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Énergie NB Power
Company typeGovernment-owned corporation
IndustryElectricity generation, transmission and distribution
FoundedApril 29, 1920 (1920-04-29)
Headquarters
Fredericton, New Brunswick
,
Canada
Area served
New Brunswick
Key people
Gaëtan Thomas,
President[1] [2]
ServicesElectricity
RevenueC$1.453 billion (2009)[3]
C$104 million (2009)[3]
C$70 million (2009)[3]
Total assetsC$5.190 billion (2009)[3]
Total equityC$310 million (2009)[3]
OwnerGovernment of New Brunswick
Number of employees
2,699 (2008)[4]
Websitewww.nbpower.com

NB Power (French: Énergie NB), formerly known as New Brunswick Power Corporation and New Brunswick Electric Power Commission is the primary and former monopoly electrical utility in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. NB Power is a Crown Corporation wholly owned by the Government of New Brunswick and is composed of a holding company and 4 sub-companies: NB Power Distribution and Customer Service, NB Power Generation, NB Power Nuclear, and NB Power Transmission. The NB System Operator, not part of NB Power, is an independent market operator similar to that in Ontario or California that administers relationships between power generators and users.

History

The development of the electricity industry in New Brunswick started the 1880s with the establishment of small private power plants in Saint John, Fredericton and Moncton. Over the next 30 years, other cities successively electrified, so much so that in 1918, more than 20 companies were active in the electricity business, which left the province with wildly differing levels of services and prices. In Saint John for instance, the rates fluctuated between 7.5 to 15 cents per kilowatt-hour, depending on the location and the monthly consumption.[5]

Recognizing the important role that electricity was about to play in economic development, Premier Walter E. Foster proposed the creation of an provincially-owned electric company. The Legislative Assembly passed a bill to that effect. The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission (NBEPC) was created on April 24, 1920. Immediately, the commission, headed by its first president, C. W. Robinson, launched the construction of a C$ 2 million hydroelectric dam at Musquash, west of Saint John. To supply the cities of Saint John, Moncton and Sussex, a 88 miles (142 km) long high voltage power line was also built.[6]

The new earth dam was completed on time, in 1922. But it could not withstand the 1923 spring flood and collapsed,[6] an accident which shattered a bit of confidence in the new commission. The building of a larger facility in Grand Falls, on the Upper Saint John River, was undertaken in 1926 by a subsidiary of International Paper Company and completed in 1930.[6] Electricity demand increased during that decade and more generation facilities were required to supply the province. The commission decided to take advantage of coal resources in the Minto area and built a plant near the mines. The Grand Lake Generating Station was commissioned in 1931 and then expanded five years later.[7]

WWII and after

The floodgates of the Grand Falls generating station, during the annual freshet of the Saint John River.

Demand for electricity exploded during World War II and led to rationing in the late 1940s.[8] Meanwhile, the commission embarked on the construction of two major dams on the Saint John River, the Tobique and Beechwood generating stations, which were respectively commissioned in 1953 and 1955. See below regarding First Nations relations.

The Commission also bought the Grand Falls generating station in 1959[8] and began work on the province's largest hydroelectric facility, the Mactaquac dam, whose first three units were put on stream in 1968.[9]

However, the new hydroelectric developments proved insufficient to bridge the imbalance between supply and demand, which grew by 12% per annum between 1960 and 1975. To cope with this explosive growth, the commission launched in 1959 the construction of a oil-fired plant at Courtenay Bay, near the Saint John shipyard. The first 50 MW turbine was put in service the next year, while two more units were added in 1965 and 1966.[9] To better serve northern New Brunswick, another oil-fired plant, with an initial capacity of 100 MW, was built in Dalhousie and commissioned in 1969.[9]

In the early 1970s, the NBEPC signed a series of supply contracts with New England distributors, justifying the construction of its largest power plant in 1972. With three 335 MW units, the oil-fired Coleson Cove Generating Station was completed in January 1977. However, the 1973 oil shock made the operation of thermal plants more expensvie, since oil prices rose from US$3 to US$37 per barrel between 1973 and 1982. The company, which was renamed Énergie NB Power during that time, needed to explore other generating options.[10]

Point Lepreau

Main article: Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station

The construction of a nuclear plant in New Brunswick has been discussed since the late 1950s. For over 15 years, engineers from the NBEPC visited the Chalk River Laboratories to keep abreast of the latest trends in the field.[10] Formal talks between the provincial and federal governments began in 1972 and discussions between representatives of Premier Richard Hatfield and Atomic Energy of Canada accelerated the following year. In the aftermath of the oil crisis, the province wanted to secure a source of electricity which prices would be less volatile than oil. However, project financing was still an issue.[11]

The federal government then announced a loan program to help provinces such as New Brunswick in January 1974. Ottawa's pledge to cover half of the cost of a first nuclear plant removed the last obstacle to construction of the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station. On February 5, 1974, Hatfield announced his decision to build the plant, 20 miles (32 km) west of Saint John, and even raises the possibility of constructing a second one in the future. On May 2, 1975, the Canadian Atomic Energy Commission authorized the construction of two 640-MW units within a site that can accommodate a maximum of four reactors.[11]

Labour unrest, design problems and skyrocketing construction costs significantly increased the plant's price tag. The total price of the first operational CANDU-6 in the world was estimated at 466 million dollars in 1974.[12] When it became operational 8 years later, on February 1, 1983, the cost had soared to C$1.4 billion.[11].

Corporate structure

A NB Power lineman working on a transmission tower in Saint John.

The future of NB Power has been a concern of successive New Brunswick governments for the past 15 years. The Liberal government of Raymond Frenette has published a consultation document in February 1998 to find solutions to ensure the sustainability of NB Power in the twenty-first century.[13]

Valuation

Shortly after taking office in 1999, the Conservative government of Bernard Lord commissioned TD Securities to conduct an assessment of the company's viability. The study, whose findings were published in 2009, suggested four scenarios: the status quo; a sale to a strategic buyer; privatization through a share offering; or splitting the utility into separate elements. The report valued the company at between $C3.6 and $C4.5 billion.[14]. This number however was very strongly contested by those familiar with the value of telecommunications rights of way and smart grid-based services, energy-related and otherwise, who considered the distribution network to have very much more value. These arguments were to be repeated often in the 2009-2010 NB Power controversy.

Between 2001 and 2004, the Lord government spent C$3.2 million to retain the services of CIBC World Markets and Salomon Smith Barney in order to evaluate the resale value of the Point Lepreau and Coleson Cove power plants. The studies, codenamed Cartwheel and Lighthouse, have assessed the value of these assets to roughly C$4.1 billion.[15]. A similar valuation was used in the failed 2010 proposal to vend Lepreau to Hydro-Quebec, and was extremely controversial.

2003 reorganization

The Lord government shuffled the company's structure in early 2003 by introducing amendments to the Electricity Act.[16] The Act reorganized NB Power into a holding with four divisions. The Act also maintains the company's distribution, transmission, and nuclear power monopolies, but opened the door to competition in the generation business.[17]

The reorganization also created the New Brunswick Electric Finance Corporation, which is responsible for issuing, managing and paying NB Power's debt through payments dividends, fees and taxes paid by the various subsidiaries.[18]

Following the deregulation model, the company was subdivided in 2004 with the future aim of selling off the various components (privatization)[citation needed]. The distribution and customer service division of NB Power functions as a regulated monopoly and serves all the residential and industrial power consumers in the province, with the exception of those in Saint John; Edmundston and Perth-Andover who are served by Saint John Energy, City of Edmundston Electric and the Perth-Andover Electric Light Commission respectively.

Personnel

In October 2008, NB Power Holding Corporation was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine.[19] In 2009, NB Power became the first electric utility to be recognized by the National Quality Institute by being awarded a Healthy Workplace Award.

Current members of the board of directors of NB Power are: Chair Ed Barrett who owns various communications companies, current President Gaetan Thomas, Norman Betts, Graham Brown, Francis McGuire, Patrice Merrin Best, Bernard Cyr, Eloi Duguay, Leon Furlong, Lise Caissie, Normand Caissie, and Jane Fritz.

David D. Hay resigned as President after the 2010 controversy, claiming he had never been consulted on the deals, valuations or strategies involved.

Operations

Power generation

The Mactaquac dam and generating station on the Saint John River, upstream from Fredericton.

NB Power operates 16 generating stations for a total installed capacity of 3,297 MW in 2008.[4] The generation fleet uses a variety of energy sources, including hydro, nuclear, heavy fuel oil and coal.

According to energy analyst and long-time critic Tom Adams, NB Power "has been the most oil-dependent grid-connected utility in North America".[20]. New Brunswick historically was politically dominated by the Irving family whose company Irving Oil remains the dominant fossil fuel supplier in the province. Conflicts of interest have often been noted between supply-side interests in petroleum or nuclear industries and the NB Power board. The utility is notably lax in energy demand management and other means to reduce energy demand, and under current President Gaetan Thomas has been quoted in the press proposing additional nuclear reactors and other supply solutions to grid management problems. He has actively defended NB Power's nuclear dependence [1]

The main generation facilities are spread across the province. However, the Saint John area accounts for half of the total capacity, with the Coleson Cove (978 MW) and Courtenay Bay (113 MW) thermal plants and Point Lepreau.[21]. Notably, Saint John is the hub of the Irving business interests.

The nuclear plant, whose rehabilitation has been hotly debated during the first part of the 2010s, was authorized by Bernard Lord's government in July 2005 and a $C 1.4 billion contract was signed with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL).[22] Refurbishment work began in April 2008 and was expected to last 18 months. However, due to a series of delays caused in part by problems with the robotic equipment used to remove pressure tubes, the reopening was first postponed by three months in January 2009,[22] and further delayed by four more months in July.[23] In October 2009, New Brunswick Energy Minister Jack Keir stated that the plant is now scheduled to return in operation in February 2011.[24]. The costs have been estimated at over one million dollars per day in substitute of supply. Lawsuits were threatened by Premier Shawn Graham in 2010 and meetings were held in Ottawa regarding this liability and the proposed sale of AECL to private non-Canadian interests. Despite these concerns, Gaetan Thomas, a board member of the Canadian Nuclear Association, continued to promote additional nuclear reactor builds [2], indicating that as many as four more could be added to Point Lepreau. [] As Vice President of the nuclear division since August 2005, Thomas had been intimately involved with the planning, budgeting and ultimately responsible for refurbishments.

Northern New Brunswick is served mainly by the Dalhousie plant (300 MW) and the coal-fired plant at Belledune (458 MW). These two facilities are the company's two main sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In 2007, the Belledune plant released 2.94 million tonnes of CO2 while the Dalhousie generating station was responsible for 1.69 million tonnes.[25]

The main hydroelectric facilities are located on the Saint John River. The province's largest, the Mactaquac generating station (672 MW), stands some 20 miles (32 km) upstream of the capital city, Fredericton. It was built between 1965 and 1968 at a cost of C$ 128 million.[9] The plant has been a concern for some time due to a phenomenon called alkali-aggregate reaction, causing the dam to expand and crack. The problem has been known since the 1970s and could reduce the dam's life by half, according to a 2000 report by a panel of international engineering experts commissioned by the Crown corporation.[26]

NB Power's generating stations, as of March 31, 2008[4][27]
Plant Type Capacity (MW) Since Comments
Coleson Cove Heavy fuel oil and petcoke 978 1976
Mactaquac Hydro 672 1968
Point Lepreau Nuclear 635 1983 Currently offline for the Point Lepreau Generating Station Refurbishment Project. Operation should resume in 2011.[24]
Belledune Coal 458 1993
Millbank Combustion turbine 399 1991
Dalhousie Heavy fuel oil 300 1969 Decommissioning announced for 2010
Beechwood Hydro 113 1957
Courtenay Bay Heavy fuel oil 109 1961
Sainte-Rose Combustion turbine 100 1991
Grand Falls Hydro 66 1928
Grand Lake Coal 57 1952 Decommissioning originally planned for June 2010[28][29]. Decommissioning to now take place 3 months ahead of schedule due to extensive fire damage that occurred in late February[30].
Grand Manan Combustion turbine 28 1989
Tobique Hydro 20 1953
Nepisiguit Falls Hydro 11 1921 Bought by NB Power in 2007
Sisson Hydro 9 1965
Milltown Hydro 4 1911

Transmission network

Transmission lines near the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station, in southwestern New Brunswick.

NB Power's transmission grid is 6,801 kilometres (4,226 mi) long and includes high voltage lines at 345, 230 and 138 kV.[4] The company operates interconnections with Hydro-Québec, Nova Scotia Power, Maritime Electric in Prince Edward Island and the ISO New England network in the United States. The network is operated by the transmission division of NB Power, on behalf of the New Brunswick System Operator, a nonprofit organization that oversees the application of North American reliability standards and facilitates the development of a competitive electricity market in the province.[31]

The main power grid forms an "O"-shaped loop and is linked by 345 kV lines. The main substations are located in Edmundston, Saint-André, Eel River, Bathurst, Newcastle, Salisbury, Norton and Keswick. The last two substations are connected to the Saint John area by a series of main lines.

NB Power supplies electricity to Maritime Electric in Prince Edward Island through a sub-sea interconnection cable on the floor of the Northumberland Strait, and imports/exports from/to Nova Scotia via Canada's first electrical interconnection between two provinces. NB Power also has interconnections to Maine.

Because of the asynchronous nature of Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system, interconnections between the two neighboring provinces require HVDC converters. The first one, the Eel River Converter Station, was installed in 1972 and has a 350 MW transfer capacity.[10] It is the first operative HVDC system equipped with thyristors[32] The second converter, the Madawaska substation (435 MW), was built on the Quebec side of the border in 1985 and is operated by Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie.[21] The two systems are linked by two 230-kV lines between Matapédia and Eel River, and by two 315-kV lines between the Madawaska and Edmundston substations. Some of NB Power loads in these areas can be islanded and supplied as part of the Quebec grid, which increases New Brunswick's import capability to 1,080 MW, whereas export capability to Quebec is limited to 785 MW.[33]

Coal mining

Since 1986, NB Power operates a coal mine in Minto through its NB Coal subsidiary.[21] The company extracts 150,000 tons of coal per year to fuel the Grand Lake Generating Station. On September 30, 2009, the company announced the mine phaseout in conjunction with the decommissioning of its only customer, the 57 MW power plant, built in 1963. The 38 permanent employees at the plant will be redeployed while 57 positions at the mine were eliminated. The company management explained the end of NB Power's presence in the region after nearly 8 decades by stressing the high cost of complying with stricter SO
2 regulations.[29]

Deal with Hydro-Québec

Memorandum of understanding

On October 29, 2009, the premiers of New Brunswick and Quebec signed a memorandum of understanding[34] to sell most assets of NB Power to Hydro-Québec. This agreement reached after a 9-month negotiation process undertaken at the request of New Brunswick,[35] would transfer most generation, transmission and distribution assets of the New Brunswick utility to a subsidiary of the Quebec-based Crown corporation, including the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station and 7 hydroelectric plants, but would exclude fossil-fuel fired plants in Dalhousie, Belledune and Coleson Cove.[36]

According to the memorandum of understanding, Hydro-Quebec would not assume any liabilities with respect to the Point Lepreau refurbishment project.[37] The deal also includes provisions to reduce industrial power rates at the levels offered by Hydro-Québec to similar customers and a 5-year rate freeze on residential and commercial rates.

An economic analysis[38] commissioned by the Graham government to Washington's NERA Economic Consulting estimated that the tentative deal would save New Brunswick ratepayers C$5.6 billion over a 30-year period compared to the status quo. The study also showed that residential, commercial and wholesale customers would reap 60% of the savings, but the savings would happen later than the discounts granted upfront to large industrial customers.[39]

The controversial deal was subject to review and approval by the New Brunswick Legislative Assembly.[36] The leaders of both opposition parties in New Brunswick, David Alward of the Progressive Conservatives, and Roger Duguay of the New Democrats, opposed the deal.[40]. It was formally abandoned in early 2010 after public protest and the intervention of various other Atlantic Canadian Premiers and First Nations.

Positions of other provinces

Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams was first to loudly protest the ceding of transmission lines to Quebec's effective jurisdiction, as he was involved in a longstanding dispute over the development of Churchill Falls and reliable access to NERC OATT governed transmission lines to sell hydro power to the US. Despite assurances by the Graham government, Williams took the position that just as Quebec and its regulatory agencies had permitted Hydro-Quebec to interpret the OATT rules in such a way as to monopolize and block transmission via Quebec, it would similarly be possible to block his only other land transmission route via NB.

PEI, wholly dependent on connections to NB's transmission grid, also objected as it removed their longstanding option of receiving competing bids from Quebec or NB and further cast doubt on their ability to cooperate with NS or NL independently of NB or Quebec.

Nova Scotia objected on grounds that it had always supported a Maritime regional or Atlantic regional power transmission system subject to a single common set of rules, and that conflicts between NL and Quebec over NB or otherwise threatened to subject the entire region to American rules administered via NERC especially re OATT tariffs.

As all these objections were related to the transmission, distribution and open market operations of the grid, they disappeared in the second deal which regarded only generating assets.

First Nations ownership of lands, rights of way and power generating assets

More problematic for the sale was the status of deals with First Nations, notably Tobique, on whose reserve lands the dams had been constructed in the 1950s without a formal written contract. The longstanding arrangement had been that Tobique reserve itself and its residents would not pay any electric power bills whatsoever, forever, and this had been respected at least through 2000. However, after the reorganization of NB Power, there was at least one attempt to bill Tobique residents for power use, indicating that the longstanding arrangement was being unilaterally breached by NB Power's successor corporations. The proposed sales of the dam to Hydro Quebec either under the original deal (to sell all of NB Power) or the second deal (to sell only some generating assets including Tobique) also constituted material breaches of these arrangements, leaving Tobique at least in an unassailable bargaining position to set new terms for access to the river and rights of way used to transmit power from it.

Other First Nations had similar deals, for instance St. Mary's near Fredericton has a similar arrangement which is demonstrated and reaffirmed spectacularly each year by a Christmas light display that people from many miles around come to view all season. Despite the right to waste an effectively infinite amount of power, St. Mary's has in recent years moved mostly to LED Christmas lights and other energy-efficient displays and there have been proposals to compensate it for power it has a right to use but is not using, in line with other energy demand management deals elsewhere in North America. A few First Nations have NB Power generating assets on their lands without any benefit to their residents whatsoever, and this has also been a point of debate.

The Tobique traditional council issued its own injunction against any cooperation with the sale of the dam, and the elected band council was prepared to go to court to prevent any transfer of the disputed asset or to back any blockade of rights of way or any effort by the First Nation to reclaim the dam itself. This was forestalled by the collapse of the deal.

Public debate

The tentative agreement between the two governments was initially well received by newspapers, both in New Brunswick and Quebec, before polls showed it to be opposed by the vast majority of NB residents. New Brunswick's three English-language daily newspapers, owned by the Irving's Brunswick News group, welcomed the sale. The Telegraph-Journal saluted it as the "deal of century"[41] while Moncton's Times & Transcript argued that the sale lifted a "big burden".[42] The province sole French-language daily, L'Acadie Nouvelle, supported the transaction in a nuanced piece, stressing the "political and financial impasse" facing the New Brunswick utility.[43]. Deal critics noted that Irving interests controlled the New Brunswick press outlets that were in favour of the deal and other conflicts of interest were evident.

In Montreal, Sophie Cousineau of La Presse called it a bold deal providing benefits to both provinces, but worried it would face steep opposition in New Brunswick[44] while Jean-Robert Sansfaçon of Le Devoir stated that the proposed deal provided an initial response to those in Quebec who have expressed concerns about recurring electricity surpluses caused by Hydro-Québec's large dam construction program.[45]

The October 29 memorandum of understanding fostered a spirited public debate in New Brunswick and Atlantic Canada. While the business community's formal representatives were publicly quoted as largely in favor of the agreement,[46][47][48][49][50] reactions to the MOU have been hostile. In addition to opposition leaders, Newfoundland and Labrador's Danny Williams,[51] a trade association representing independent power generators in New England,[52] Local 37 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW), the union representing 2,200 NB Power employees[53] and wind energy supporters[54] have condemned the agreement as detrimental to the interests of New Brunswick. However, in a notable reversal, Maine Governor John Baldacci altered his stance, now saying the sale is "a positive step forward" in early 2010.[55]

Opponents in the general public used social media to show their displeasure and contest the various arguments for the deal. On Facebook, 14,000 people joined a group in opposition to the sale within five days of the announcement.[56] A demonstration organized by the group and trade unions drew approximately 600 people outside the Legislative Assembly building on November 17, 2009.[57] A Leger Marketing opinion poll conducted on behalf of Quebecor Media newspapers in November 2009 in New Brunswick and Quebec showed that 60% of New Brunswickers polled opposed the deal, while 22% supported it. The situation is reversed in Quebec, where the deal gets the support of 55% of Quebecers. Only 14% of those who were polled in Hydro-Québec home province opposed it.[58][59]

Second agreement: Power generating assets only

After two months of controversies, New Brunswick and Quebec reprentatives signed a second agreement, reducing the scope of the sale. The Globe and Mail and Radio-Canada both reported on January 18, 2010 that the sale would involve the hydroelectric and nuclear power plant[60][61], which would be bought by Hydro-Quebec for C$3.4 billion. The government of New Brunswick would still own the transmission and distribution divisions and NB Power would enter into a long-term power purchase agreement with Hydro-Québec. The PPA would allow NB Power to deliver the rate freeze for residential and general customers. However, the industrial rates rollback would be smaller than under the original MOU.[62]

Deal falls through

On March 24, 2010, Premier Graham announced the deal had fallen through, due to Hydro-Québec's concern over unanticipated risks and costs of some aspects such as dam security and water levels.[63]. Reporters also emphasized the public debate and First Nations claims in reports though government was silent on these.

Financial results

Financial Data 1998-2009 (year ending on 31 March)
millions of Canadian dollars[3][4] [64][65][66][67]
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
Revenue 1,453 1,712 1,512 1,585 1,403 1,311 1,273 1,319 1,309 1,248 1,204 1,140
Net earnings (Net losses) 70 89 21 96 9 (18) (77) 20 (78) 17 (423) (21)
Dividends declared 13 11 10 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total assets 5,190 4,686 4,151 3,969 3,874 3,729 3,387 3,236 3,298 3,464 3,666 4,197
Long term debt 3,051 2,891 2,869 2,655 2,459 3,217 2,999 2,530 2,950 2,795 3,019 3,104

Notes

  1. ^ New Brunswick (January 26, 2010). "Ginger Clark appointed interim president of NB Power". Communications New Brunswick. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
  2. ^ New Brunswick (May 25, 2010). "Gaetan Thomas appointed interim president of NB Power". Communications New Brunswick. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  3. ^ a b c d e f NB Power (2006). NB Power Combined financial statements 2008-2009 (PDF). Fredericton. p. 68. Retrieved 2009-11-17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e NB Power (2008). Annual report 2007-2008 (PDF). Fredericton. Retrieved 2009-10-29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ NB Power (1990). "In the beginning - electricity comes to New Brunswick" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  6. ^ a b c NB Power (1990). "The nineteen twenties - the early years" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  7. ^ NB Power (1990). "The nineteen thirties - from hydro to coal" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  8. ^ a b NB Power (1990). "The nineteen fifties - the hydro years" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  9. ^ a b c d NB Power (1990). "The nineteen sixties - over a billion kilowatts generated" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  10. ^ a b c NB Power (1990). "The nineteen seventies - the energy crisis" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  11. ^ a b c Babin, Ronald (1984). L'option nucléaire (in French). Montréal: Boréal Express. pp. 66–70. ISBN 2-89052-089-7.
  12. ^ Starr, Richard (1987). Richard Hatfield, the Seventeen-Year Saga. Halifax: Formac Publishing. p. 98. ISBN 0-88780-057-2.
  13. ^ New Brunswick (February 1998). Electricity in New Brunswick Beyond 2000 (doc). Fredericton: Department of Natural Resources and Energy. p. 21. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  14. ^ Morris, Chris (November 17, 2009). "Sale recommended". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  15. ^ Morris, Chris (November 13, 2009). "Code name: Cartwheel". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
  16. ^ New Brunswick (2003). "Electricity, R.S.N.B. 2003, c. E-4.6" (PDF). New Brunswick Department of Justice. p. 98. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  17. ^ Department of Natural Resources and Energy (January 31, 2003). "Introduction of new Electricity Act". Communications New Brunswick. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  18. ^ Radio-Canada (January 31, 2003). "Production d'électricité : le Nouveau-Brunswick pave le chemin vers la déréglementation" (in French). Radio-Canada Nouvelles. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  19. ^ "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers Competition".
  20. ^ Adams, Tom (October 30, 2009). "Deal offers N.B. a life raft". Telegraph-Journal. p. A9. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  21. ^ a b c "The nineteen eighties - the nuclear age" (PDF). 1990. Retrieved 2010-01-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b Linke, Rob (January 21, 2009). "Lepreau to miss deadline". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  23. ^ Casey, Quentin (July 28, 2009). "Lepreau delay grows". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  24. ^ a b Keir, Jack (October 5, 2009). "Ottawa must come to table". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A7. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  25. ^ Environnement Canada (2009). "Search Facility Data - Results". Ottawa. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  26. ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Dcember 11, 2000). "Report says Mactaquac Power Station in trouble". CBC News. Retrieved 2010-01-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ NB Power. "Hydro Tour". Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  28. ^ "N.B. Power to close its Grand Lake plant". Times & Transcript. Moncton. September 30, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  29. ^ a b Llewellyn, Stephen (September 30, 2009). "End of line for station, coal mine". Daily Gleaner. Fredericton. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  30. ^ "Grand Lake generating station to close early" (PDF). NB Power. Fredericton, NB. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  31. ^ New Brunswick System Operator. "About the NBSO". Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  32. ^ Dorf, Richard C. (1997). The electrical engineering handbook (illustrated). The electrical engineering handbook series (2 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 1343. ISBN 9780849385742. {{cite book}}: Invalid |nopp=2719 (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie (May 2008). "HQT-NB-HQT" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-11-07.
  34. ^ MOU between Quebec and New Brunswick (PDF). 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  35. ^ Casey, Quentin (October 30, 2009). "How accord was reached". Telegraph-Journal. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  36. ^ a b "Quebec, N.B. strike $4.8B deal for NB Power". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  37. ^ "Hydro-Quebec to acquire NB Power assets". World Nuclear News. 2009-10-30. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
  38. ^ Eugene T. Meehan (November 2009). "Assessment of the Rate Impacts of the Memorandum of Understanding Between New Brunswick and Quebec Regarding NB Power". NERA Economic Consulting. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); |format= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  39. ^ Bundale, Brent (November 19, 2009). "Report shows power savings". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A1. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
  40. ^ Corbeil, Michel (October 29, 2009). "Énergie Nouveau-Brunswick: le protocole d'entente signé". Le Soleil (in French). Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  41. ^ "The deal of the century". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. October 30, 2009. p. A8. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  42. ^ "NB Power sale lifts big burden". Times & Transcript. Moncton. October 30, 2009. p. D10. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  43. ^ Saint-Cyr, Jean (October 30, 2009). "L'audace du changement". L'Acadie Nouvelle (in French). Caraquet. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  44. ^ Cousineau, Sophie (October 30, 2009). "Le mariage de l'audace". La Presse. Montréal. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
  45. ^ Sansfaçon, Jean-Robert (October 31, 2009). "Hydro-Québec tout à l'exportation". Le Devoir. Montréal. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  46. ^ Canadian Press (November 14, 2009). "Irving offers backing to NB Power sale principals". Chronicle-Herald. Halifax. Retrieved 15 novembre 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  47. ^ Penty, Rebecca (October 31, 2009). "'Unequivocal' support". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. C1. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  48. ^ Weston, Greg (November 10, 2009). "NB Power deal boosts industry: Keir". Times & Transcript. Moncton. p. A3. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  49. ^ Bundale, Brett (November 12, 2009). "Savings offer security: Savoie". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. B1. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  50. ^ Conseil du patronat du Québec (October 29, 2009). "Le conseil du patronat salue la transaction historique entre Hydro-Québec et Énergie NB Power" (in French). Montreal. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  51. ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (29 octobre 2009). "Williams lashes out at Quebec-N.B. power deal". CBC News. Retrieved 2009-11-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ Penty, Rebecca (November 7, 2009). "New England's power utilities disconcerted". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. C1. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  53. ^ Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (November 13, 2009). "NB Power union slams Hydro-Quebec deal". CBC News. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  54. ^ Baril, Hélène (November 12, 2009). "Vente d'Énergie NB à Hydro: l'opposition s'accroît". La Presse (in French). Montreal. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  55. ^ Penty, Rebecca (January 5, 2010). "Power pact 'positive': Baldacci". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. B1. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  56. ^ Shipley, David (November 3, 2009). "Anti-NB Power Sale Facebook Group Grows to over 14,000 members". Times & Transcript. Moncton. Retrieved 2009-11-3. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  57. ^ Pollack, John (November 18, 2009). "Hundreds of demonstrators protest NB Power sale agreement at Legislature". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. p. A3. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  58. ^ Léger Marketing (November 22, 2009). "Rapport d'étude: réaction des Néo-Brunswickois à la vente d'Énergie Nouveau-Brunswick à Hydro-Québec" (PDF) (in French). Montreal. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  59. ^ Doucet, Danny (November 23, 2009). "Énergie Nouveau-Brunswick: Hydro-Québec en train de perdre l'opinion publique". Le Journal de Montréal. Montreal. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  60. ^ Shawn McCarthy (2010-01-18). "In revised deal, NB Power to retain some assets - The Globe and Mail". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  61. ^ Radio-Canada. "Énergie NB : Une vente de moindre ampleur". Radio-Canada (in French). Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  62. ^ Morris, Chris (2010-01-19). "Power deal reworked". Telegraph-Journal. Saint John, N.B. pp. A1. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  63. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/new-brunswick/story/2010/03/24/nb-nbpower-graham-1027.html
  64. ^ NB Power (2006). Annual Report 2005-2006 (PDF). Fredericton. p. 68. Retrieved 2009-10-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  65. ^ NB Power (2004). Annual Report 2003-2004 (PDF). Fredericton. p. 60. Retrieved 2009-10-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  66. ^ NB Power (2002). Annual Report 2001-2002 (PDF). Fredericton. p. 62. Retrieved 2009-10-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  67. ^ NB Power (2000). Annual Report 1999-2000 (PDF). Fredericton. p. 32. Retrieved 2009-10-31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

See also

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