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Mullah Omar

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For those of a similar name, see Mohamed Omer (disambiguation).
Mullah
Mohammed Omar
ملا محمد عمر
File:Mohammed omar.jpg
Photo thought to be of Mullah Omar.
Head of the Supreme Council of Afghanistan
In office
27 September 1996 – 13 November 2001
Prime MinisterMohammad Rabbani
Abdul Kabir (Acting)
Preceded byBurhanuddin Rabbani
Succeeded byBurhanuddin Rabbani
Personal details
Bornthumb
1959 (age 64–65)
Nodeh, Afghanistan
Diedthumb
150px
Resting placethumb
150px
Political partyIslamic and National Revolution Movement of Afghanistan
Taliban
Parent
  • thumb
  • 150px
Military service
Battles/warsSoviet-Afghan War
Civil war in Afghanistan
War in Afghanistan
War in North-West Pakistan

Mullah Mohammed Omar (Pashto: ملا محمد عمر; born c. 1959), often simply called Mullah Omar, is the spiritual leader of the Taliban movement that operates in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. He was Afghanistan's de facto head of state from 1996 to late 2001, under the official title of Head of the Supreme Council. He held the title Commander of the Faithful of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, which was officially recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

Mullah Omar is wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States since October 2001, for sheltering Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants in the years prior to the September 11 attacks.[1] He is believed to be in Pakistan directing the Taliban insurgency against NATO forces and the Karzai administration in Afghanistan.[2][3]

Despite his political rank, and his high status on the FBI's wanted list,[1] not much is publicly known about him. Few photos exist of him, none of them official, and a picture used in 2002 by many media outlets, has since been established to be another Taliban official. The authenticity of the existing images is debated.[4] Apart from the fact that he is missing one eye, accounts of his physical appearance are contradictory: Omar is described as very tall man (some say 2 m.),[5][6][4] Mullah Omar has been described as shy and non-talkative with foreigners.[4][7]

During his tenure as Emir of Afghanistan, Omar seldom left Kandahar and rarely met with outsiders,[5] instead relying on Foreign Minister Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil for the majority of diplomatic necessities. Many, including Afghan President Hamid Karzai, believe that Mullah Omar and his Taliban movement is used as a puppet by the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in Pakistan. Additionally, many U.S. senior military officials such as Robert Gates[8], Stanley McChrystal[9], David Petraeus[10] and others believe that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps are also involved in helping the Taliban.

"It's coming from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard corps command, which is a basic unit of the Iranian government."[11]

— U.S. Defense Secretary, Robert Gates, June 13, 2007

Early life

Omar is thought to have been born around 1959 in Nodeh, near the city of Kandahar[12] in Afghanistan to a family of poor, landless peasants. He grew up in mud huts in the village in the Maiwand area of Kandahar Province in the south of the country. He is an ethnic Pashtun from the Hotak tribe, which is part of the larger Ghilzai branch.[12]

His father is said to have died before he was born and the responsibility of fending for his family fell to him as he grew older.[13] He is believed to have attended the Darul Uloom Haqqania madrassa.[14]

Soviet invasion and radicalization

Omar fought as a guerrilla with the Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami faction of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen under the command of Nek Mohammad, and fought against the Najibullah regime between 1989 and 1992.[13] It was reported that he was thin, but tall and strongly built, and "a crack marksman who had destroyed many Soviet tanks during the Afghan War."[15]

Omar was wounded four times, and lost an eye either in 1986[16] or in the 1989 Battle of Jalalabad, which also marred his cheek and forehead.[17] Taliban lore has it that, upon being wounded by a piece of shrapnel, Omar removed his own eye and sewed the eyelid shut. However, reports from a Red Cross facility near the Pakistan border indicate that Omar was treated there for the injury, where his eye was surgically removed.

After he was disabled, Omar may have studied and taught in a madrasah, or Islamic seminary, in the Pakistani border city of Quetta. He was reportedly a mullah at a village madrasah near the Afghan city of Kandahar.

Unlike many Afghan mujahideen, Omar speaks Arabic.[18] He was devoted to the lectures of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam,[19] and took a job teaching in a madrassa in Quetta. He later moved to Binoori Mosque in Karachi, where he led prayers, and later met with Osama bin Laden for the first time.[5]

Forming the Taliban

Taliban police in a Toyota pickup truck patrolling a street in Herat, Afghanistan.

Following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 and the collapse of Najibullah's Soviet-backed regime in 1992, the country fell into chaos as various mujahideen factions fought for control. Omar returned to Singesar and founded a madrassah.[20] According to one legend, in 1994 he had a dream in which a woman told him: "We need your help; you must rise. You must end the chaos. God will help you."[20] Mullah Omar started his movement with less than 50 armed madrassah students, known simply as the Taliban (Students). His recruits came from madrassahs in Afghanistan and from the Afghan refugee camps across the border in Pakistan. They fought against the rampant corruption that had emerged in the civil war period and were initially welcomed by Afghans weary of warlord rule.

Reportedly, in early 1994, Omar led 30 men armed with 16 rifles to free youths who had been kidnapped and raped by a warlord, hanging the local commander from a tank gun barrel. The youths have been inconsistently identified as two young girls,[21][22], a single boy,[23] or two boys.[14] His movement gained momentum through the year, and he quickly gathered recruits from Islamic schools. By November 1994, Omar's movement managed to capture the whole of Kandahar Province and then captured Herat in September 1995.[24]

Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

In April 1996, supporters of Mullah Omar bestowed on him the title Amir al-Mu'minin (أمير المؤمنين, "Commander of the Faithful"),[25] after he donned a cloak alleged to be that of Muhammad which was locked in a series of chests, held in inside Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed in the city of Kandahar. Legend decreed that whoever could retrieve the cloak from the chest would be the great Leader of the Muslims, or "Amir al-Mu'minin".[26] In September 1996, Kabul fell to Mullah Omar and his followers.

Under Omar's rule, Sharia was enforced causing crime to diminish.[citation needed] The civil war continued in the northeast corner of the country, near Tajikistan. The nation was named the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in October 1997 and was recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

A "reclusive, pious and frugal" leader,[5] Omar visited Kabul twice between 1996 to 2001.[citation needed] Omar stated: "All Taliban are moderate. There are two things: extremism ["ifraat", or doing something to excess] and conservatism ["tafreet", or doing something insufficiently]. So in that sense, we are all moderates – taking the middle path.[27][citation needed]

In hiding

I am considering two promises. One is the promise of God, the other of Bush. The promise of God is that my land is vast...the promise of Bush is that there is no place on Earth where I can hide that he won't find me. We shall see which promise is fulfilled.[14]

— Mullah Omar

After the US-led Operation Enduring Freedom began in early October 2001, Omar went into hiding and is still at large. He is thought to be in the Pashtun tribal region of Afghanistan or Pakistan. At first, the United States offered a reward of $10 million for information leading to his capture[1] but eventually the reward was raised to $25 million.

Claiming that the Americans had circulated 'propaganda' that Mullah Omar had gone into hiding, Foreign Minister Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil stated that he would like to "propose that prime minister Blair and president Bush take Kalashnikovs and come to a specified place where Omar will also appear to see who will run and who not." He stated that Omar was merely changing locations due to security reasons.[28]

File:Mohammedomar.jpg
A photo believed to be of Mullah Omar, although it is disputed.[29]

In the opening weeks of October 2001, Omar's house in Kandahar was bombed, killing his stepfather and his 10-year old son.[30] A Pakistani doctor gave a different version. He allegedly treated Omar's mortally wounded son at a hospital in Pakistan. The Taliban leader had brought the 10-year old over the border after his residence on the outskirts of Kandahar had been taken by U.S. Green Berets in a secretive night-time assault. The U.S. special forces use the compound once built by Osama bin Laden, now Firebase Maholic, as a base from which they conduct raids.[citation needed]

Mullah Omar continues to have the allegiance of prominent pro-Taliban military leaders in the region, including Jalaluddin Haqqani. Former foe Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's faction has also reportedly allied with Omar and the Taliban. In April 2004, Omar was interviewed via phone by Pakistani journalist Mohammad Shehzad.[31] During the interview, Omar claimed that Osama Bin Laden was alive and well, and that his last contact with Bin Laden was months before the interview. Omar declared that the Taliban were "hunting Americans like pigs".[citation needed]

A captured Taliban spokesman, Muhammad Hanif, told Afghan authorities in January 2007, that Omar was being protected by the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in Quetta, Pakistan.[32] This matches an allegation made in 2006 by the President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai, though it is denied by officials in Pakistan.

Numerous statements have been released identified as coming from Omar. In June 2006 a statement regarding the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Iraq was released hailing al-Zarqawi as a martyr and claimed that the resistance movements in Afghanistan and Iraq "will not be weakened".[33] Then in December 2006 Omar reportedly issued a statement expressing confidence that foreign forces will be driven out of Afghanistan.[34]

In January 2007, it was reported that Omar made his 'first exchange with a journalist since going into hiding' in 2001, with Muhammad Hanif via email and courier. In it he promised 'more Afghan War', and said the 100+ suicide bomb attacks in Afghanistan in the last year had been carried out by bombers acting on religious orders from the Taliban – “the mujahedeen do not take any action without a fatwa.”[35] In April 2007, Omar issued another statement through an intermediary encouraging more suicide attacks.[36]

In November 2009, the Washington Times claimed that Omar, assisted by the ISI, had moved to Karachi in October.[37] In January 2010, Brigadier Amir Sultan Tarar, a retired officer with Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency who previously trained Omar, said that he was ready to break with his al-Qaida allies in order to make peace in Afghanistan: "The moment he gets control the first target will be the al-Qaida people" [38].

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Wanted Poster on Omar". Rewards for Justice Program. US Department of State.
  2. ^ Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN), No word from Islamabad on Omar's arrest, Jul 6, 2010.
  3. ^ "CNN.com - Source: Mullah Omar in Pakistan - Sep 9, 2006". CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  4. ^ a b c Who is the real Mullah Omar?, Daily Telegraph, 22 december 2001
  5. ^ a b c d Griffiths, John C. "Afghanistan: A History of Conflict", 1981. Second Revision 2001.
  6. ^ Christian Science Monitor, The reclusive ruler who runs the Taliban
  7. ^ Afghanistan: Taliban Preps for Bloody Assault, Newsweek. March 5, 2007
  8. ^ Gates Warns Iran Over Afghan "Double Game"
  9. ^ US General Accuses Iran Of Helping Taliban
  10. ^ Iran Is Helping Taliban in Afghanistan, Petraeus Says (Update1)
  11. ^ Gates: Taliban Getting Weapons From Iran
  12. ^ a b Rashid, Taliban, (2001) p.23 Cite error: The named reference "Rashid" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b Rashid, Taliban (2000), p.23
  14. ^ a b c Riedel, Bruce. "The Search for al-Qaeda", 2008
  15. ^ Ismail Khan, `Mojaddedi Opposes Elevation of Taliban's Omar,` Islamabad the News, April 6, 1996, quoted in Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  16. ^ Williams, Paul L., "Al Qaeda: Brotherhood of Terror", 2002
  17. ^ Arnaud de Borchgrave, `Osama bin Laden - Null and Void,` UPI, June 14, 2001, quoted in Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  18. ^ interview with Farraj Ismail, by Lawrence Wright in Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  19. ^ Wright, Looming Tower, (2006), p.226
  20. ^ a b Dexter Filkins, The Forever War (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 2009; orig. ed. 2008), p. 30.
  21. ^ Benjamin, Daniel & Steven Simon. "The Age of Sacred Terror", 2002
  22. ^ "The mysterious Mullah behind the Taliban". Reuters. 2001-09-20. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  23. ^ Bergen, Peter, "Holy War, Inc.", 2001
  24. ^ Goodson (2001) p. 107
  25. ^ Messages by Al-Qaeda Operatives in Afghanistan to the Peoples of the West "... alongside the Emir of the Believers..." September 2005
  26. ^ Healy, Patrick (2001-12-19). "Kandahar residents feel betrayed". Boston Globe.
  27. ^ "On whether moderate Taliban will join the new Afghani government". BBC News. 2001-11-15.
  28. ^ Independent Online, Taliban challenges Bush and Blair to a duel, November 5, 2001
  29. ^ The authenticity of this picture is disputed.
  30. ^ Independent Online, Refugees say Taliban leader's son killed, October 11, 2001
  31. ^ 'We are hunting Americans like pigs'
  32. ^ Mullah Omar 'hiding in Pakistan', BBC, 18 January 2007.
  33. ^ "Taliban play down Zarqawi death". BBC News. 2006-06-09. Retrieved 2006-07-02.
  34. ^ "Mullah Omar issues Eid message". Al Jazeera. 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
  35. ^ Taliban Leader Promises More Afghan War - New York Times
  36. ^ "Taliban's elusive leader urges more suicide raids". Reuters. 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  37. ^ Lake, Eli (2009-11-20). "EXCLUSIVE: Taliban chief hides in Pakistan". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2009-11-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Afghan Taliban leader ready to end al-Qaida ties, says former trainer - Mullah Muhammad Omar 'a good man' and wants peace in Afghanistan, says Brigadier Sultan Amir Tarar"

References

Further reading

  • Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Press. ISBN 1-594-20007-6.
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Political offices
Preceded by
Burhanuddin Rabbani
President of Afghanistan
 Head of the Supreme Council of Afghanistan
1996 – 2001 		Succeeded by
Burhanuddin Rabbani
President of Afghanistan
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