end of the century and beyond", and 200 km of tram lines would "transform public transport". The first of up to fifteen lines would be operating by the end of 1993, and a substantive network by 2000.[3]

To reduce opposition, Midland Metro Line 1 would not require large scale demolition, as it would link Birmingham and Wolverhampton using a former railway trackbed for most of its length. It was thought that Parliamentary approval and funding for demolition-intensive routes would be easier after approval and funding for Line 1 was in place[citation needed].

The Clock Garage line was subsequently revived in modified form, still requiring extensive demolition, as Midland Metro Line 2, with a new eastern terminus in Chelmsley Wood. The Act of Parliament for Line 1 received the Royal Assent in November 1989. In April 1990, an application for funding under Section 56 of the Transport Act 1968 was made, and £1.5 million was granted to the project. It was announced in March 1992 that a further £3 million was to be granted by central government, increasing the funding total to £4.5 million.

In September 1991, proposals were published to extend Line 1 to the Bullring shopping centre and build Line 2. WMPTE's efforts to secure Parliamentary approval for Line 2 included providing free trips to Grenoble for MPs through the lobbying firm Ian Greer Associates. The PTE Director General, Robert J Tarr, stated that there would be full consultation, but there were complaints in parliament that constituents complaints were not properly considered by the committee.[4] In spite of these measures, public opposition eventually forced the abandonment of Line 2 and Line 3 (Wolverhampton, Walsall, Dudley and Merry Hill).

Consultants for the project have included WS Atkins, Kennedy Henderson, and Maunsells.[5]

Routes

Line One

Template:Midland-Metro-Line-One Line 1, the 12½ mile (20.2 km) Birmingham to Wolverhampton route, was opened on 31 May 1999, and runs mostly along the trackbed of the former Great Western Railway line between the two cities (which was severed in 1972), thus stopping any return of the former mainline.

At the southern end, the terminus is Birmingham Snow Hill station in Birmingham city centre. Platform 4 at the station had to be taken out of use to allow provision of the tram terminal and access track, reducing the railway's capacity and operating flexibility.

At the northern end, trams move off the former railway formation to run along streets to a terminus at St Georges in Wolverhampton city centre. St Georges does not have interchange with other public transport, but the bus and railway stations can be reached on foot in a few minutes.

The control room and depot, called Metro Centre, near Wednesbury, Great Western Street tram stop, occupies land once used as railway sidings.

A contract covering construction and operation of this line was awarded to a consortium known as Altram in August 1995. Construction began three months later, with a targeted completion date of August 1998. This was missed by nine months, which should have led to compensation being paid by Altram. Details of any payments made are not known.

The outturn cost of Line 1 is also not known. In 1990 David Gilroy Bevan, a prominent supporter of Midland Metro, told Parliament that it would cost £60 million.[6] Centro stated that it cost £145 million at 1995 prices, but this does not take account of items (such as a wheel lathe) that were deleted to reduce the headline sum[citation needed].

At the time of Line 1's opening, Altram was a for-profit company owned by John Laing, Ansaldo, and West Midlands Travel. Claudio Artusi, vice president of Ansaldo Trasporti, had stated that his company was "fully committed to successfully implementing Line 1", and Martin Laing, chairman of Laing, had stated, "we will deliver a high quality light rail system".[7]

Soon after opening, it became evident to all three partners that Metro operating revenues would not cover costs. In 2001 Ansaldo decided it was "not prepared to invest further monies in a loss-making venture which showed no prospect of ever becoming profitable". Laing "felt there was no economic future in Altram and that to contribute further funds would only increase its loss in what it believed to be a failing project". In February 2003 it was reported that the Metro's auditors refused to sign off its accounts.[8]

Ansaldo and Laing sought an exit, which was agreed some years later. Day-to-day operation of Metro is in the hands of TMM, with losses largely covered by cross subsidies from other parts of National Express's business.[9]

NEG is supposedly responsible for Midland Metro losses until 2019. However, Centro intends to re-franchise the operation well before that date, as part of the 'Phase One' expansion. At a result, responsibility for future losses would transfer from NEG to the public purse.

Line 1's accessibility shortcomings led to its vehicles having to be exempted from the Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations 1998.[10] In May 2009, Wolverhampton councillor Judith Rowley suggested that £40,700 had been wasted on a "flawed" access plan for Bilston Central tram stop.[11]

Phase One Expansion

Although patronage is much lower than was anticipated by Centro, Metro expansion remains central to its strategy. In 2006 Councillor Gary Clarke, chairman of Centro-PTA, stated that Metro would "make a real impact on our campaign to cut congestion for everyone".[12] However, fewer than 20% of journeys were previously made by car,[13] there has been no noticeable relief of the adjacent A41 Birmingham to Wolverhampton road[citation needed], and trams account for fewer than 2% of journeys made by public transport in the West Midlands.[citation needed]

Centro has been seeking government funding for its Phase One expansion, comprising the 2.8 km Birmingham City Centre Extension (through Birmingham city centre linking Snow Hill, Birmingham New Street Station, and Five Ways), and the 11 km Brierley Hill Extension (a branch off Line 1, from Wednesbury to Brierley Hill town centre). An order authorising the City Centre Extension was made in July 2005.[14]

Line One (Birmingham City Centre) Extension

Template:Midland-Metro-Line-One-Ext In 2005, Centro claimed that the Birmingham City Centre Extension (BCCE) would cost £72 million,[15] but a more recent estimate is £180 million.[16]

Birmingham City Council's support has been less than consistent. At times it has favoured building Midland Metro in tunnel in the city centre[17] and there has been uncertainty about the route itself.[18]

Centro's public position remained supportive of a street tramway to Edgbaston Shopping Centre, Five Ways, 13 minutes from Snow Hill. At points such as Suffolk Queensway, trams would go over the road on a bridge. As part of a land redevelopment adjacent to Snow Hill Station, part of a viaduct has been constructed to carry the line from the current alignment into the streets.

In March 2009, a much-shortened version of the BCCE, terminating in Stephenson Street, adjacent to New Street station, was estimated to cost £60 million.[19]

The BCCE would improve tram users' access to the shopping district around Corporation Street, but at the cost of worsened access for bus users, with up to ten stops[20] having to be relocated away from the street. Re-routing of bus services as a result of the BCCE has been a source of friction between Centro and National Express West Midlands, with an earlier attempt to redirect buses to a new 'bus mall' adjacent to Moor Street railway station having ended in disaster.[21] Following a spate of accidents, the mall was closed down before it had fully opened, and all evidence of its existence erased.

By January 2010, reference to the Five Ways section had been removed from the project page on the Centro website.[22] The revised page linked to documents, dated October 2009, which formed part of the revised business case, but it appeared only part of the business case documents have been placed online.

The revised business case claimed that the existing trams could not be used in central Birmingham streets, despite their having been custom designed for the Midland Metro project (which included Birmingham street running from its inception). The 'requirement' for new trams further inflated the BCCE cost estimate, to £120 million,[23] or £85,000 per metre.

Various reasons were given by Centro for needing new trams, including the safety of braking performance of the existing vehicles if used on the City Centre Extension. However, the BCCE would be problematic in safety for any type of tram, as it includes heavy and complex pedestrian cross-traffic, narrow streets, difficult gradients, and abrupt turns. The stopping distance for a tram can be much greater than for other types of vehicle encountered in a street. In 1999 the Dutch Transport Safety Board estimated that, for the same distance, 30 times more pedestrians and 40 times more cyclists died in accidents with trams than with other road vehicles.[24]

Line Two (Wednesbury - Brierley Hill)

West Midlands Metro
Wednesbury to Brierley Hill extension
Legend
 Line One
at Wednesbury
 Tame Valley Canal
Golds Hill
Walsall Canal
Great Bridge
Horseley Road
Dudley Port National Rail Parking
Birmingham New Main Line canal
(under aqueduct)
 Sedgley Road East
Birmingham Old Main Line canal
 Birmingham New Road
Tipton Road
Dudley Castle
Dudley Town Centre
Flood Street
New Road
Cinder Bank
Parkhead Viaduct
over Dudley Canal
 Pedmore Road
Canal Street
Waterfront
Merry Hill
Brierley Hill Parking

From Line 1 in Wednesbury, Line 2 would follow the disused South Staffordshire Line, through Sandwell to the vicinity of the former Dudley Town station, then run on-street into Dudley town centre. It would leave Dudley using a route alongside the Southern Bypass to again access the existing railway corridor, leaving it once more for the approach to the Waterfront/Merry Hill area and Brierley Hill. The intended start of service date at one point was 2011.

Centro have stated Line 2 would offer 10 trams per hour, alternately serving Wolverhampton and Birmingham. Journey time from Brierley Hill to West Bromwich was stated as 31 minutes. In December 2000 the capital cost of the Brierley Hill Extension was stated as £114.1 million in 1999 prices.[25] A Centro news release in March 2005 gave the cost as £139 million,[26] but the following year the estimate had nearly doubled, to £268 million.[27]

Some preliminary work was done in 2005-2006, with the reconstruction of the 50-year-old Tipton Road overbridge in Dudley.

To avoid a "a reputational risk for Centro", its Director General, Geoff Inskip, proposed spending nearly £2 million on land for a car park at Dudley Port.[28] The land for each parking space would cost about £30,000. As well as the land seizure at Dudley Port, another £10 million would be used to compulsorily purchase other land required for the Brierley Hill extension.[29]

In 2008 Centro began repositioning the Brierley Hill Extension as a passenger and cargo tram-train project linking Wednesbury and Stourbridge, linked to the re-opening of the South Staffordshire railway from Bescot. It claimed, "Running freight trains on the proposed tram tracks will remove the need to build a separate track for freight alongside the Metro rails, cutting overall construction costs by around 20 per cent". However, no evidence of need, or cost saving, was offered.[30] In the construction of Line 1, Centro took a contrary view of track sharing, having an expensive flyover built at Handsworth to ensure segregation of trams from occasional freight trains.

Centro's 'Wednesbury – Brierley Hill – Stourbridge Rapid Transit' map shows that trams would cross into (and out of) the path of freight trains ten times, on each return journey to Stourbridge.

Phase Two Expansion

Other Metro proposals have been made by Centro at various times, including the following.

Birmingham city centre to Great Barr

A 10 km, 17-stop route planned from the City Centre through Lancaster Circus and along the A34 corridor to the Birmingham/Walsall boundary area, terminating near the M6 motorway junction 7. The route was called "Varsity North" by Centro, and "a white elephant" by Khalid Mahmood.[31]

Birmingham city centre to Quinton

A 7.5 km route planned to run from the Birmingham City Centre Extension terminus at Five Ways along the Hagley Road to Quinton.

Birmingham city centre to Birmingham International Airport

A 14 km route from Birmingham International Airport/ NEC and serving suburbs along the A45 road. Journey time from central Birmingham (Bull Street) to 'the Airport' was estimated at 29 minutes[32] but the route map shows a terminus about 600 metres away, adjacent to Birmingham International railway station.[33] Journey time by tram from the city centre to the Airport check-in would be similar to existing bus services, but not competitive with the rail service, as Birmingham International is only 10 minutes by train from central Birmingham.

Wolverhampton city centre to Wednesfield, Willenhall, Walsall and Wednesbury

This 20.4-km route, called "5Ws" by Centro, would connect Wolverhampton city centre to Wednesfield, Willenhall, Walsall and Wednesbury, as well as providing direct access to New Cross and Manor Hospitals, partially using the trackbed of the former Wolverhampton and Walsall Railway.

Wolverhampton city centre loop

A mainly single track loop-and-spur extension to Line 1 serving Wolverhampton's bus and railway stations, with an estimated cost of £30 million.[34]

Current situation

Very large cost escalations encountered in British light rail projects, and doubts about economic and transport benefits[citation needed] have led to the demise of Centro's phased large scale development.

Recruitment of a director to look for ways of funding Midland Metro expansion was abandoned in January 2009. The job holder would have been paid £100,000 per annum by Wolverhampton, Walsall, Sandwell, and Dudley councils, and Centro. [35]

In January 2009 Birmingham councillor Len Gregory said he would be prepared to "look seriously" at a proposal for an elevated monorail between New Street station and the Airport, instead of a Midland Metro line. Birmingham City Council's lead member on Centro, Councillor Len Clark, said he was "excited" by the Metrail AG monorail put forward by 'Birmingham Business Focus' (BBF). He thought that it would not take up as much space as a tramway, and would be less expensive.[36] BBF director Neil Maybury envisaged monorails running along most of Birmingham's arterial roads.[37]

In July 2009 it appeared that the New Street to Five Ways section of the Birmingham City Centre Extension had been discarded, along with the 'business cases' for both Phase One extensions. The Wolverhampton loop had gained funding preference over the Brierley Hill route.

If newly prepared business cases were 'acceptable', the Department for Transport would pay £25 million towards the diminished Birmingham City Centre Extension, and £53 million towards the Wolverhampton loop, and 'up to' 25 replacement trams.[38]

Centro's 2009 draft Integrated Public Transport Prospectus claimed that light rail typically cost between £10-20 million per kilometre,[39] which did not accord with the estimates for the Phase One Extensions (£64.28 million/km, Birmingham City Centre, and £24.36 million/km, Brierley Hill).

Vehicles and services

Tram 13 on former railway section.

Metro operates 16 T69 articulated two-section trams, which were built by Ansaldobreda, S.P.A. in Italy. Numbered 01-16, they have a top speed of 43 mph (70 km/h). The short intersection in the centre is a vestige of the three-section design, abandoned as Line 1 costs increased. Each tram has three entrances on each side, and 56 seats. Only the centre portion is wheelchair accessible.

The trams are driven manually under a mix of line of sight and signals. Turnback loops along the line, including the street section, have points indicators. A set of loops located on the entirety of the line show the control room the location of all trams. The track bed section (Birmingham to Priestfield) is sparse for signalling. Signals at located at:

  • Birmingham Snow Hill / St Pauls – to protect the single line
  • Black Lake – for the level crossing
  • Wednesbury Parkway and the Metro Centre

The street section has signals at every set of traffic lights, which are tied into the road traffic signals to allow the tram signalling system to override them (tram priority).

Safety equipment includes a dead man's handle. The trams were also fitted with a version of the Train Protection Warning System, but due to a fault it was isolated.[citation needed]

An onboard loadspeaker system can deliver recorded announcements, and messages from the driver and Metro Centre.

Weekday services run at eight-minute intervals, with a longer weekend and evening spacing. There is no service in the small hours of the morning.

Reliability figures quoted by Travel Midland Metro relate to the 8-minute frequency, rather than the 6-minute all-day frequency promised by Centro in the planning stage, and never achieved[citation needed]. Writing in May 1999, Robert J Tarr stated, "The 6 minute frequency service required under Altram's concession is due to be implemented within a couple of months".[40]

The fare scale was originally intended to be broadly comparable with buses, but this proved to be unfinanceable. In July 2008 the adult single fare from Birmingham to Wolverhampton was £1.50 by bus, £2.50 by tram.

List of Trams

Tram 06 in Wolverhampton city centre.
Newly refurbished tram 09 at Wednesbury Depot after an incident in December 06
Fleet Number Tram Name Tram Type Livery
01 Sir Frank Whittle T69 Midland Metro
02 T69 Midland Metro
03 Ray Lewis T69 Midland Metro
04 T69 Midland Metro
05 Sister Dora T69 Network West Midlands
06 Alan Garner T69 Midland Metro
07 Billy Wright T69 Network West Midlands
08 Joseph Chamberlain T69 Midland Metro
09 Jeff Astle T69 Network West Midlands
10 John Stanley Webb T69 Network West Midlands
11 Theresa Stewart T69 Midland Metro
12 T69 Midland Metro
13 Anthony Nolan T69 Midland Metro
14 James Eames T69 Midland Metro
15 Agenoria T69 Midland Metro
16 Gerwyn John T69 Midland Metro

Centro are planning a '£45 million' replacement of the entire tram fleet after less than 12 years of use [citation needed] - trams on other systems generally have a life of 30 to 50 years. In 2002 Andrew Steele, general manager of Midland Metro, said the Ansaldo trams were "crap", and had wiring like "plates of spaghetti".[41]

Environment

Emissions

Midland Metro is claimed to be 'green', and the first British light rail line to be powered from 'renewable' sources.[42] However, the sources are not identified. The parent company (National Express Group) website made a somewhat different claim. It stated that Midland Metro was "the first light rail system to use 'green tariff' electricity, making it effectively emissions free."[43] The term 'effectively emissions free' is not explained, and the BBC Bloom website stated "some green tariffs do little more than help power companies meet their legal obligation to make 9% of their electricity from renewables".[44]

Centro appears to accept that Midland Metro does produce emissions, but has (or publishes) virtually no information about their extent. Although its stated objectives include monitoring environmental performance and "raising public awareness of environmental impacts of transport", the only statistic it gives is for carbon dioxide, implying that Midland Metro produces 65 grammes of CO2 per passenger kilometre.[45]

The 65 gramme figure does not concern Midland Metro at all, but originates from[46] 2007 central government DEFRA data which estimated carbon from Tyne and Wear Metro, Manchester Metrolink, Tramlink, and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in 2003.[47] These systems are much more heavily used than Midland Metro,[48] for example, the DLR carries eight times as many passengers per route kilometre.

Noise

It is not known to what extent Centro measures Midland Metro noise, and no details are given on its website. In an attempt to reduce complaints about noise and vibration, especially on the street running section, workers re-ground rails over four nights in December 2007.[49]

Noise was a significant factor in the opposition to earlier Midland Metro projects. For example, residents in Chelmsley Wood objected to the removal of landscaping to allow space for tram lines. The landscaping had been put in place to reduce people's exposure to noise from the M6 motorway.

Green space

Loss of green space has also featured in objections to Midland Metro expansion. The proposed Brierley Hill Extension would involve permanent loss of public open space,[50] which would not be offset by creation of equivalent space elsewhere.

Visual impact

Visual impact of infrastructure was one of many issues mentioned in abortive consultation on tramway expansion carried out in 2003-2004.[51]

According to the West Midlands Local Transport Plan 2, Midland Metro is a "fundamental element" of the "demand management and modal shift thrust" of the area's transport strategy.[52] This reflects Centro's view that Midland Metro expansion could reduce private car usage, congestion, and emissions. The modal shift sought by Centro is therefore from private to public transport.

However, evidence from Line 1 showed potential for only a modest shift from car to tram, with the modal shift from bus to tram being more than twice as big. In effect, for a large part of its traffic, Line 1 cannibalised the existing public transport user base.

The substitutionality of car journeys by tram depends on numerous factors, such as whether the trip origin and/or destination is on a tram route, and the trip length. Because construction costs are, at minimum, £24 million per kilometre, a dense Midland Metro network is unlikely. Centro's draft Integrated Public Transport Prospectus gives 45 minutes as a limit for acceptable journey duration[53] (this appears to be exclusive of waiting time). By this yardstick, journeys between points such as Stourbridge and Walsall using an expanded Midland Metro system would not be competitive, as they would take too long.

Walking and cycling

Centro's Environmental Strategy to 2014 includes reference to encouraging walking and cycling as part of sustainable transport. However, there is no explanation as to how 'walking strategy' fits in with Midland Metro.

Cycling strategy is also at odds with Midland Metro expansion. On Line 1, provision for cycles is limited to unprotected stands at most tram stops. Because of crime levels and the lack of secure storage, using a bicycle as part of a Midland Metro journey is risky.

Unlike local rail services, bicycles are not permitted on Midland Metro, so a journey where the cycling element commences at the tram alighting point is unlikely to be possible.

Technical data

Tramway signals

  • Proceed.
    Proceed.
  • Stop.
    Stop.
  • Caution and proceed.
    Caution and proceed.
  • Turning left and proceed.
    Turning left and proceed.
  • Turning right and proceed.
    Turning right and proceed.

Accidents and incidents

There have been several instances of trams colliding with road vehicles at crossings, and on the Wolverhampton street section. There has also been at least one collision between trams. Technical and maintenance failures, and vandalism, have led to many service disruptions. One of the most notable incidents took place in the summer of 2001, when electrocution risks forced closure of the Wolverhampton section.[54]

The Rail Accident Investigation Branch have a statutory responsibility to investigate any accident or dangerous occurrence.

Criminal activity was not effectively planned for during Metro construction. High levels of crime led to the removal of ticket machines from tram stops, and the fitting of closed circuit television to trams.

People living near Line 1 have attempted to obtain compensation for noise, vibration, and antisocial behaviour,[55] but have received nothing.[56]

In March 2009, fly-tipping and littering led campaigners in West Bromwich to call for action on cleaning up the system.[57]

Policing is the responsibility of the British Transport Police in Wednesbury.

Publications and information

Travel information is available from the Traveline West Midlands website and call centre. A leaflet giving timetables and fares is usually available from local travel information offices. Until October 2008, Midland Metro had a monthly customer publication called Tram Lines.[58]

The website run by Midland Metro has been marred by poor accessibility, and inaccurate information. As of 10 January 2010, it was showing ticket prices correct "as of 2nd January 2008"[59] (fares were increased in January 2009 and on 2 January 2010), and claiming trams could carry up to 208 passengers[60] (actual capacity is substantially lower).

Metro Pub Crawl

The publication of a Good Pubs Guide by Midland Metro[61] has lead to some people (notably students) using the tram for a pub crawl starting at one end and winding their way down the line to the other, stopping off at pubs along the way, in a similar fashion to the Sub-crawl in Glasgow (using the Glasgow Subway) or London's Circle line crawl[62].

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midland Metro.

References

  1. ^ "Annual Stats 2005-06" (PDF). Centro.
  2. ^ "New Metro tracks unveiled". BBC News. 2002-03-02.
  3. ^ Annual Report 1988-1989. West Midlands PTE.
  4. ^ "Midland Metro Bill (By Order)".
  5. ^ Barry J. Simpson (1994). Urban Public Transport Today. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0419187804.
  6. ^ "Midland Metro Bill (By Order)".
  7. ^ Everything is now in place... Centro.
  8. ^ "Auditors at Midland Metro refuse to sign off accounts". The Times. 2003-02-12.
  9. ^ "Anticipated acquisition by West Midlands Travel Limited of the joint venture shares of Laing Infrastructure Holdings Limited and Ansaldo Transporti Sistema Ferroviari SpA in Altram LRT Limited" (PDF). Office of Fair Trading. 2006-03-02.
  10. ^ "The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Midland Metro T69 Vehicles) Exemption Order 2001". Office of Public Sector Information.
  11. ^ "Centro criticised for 'wasting' £40,000 on Metro access plan". Birmingham Post. 2009-05-07.
  12. ^ "Midland Metro expansion plans to be submitted to Government".
  13. ^ "Metro services".
  14. ^ "The Midland Metro (Birmingham City Centre Extension, etc.) Order 2005". Office of Public Sector Information. 2005.
  15. ^ "Inquiry reveals benefits of city centre tram proposals". Centro. 2005-06-10.
  16. ^ "No backing for Metro extension". Birmingham Post. 2008-11-14.
  17. ^ "Underground Metro line plan axed". BBC News. 2005-10-17.
  18. ^ "Whatever happened to the Midland Metro extension?". Birmingham Post. 2008-09-23.
  19. ^ "Short cut for Birmingham's metro extension". Birmingham Post. 2009-03-16.
  20. ^ "Where to board your bus in Birmingham city centre" (PDF). Centro. 2009-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ "Council reveals bus mall changes". BBC News. 2005-01-03.
  22. ^ "Birmingham City Centre Extension and Fleet Replacement". Centro. Accessed 2010-01-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ "Government urged to make swift decision over Birmingham Metro". Birmingham Post. 2010-01-14.
  24. ^ "Accident analysis into the primary and secondary safety of city trams in The Netherlands". Technical University of Delft and Hellenic Institute of Transport.
  25. ^ "Midland Metro (Wednesbury to Brierley Hill and miscellaneous amendments) Order". Department for Transport.
  26. ^ "Merry Hill tram route on display". Centro. 2005-03-02.
  27. ^ "Westfield's £36.5 million injection puts Midlands trams right on track". Westfield Group.
  28. ^ "Transport chiefs aim to buy land for Metro". Express and Star. 2008-10-22.
  29. ^ "Land grab looms on new Metro route". Express and Star. 2009-03-03.
  30. ^ "Midland Metro track-share proposals gather pace". Centro. 2008-08-22.
  31. ^ "Walsall Road tram plan laid to rest". Birmingham Mail. 2009-04-09.
  32. ^ "Airport Route". Centro.
  33. ^ "Airport Route map". Centro.
  34. ^ "Tram bid prioritises New St and Wolverhampton links". Transport Briefing. 2009-03-17.
  35. ^ "£100k new Metro director plan axed". Express and Star. 2009-01-12.
  36. ^ "Birmingham demands to know if Metro expansion plans are over". Birmingham Post. 2009-01-22.
  37. ^ "£280m monorail plan to solve Birmingham's traffic problems". Birmingham Mail. 2009-01-20.
  38. ^ "Major transport schemes receive Government backing". Centro. 2009-07-23.
  39. ^ Consultation Draft Integrated Public Transport Prospectus. Centro. 2009.
  40. ^ "Midland Metro Line One is open at last". Light Rail Transit Association. 1999-05-31.
  41. ^ "Tram travel's right on time". Birmingham Mail. 2002-07-16.
  42. ^ "Metro is Green!" (PDF). Travel Midland Metro. April 2008.
  43. ^ "Our 2020 vision in-a-city". National Express Group. Accessed 2010-01-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ "BBC - Bloom - Switching to an effective green electricity tariff". BBC. accessed 2010-01-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ "Environmental Strategy 2009-2014". Centro.
  46. ^ Environmental Strategy 2009-2014. Centro. January 2009.
  47. ^ "Guidelines to Defra's GHG conversion factors for company reporting" (PDF). DEFRA. June 2007.
  48. ^ "Comparative performance data from French tramway systems" (PDF). South Yorkshire PTE. December 2003.
  49. ^ "Track maintenance" (PDF). Travel Midland Metro. December 2007.
  50. ^ "LiRa-2 newsletter". International network of Light Rail Cities.
  51. ^ "Midland Metro Phase II Network Development Consultation Process – November 2003/February 2004".
  52. ^ "52297 Program 13". West Midlands Local transport Plan.
  53. ^ Consultation Draft Integrated Transport Prospectus. Centro. 2009.
  54. ^ "Electrocution risk closes tram line". BBC News. 2001-07-04.
  55. ^ "Metro campaigners set for payout". BBC News. 2004-08-18.
  56. ^ "The price of progress remains unpaid". Nigel Hastilow. 2007-05-31.
  57. ^ "Metro line is given its own police team". Express and Star. 2009-03-07.
  58. ^ "tramlines". Midland Metro. 2007-02-01.
  59. ^ ":::::THE METRO:::::Fares". Travel Midland Metro. Accessed 2010-01-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ "Tram facts". Travel Midland Metro. Accessed 2010-01-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  61. ^ "Good Pubs Guide by Metro". Midland Metro. 2007-04-01.
  62. ^ "The Circle Line Pub Crawl".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Midlands_Metro&oldid=338648716"