Freetown

For other places with the same name, see Freetown (disambiguation).

Freetown, Sierra Leone
Panorama of Freetown
Country	Sierra Leone
Region	Western Area
District	Western Area Urban District
Founded	March 11th, 1792
Government
• Type	City council
• Mayor	Herbert George-Williams (APC)
Area
• Total	138 sq mi (357 km2)
Elevation	84 ft (26 m)
Population  (2006)
• Total	1,070,200
• Density	7,764/sq mi (2,997.8/km2)
Time zone	Greenwich Mean Time

Freetown seen from Spot satellite

Template:Fix bunching Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone, a country in West Africa. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean located in the Western Area of the country and with a population of 1,070,200, the city is the economic, financial, and cultural center of Sierra Leone. Most of the country's largest corporations as well as the majority of international companies have located their headquarters' home offices in Freetown. The city's economy revolves largely around its harbor - occupying a part of the estuary of the Sierra Leone River in one the world's largest natural deep water harbours. Queen Elizabeth II Quay is capable of receiving oceangoing vessels and handles Sierra Leone's main exports.

Freetown is home to one of the country's two main universities, the Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827. The university not only played a key role in Sierra Leone’s colonial history, but also a key role in the history of the English-speaking West-African nations. Freetown is home to dozens of national newspapers and the country's national television and radio stations, the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services (SLBS), is primarily based in Freetown, although it also has regional headquarters in the country's other primary cities of Bo, Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni.

Freetown is home to significant numbers of all of the country's ethnic groups, although it is the primary home of the Sierra Leone Creole people (descendant of freed Liberated Africans, African-Americans and West Indians). Currently the Temne people form the largest ethnic group in the city at 30%, though the Krio people are stil the most dominant ethnic group in the city. Many of the Freetown local city council city are held by ethnic Creoles, including the mayor of Freetown, a position mainly held by Creoles or Europeans since the city was founded. As in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language (a native language of the Creole people who only make up 5% of country's population) is by far the most widely spoken language in the city. The Krio language is spoken as a lingua franca by the entire population in the city of Freetown.

The city of Freetown was founded by Lieutenant John Clarkson and freed American slaves, called the Nova Scotian Settlers, who were transported to Sierra Leone by the Sierra Leone Company in 1792. Freetown is the oldest capital to be founded by freed American slaves, having been founded thirty years before Monrovia, Liberia. The oldest part of Freetown is Settler Town which was established by the Nova Scotians in 1792, after their namesake 'The Settlers'. The Maroons founded Maroon Town in 1800, thereby establishing another historical area in Freetown. The suburbs of Freetown were founded by the Liberated Africans between 1809–1827, and presently they are the most affluent areas of the Freetown peninsula.

Lungi International Airport serves Freetown and the rest of Sierra Leone. It is located in the city of Lungi, Port Loko District, across the river from Freetown. Lungi International Airport serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel to and from Sierra Leone.

History

Province of Freedom 1787-1789

The area, said to have previously been a slave market, was first settled in 1787 by 400 formerly enslaved Black Britons sent from London, England, under the auspices of the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, an organisation set up by the British abolitionist, Granville Sharp. They established the 'Province of Freedom' or Granville Town on land purchased from local Koya Temne subchief King Tom and regent Naimbana, a purchase which the Europeans understood to cede the land to the new settlers "for ever." The established arrangement between Europeans and the Koya Temne did not include provisions for permanent settlement, and some historians question how well the Koya leaders understood the agreement. Disputes soon broke out, and King Tom's successor, King Jimmy, burnt the settlement to the ground in 1789. Alexander Falconbridge was sent to Sierra Leone in 1791 to collect the remaining Black Poor settlers, and they re-established Granville Town (later on renamed Cline Town, Sierra Leone) near Fourah Bay. It should be noted that these 1787 settlers did not establish Freetown. The bicentennial of Freetown was celebrated in 1987, when in reality Freetown was founded in 1792.

Freetown Colony 1792-1808

Street-level view of Freetown and the Cotton Tree where former American slaves prayed under and christened Freetown in 1792.

The basis for the Freetown Colony began in 1791, when Thomas Peters, an African American who had served in the Black Pioneers, went to England to report the grievances of the black population. Peters met with the directors of the Sierra Leone Company, and it was there he learned of proposals for a new settlement at Sierra Leone (following the collapse of the 1787 colonization attempt). The directors were eager to allow the Settlers to build a settlement at Sierra Leone; the London-based and newly created Sierra Leone Company had decided to create a new colony but before Peter's arrival had no colonists. Lieutenant John Clarkson was sent to Nova Scotia to register immigrants to take to Sierra Leone for the purpose of starting a new settlement. Over 1,100 former American slaves from Nova Scotia sailed in 15 ships and arrived in St. George Bay between February 26-March 9. Sixty four settlers died en route to Sierra Leone, and even Lieutenant Clarkson was ill during the voyage. Upon reaching Sierra Leone, Clarkson and some of the Nova Scotian 'captains' "despatched on shore to clear or make roadway for their landing". The Nova Scotians were to build Freetown on the former site of the first Granville Town which had become a "jungle" since its destruction in 1789. Though they built Freetown on Granville Town's former site, their settlement was not a rebirth of Granville Town, which had been re-established at Fourah Bay in 1791 by the remaining Old Settlers. The women remained in the ships while the Settler men worked tirelessly to clear the land. Lt. Clarkson told the men to clear the land until they reached a large cotton tree. The Settler men toiled and many were scratched and hurt by the shrubbery and bush. After the work had been done and the land cleared all the Nova Scotians, men and women, disembarked and marched towards the thick forest and to the cotton tree, and their preachers (all African Americans) began singing:

Awake and Sing Of Moses and the Lamb Wake! every heart and every tongue To praise the Saviour's name The day of Jubilee is come; Return ye ransomed sinners home

On March 11, 1792, Nathaniel Gilbert, a white preacher, prayed and preached a sermon under the large Cotton Tree, and Reverend David George preached the first recorded Baptist service in Africa. The land was dedicated and christened 'Free Town' according to the instructions of the Sierra Leone Company Directors. This was the first thanksgiving service in the newly christened Free Town. Eventually John Clarkson would be sworn in as first governor of Sierra Leone. Small huts were erected before the rainy season. The Sierra Leone Company surveyors and the Settlers built Freetown on the American grid pattern, with parallel streets and wide roads, with the largest being Water Street.

On August 24, 1792, the Black Poor or Old Settlers of the second Granville Town were incorporated into the new Sierra Leone Colony but remained at Granville Town.

The colony of Freetown in 1856

It survived being pillaged by the French in 1794, and was rebuilt by the Nova Scotian settlers. By 1798, Freetown had between 300-400 houses with architecture resembling that of the United States-3–4 feet stone foundations with wooden superstructures. Eventually this style of housing (brought by the Nova Scotians) would be the model for the 'bod oses' of their Creole descendants.

In 1800, the Nova Scotians rebelled and it was the arrival of the 500 Jamaican Maroons which caused the rebellion to be suppressed. Thirty-four Nova Scotians were banished and sent to either the Sherbro or a penal colony at Gore. Some of these of the Nova Scotians were eventually allowed back into Freetown. After the Maroons captured the rebels, they were granted the land of the Nova Scotian rebels. Eventually the Maroons would have their own district at Maroon Town. Freetown.

Freetown as a Crown Colony 1808-1961

Later on, the indigenous inhabitants attacked the colony in 1801, but the British eventually took control of Freetown making it a Crown Colony in 1808, beginning the expansionism that led to the creation of Sierra Leone.

Liberated African slaves landing in Freetown, they founded the suburbs of Freetown

From 1808 to 1874, the city served as the capital of British West Africa. It also served as the base for the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron which was charged with halting the slave trade. Most of the slaves liberated by the squadron chose to settle in Sierra Leone, and Freetown in particular, rather than return home; thus the population included descendants of many different peoples from all over the west coast of Africa. The Liberated Africans established the suburbs of Freetown Peninsula, and they were the largest group of immigrants which made up the Creole people of Freetown.

The city expanded rapidly as many freed slaves settled, accompanied by West Indian and African soldiers who had fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars. During World War II, Britain maintained a naval base at Freetown. Descendants of the various freed slaves who landed in Sierra Leone between 1787 and 1792, are called the Creoles. The Creoles play a leading role in the city, even though they are a minority of the overall Sierra Leone population.

The city was the scene of fierce fighting in the late 1990s. It was captured by ECOWAS troops seeking to restore President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah in 1998, and later it was unsuccessfully attacked by rebels of the Revolutionary United Front.

Historical attractions

Freetown has an abundance of historically significant landmarks that link the legacy of West Africans with African-Americans, Liberated African slaves, and West Indians. A famous landmark in the center of the east of Freetown is the Cotton Tree, which is a treasured symbol of the city because it represents the christening of Freetown in March 1792.

In downtown Freetown is the Connaught Hospital, which was the first hospital in West Africa modeled after Western medical practices. Nearby is "King's Gate", built in stone with a statement inscribed which reads "any slave who passes through this gate is declared a free man", and it was this gate through which Liberated Africans passed through. Down by the Naval Wharf are slave steps carved out of stone. It was here that the Portuguese slave traders bought and sold many Africans and from which their last footsteps on African soil were made.

Freetown is home to Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827. The university played a key role in Sierra Leone’s colonial history. The college’s first student, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, went on to become the first indigenous Bishop of West Africa.

Next to the college is the little-visited National Railway Museum, whose prize exhibit is a coach built for the state visit of Elizabeth II in 1961. The Big Market on Wallace Johnson Street is the showcase for local artisans’ work and the place to pick up a bargain souvenir.

The Freetown peninsula is ringed by long stretches of white sand. Lumley Beach, on the western side of the peninsula, forms a focal point for local parties and festivals.

Freetown is the seat of St John's Maroon Church (built around 1820), St. George Cathedral (completed in 1828), and Foulah Town Mosque (built in the 1830s). Also in Freetown are assorted beaches and markets, and the Sierra Leone Museum featuring the Ruiter Stone.

Economy

Freetown is the economic and financial center of Sierra Leone. The country's national television and radio stations, the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Services, are primarily based in Freetown, although they also have regional headquarters in the country's other primary cities of Bo, Kenema Koidu Town and Makeni. Freetown is home to one of the country's two main Universities, the Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827.

Many of the country's largest corporations locate their headquarters' home offices in Freetown as well as the majority of international companies. The city's economy revolves largely around its fine natural harbor, which is the largest natural harbor on the continent of Africa. Queen Elizabeth II Quay is capable of receiving oceangoing vessels and handles Sierra Leone's main exports. Industries include food and beverage processing, fish packing, rice milling, petroleum refining, diamond cutting, and the manufacture of cigarettes, paint, shoes, and beer. the Fula and Sierra Leonean-Lebanese play a major role in local trade in the city. The city is served by the Lungi International Airport, located in the city of Lungi, across the river estuary from Freetown.

Climate

British Expeditionary Force in Freetown, 1919

Like the rest of Sierra Leone, Freetown has a tropical climate with a rainy season - May through October, the balance of the year representing the dry season. The beginning and end of the rainy season is marked by strong thunderstorms. Under the Köppen climate classification, Freetown has a Tropical monsoon climate primarily due to the heavy amount of precipitation it receives during the rainy season.

Freetown's high humidity is somewhat relieved November through February by the famous Harmattan, a gentle wind flowing down from the Sahara Desert affording Freetown its coolest period of the year. Average temperature ranges in Freetown are from 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit) to 31 degrees Celsius (88 degrees Fahrenheit) all year.

Government

Freetown is governed by a city council, which is headed by a mayor, in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing that all laws are enforced. The mayor is elected directly by the residents of Freetown.

The current mayor is Herbert George-Williams, a member of the ruling All People's Congress (APC) party. He replaced his fellow member of the Creole ethnic group, Winstanley Bankole Johnson on January 17, 2008. Johnson was appointed mayor in July 2004 and was a member of the APC. Johnson came to power as the APC swept 2004 Western Area municipal elections. George-Williams retained his seat in the 5 July 2008 election with a margin of over 50,000 votes.

Neighbourhoods

The city of Freetown is politically divided into eight municipalities or wards. The East End of Freetown has East I, East II, and East III; the Central Freetown includes Central I and Central II; the West End of Freetown contains the wards West I, West II, and West III.

• East End of Freetown

The wards in the East End of Freetown contain the most populous and by far the poorest in the city. The East End is also well known for having higher crime rates generally and violent crime rates in particular (though actual incidents of violent crime are unusual within the city). Queen Elizabeth II Quay is located here within East I, and the East End town of Kissy (East III) contains the city's only power plant. Several of Freetown's top football clubs come from the East End.

• Central Freetown

Two central wards make up Central Freetown which includes Downtown Freetown and the central business district (Central II). Most of the tallest and most important buildings in Sierra Leone are based in Central Freetown, as well as most of the foreign embassies in Sierra Leone. Government Wharf is here (Central II) and serves as the downtown's harbor. Sierra Leone's Houses of Parliament are on Tower Hill (Central I). The informal housing settlement of Kroo Bay is also here (Central II).

• West End of Freetown

The three westernmost wards of the city constitute the West End of Freetown. These wards are relatively affluent and have lower rates of crime than the others within the city. The West End neighborhood of Ascension Town in Ward I contains the country's national stadium. The West End also includes the remains of centuries-old Portuguese towers and fortresses, most of the city's nicer tourist hotels, a number of casinos, and the Lumley Golf Course, Beach, and Club House.

Religion

Freetown Court, 1984

Freetown is the capital, largest city, and economic center of Sierra Leone. The city has an estimated population of 1,070,200 (about 17% of Sierra Leone's total population). Islam is the predominant religion in Freetown practiced by 60%; followed by Christianity at about 37%.

Freetown is home to significant numbers of all of the country's ethnic groups, although it is the primary home of the Sierra Leone Creole people (descendants of freed Liberated African, African Americans and West Indian slaves).

As in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language (the native language of the Creole people who only make up 5% of country's population) is by far the most widely spoken language in the city. The language is spoken at home as a first language by 90% of the population and is spoken as a lingua franca by the entire population in the city.

Crime

Main street in the east end of Freetown

Although violent crime within Freetown is very rare, since the end of civil war in 2002 Freetown has experienced an increase in robberies, murders, carjacking, home invasion, and assault. This effect is most pronounced in the East End of Freetown.

Pickpocketing of cell phones and purses are the most common crimes in Freetown.

Education

Like the rest of Sierra Leone, Freetown has an education system with six years of primary school (Class 1-6), and six years of secondary school (Form 1-6); secondary schools are further divided into Junior secondary school (Form 1-3) and Senior secondary school (Form 4-6). This system is known as the 6-3-3-4 education system; which means, 6 years of Primary, 3 years of Junior Secondary, 3 years of Senior Secondary, and 4 years of University. Primary schools usually comprise from ages 6 to 12, and secondary schools usually comprise from ages 13 to 18. Primary Education is free and compulsory in government-sponsored public schools.

Freetown is home to one of the country's two main universities, the Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, founded in 1827.

Notable secondary schools in Freetown

| Government Rokel Secondary School |- | Albert Academy | 1904 | Annie Walsh Memorial Girls Secondary School | 1849 | St. Edward's Secondary School | 1925 |- | Prince of Wales Secondary School Freetown | 1925 |- | Government Model Secondary School | |- | Methodist Boys High School | 1874 |- | Ahmadiyya Muslim Secondary School | 1965 |- | Congress Boys Secondary School | 1975 |- | Government Technical Secondary School | 1957|- | Sierra Leone Grammar School | 1845 |- | St. Joseph's Secondary School | 1866 |- | Muslim Brotherhood Secondary School | |- | Young Women's Christians Association Secondary School | |- | Freetown Secondary School for Girls | 1926

Private Schools:

• Lebanese international school
• Limount College
• International Secondary School
• International Academy of Science and Business Studies

Transportation

Air transportation

Freetown street

Lungi International Airport is the international airport that serves Freetown and the rest of the country. It is located in the city of Lungi, across the river from Freetown. It serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel to or from Sierra Leone. The airport is operated by Sierra Leone Airports Authority. Freetown also has a heliport on Aberdeen Island, connecting the city with the airport. There is a frequent helicopter, hovercraft, and ferry-service to Lungi.

Transfers to Freetown

Passengers have the choice of hovercraft, ferry, speedboat, water taxi, or a helicopter to cross the river to Freetown. Ferry is the cheapest option. Hovercraft and ferry operations have at times been suspended due to safety concerns.

Access by Sea

Sierra Leone has the largest natural harbor in the African continent where ships from all over the globe berth at Freetown's Queen Elizabeth II Quay. Passenger, cargo, and private craft also utilize Government Wharf nearer to central Freetown.

Recent investment has seen the introduction of high-tech cargo scanning facilities.

Access by land

Sierra Leone's infrastructure is limited, and its highways and roads reflect this. The roads and highways of the country are administered by the Sierra Leone Roads Authority (SLRA) which has often been crippled by graft. Highway 1 enters the city from the town of Waterloo several kilometers to the south.

Following a recommendation from the IBRD, the railway into Freetown was removed in 1975, and has never been reopened. The iron rails have been scavenged by the city's residents.

Sports

Like the rest of Sierra Leone, football is the most popular sport in Freetown. The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the Leone Stars plays all their home games at Freetown's National Stadium, the largest stadium in Sierra Leone. Eight of the fifteen clubs in the Sierra Leone National Premier League are from Freetown, including two of Sierra Leone's biggest and most successful football clubs, East End Lions, and Mighty Blackpool. A match between these two teams is the biggest domestic-football clash in Sierra Leone.

Sierra Leone National Premier League clubs from Freetown

Club	City
East End Lions	Freetown
Mighty Blackpool	Freetown
Ports Authority	Freetown
F.C. Kallon	Freetown
Old Edwardians	Freetown
Central Parade	Freetown
Golf Leopards	Freetown
Mount Aureol	Freetown
Real Republicans	Freetown

Child-care center

The city hosts the 'We Are the Future center', a child-care center. The center is managed under the direction of the mayor’s office, and the international NGO Glocal Forum serves as the fundraiser, program planner, and coordinator for the WAF child center in each city. Each WAF city is linked to several peer cities and public and private partners to create a unique international coalition. Launched in 2004, the program is the result of a partnership between the Glocal Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, and Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies, and major companies.

Bibliography

• Chasing the Devil by Tim Butcher. An account of an overland trek on foot and by truck through Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia undertaken in 2009 along the route used in 1935 by Graham and Barbara Greene. Published in 2010 by Chatto & Windus ISBN 978 – 070 - 1183608

External links

Media related to Freetown at Wikimedia Commons