List of philosophers (A–C)
Appearance
Template:Index of philosophy/header
A
- Nicola Abbagnano, (1901–1990)[1]
- Muhammad Abduh, (1849–1905)[2]
- Peter Abelard, (1079–1142)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 975 - 1025)[2]
- Isaac ben Judah Abravanel, (1437–1508)[3][2][5]
- Judah ben Isaac Abravanel, (1460?-1535?)[3][2]
- Marilyn McCord Adams, (born 1943)[4]
- Robert Adams, (born 1937)[4]
- Adelard of Bath, (12th century)[3]
- Joseph Addison, (1672–1719)[1]
- Alfred Adler, (1870–1937)[1]
- Theodor Adorno, (1903–1969)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Aenesidemus, (1st century BC)[1][2]
- Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839–1897)[1][2]
- Rodolphus Agricola, (1443–1485)[2]
- Agrippa the Sceptic, (1st/2nd century)[1][2]
- Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, (1436–1535)[1][2][5]
- Pierre d'Ailly, (1350–1420)[3][1][2]
- Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890–1963)[4][2]
- Albert of Saxony (c. 1316-1390)[3][1][2][5]
- Albertus Magnus (or Saint Albert the Great or Albert of Cologne), (1193?-1280)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Joseph Albo, (1380–1444)[1][4][2][5]
- Alcinous, (2nd century)[1][2]
- Alcmaeon of Croton, (5th century BC)[1][4][2][5]
- Virgil Aldrich, (1903–1998)[4]
- Yohanan ben Isaac Alemanno, (1433–1504)[1][2]
- Alexander of Aphrodisias, (2nd century)[3][1][2][5]
- Alexander of Hales, (d. 1245)[3][1][2]
- Samuel Alexander, (1859–1938)[3][1][4][2]
- Dante Alighieri, (1265–1321)[1][4][2][5]
- Antonio Aliotta, (1881–1964)[1]
- Archibald Alison, (1757–1839)[1][2]
- Abd al-Jabiri, (born 1935)[1]
- William Alston, (born 1921)[3][1][4]
- Johannes Althusius, (1557–1638)[1]
- Louis Althusser, (1918–1990)[3][4][2][5]
- Robert Alyngton, (d. 1398)[5]
- Bhimrao Ambedkar, (1891–1956)[2]
- Ambrose, (c. 340-397)[3]
- Abu'l Hasan Muhammad Ibn Yusuf al-'Amiri, (d. 992)[2]
- Ammonius Hermiae, (5th century)[2][5]
- Ammonius Saccas, (3rd century)[3]
- André-Marie Ampère, (1775–1836)[1]
- Anton Wilhelm Amo, (1703-c. 1759)[2]
- Anaxagoras, (died 462 BC)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Anaxarchus, (fl. 340 BC)[2]
- Anaximander, (c. 610 BC-c. 546 BC)[3][1][4][2]
- Anaximenes of Miletus[3][1][4][2]
- Alan Ross Anderson, (1925–1973)[4]
- John Anderson, (1893–1962)[1][4][2]
- Ando Shoeki, (1703–1762)[1]
- Andronicus of Rhodes, (c. 70 BC)[3]
- Peter Annet, (1693–1769)[1]
- Anniceris, (fl. 300 BC)[3]
- G. E. M. Anscombe, (1918–2001)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Anselm, (1034–1109)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Antiochus of Ascalon, (c. 130-68 BC)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Antiphon, (480-403 BC)[1][2]
- Antisthenes, (c. 444-365)[4][1][2]
- Karl-Otto Apel, (born 1922)[1]
- Apuleius, (c. 123-c. 180)[2]
- Thomas Aquinas, (1225–1274)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Isaac ben Moses Arama, (1420–1494)[2]
- Arcesilaus, (316-241 BC)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Archytas, (428-347 BC)[3][1][2][5]
- Roberto Ardigò, (1828–1920)[1]
- Hannah Arendt, (1906–1975)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Aristippus of Cyrene, (c. 435-366 BC)[1][4][2]
- Aristo of Chios, (fl. 250 BC)[1][2]
- Aristotle, (384 BC-322 BC)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Arius, (256-336)[1]
- Mohammed Arkoun, (born 1928)[1]
- Jacobus Arminius, (1560–1609)[3][1]
- David Malet Armstrong, (born 1926)[3][1][4][2]
- Antoine Arnauld, (1612–1694)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Matthew Arnold, (1822–1888)[1]
- Kenneth Arrow, (born 1921)[4]
- Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894–1975)[2]
- Mary Astell, (1666–1731)[3][1][2][5]
- Athanasius of Alexandria, (298-373)[3]
- Augustine of Hippo, (354-430)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Marcus Aurelius, (121-180)[3][1][4][2]
- Peter Aureol, (c. 1280-1322)[1][2][5]
- Sri Aurobindo, (1872–1950)[4][2]
- John Austin, (1790–1859)[3][1][4][2][5]
- John Langshaw Austin, (1911–1960)[3][1][4][2]
- Richard Avenarius, (1843–1896)[3][1][4][2]
- Averroes (or Ibn Rushd), (1126–1198)[3][1][4][2]
- Avicenna (or Ibn Sina), (980-1037)[3][1][4][2]
- Alfred Jules Ayer, (1910–1989)[3][1][4][2][5]
B
- Franz Xaver von Baader, (1765–1841)[1]
- Charles Babbage, (1791–1871)[3]
- Gaston Bachelard, (1884–1962)[3][1][4][2]
- Johann Jakob Bachofen, (1815–1887)[1]
- Francis Bacon, (1561–1626)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Roger Bacon, (1214–1294)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi, (1080–1165)[2]
- Annette Baier, (born 1929)[4]
- Kurt Baier, (born 1917)[4]
- Alexander Bain, (1818–1903)[3][4]
- Karl Friedrich Bahrdt, (1741–1792)[1]
- Lynne Rudder Baker, (born 1944)[1]
- Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895–1975)[3][1][4][2]
- Mikhail Bakunin, (1814–1876)[3][1][4][2]
- Arthur Balfour, (1848–1930)[1]
- John Balguy, (1686–1748)[1]
- Domingo Báñez, (1528–1604)[3][1][2]
- Antonio Banfi, (1886–1957)[1]
- Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, (1070–1136)[2]
- Jonathan Barnes, (born 1942)[4]
- Brian Barry, (1936-2009)[4]
- Karl Barth, (1886–1968)[1][4][2]
- Roland Barthes, (1915–1980)[3][1][2]
- Bartolus de Saxoferrato, (1313–1357)[2]
- Johann Bernhard Basedow, (1724–1790)[1]
- Basilides, (c. 117-138)[3]
- Georges Bataille, (1897–1962)[3][1][2]
- Charles Batteux, (1713–1780)[1]
- Jean Baudrillard, (1929–2007) [1][2][5]
- Bruno Bauer, (1809–1882)[1][4][2][5]
- David Baumgardt, (1890–1963)[2]
- Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, (1714–1762)[3][1][2]
- Pierre Bayle, (1647–1706)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Monroe Beardsley, (1915–1985)[1]
- James Beattie, (1735–1803)[3][1][2]
- Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria, (1738–1794)[3][1]
- Jakob Sigismund Beck, (1761–1840)[1][2]
- Vissarion Belinsky, (1811–1848)[1][2]
- Robert Bellarmine, (1542–1621)[1]
- Nuel Belnap, (born 1930)[4]
- Friedrich Eduard Beneke, (1798–1854)[3][1]
- Walter Benjamin, (1892–1940)[1][4][2]
- Gottfried Benn, (1886–1956)[1]
- Jonathan Bennett, (born 1930)[1][4]
- Jeremy Bentham, (1748–1832)[3][1][4][2]
- Richard Bentley, (1662–1742)[2]
- Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874–1948)[3][1][4][2]
- Gustav Bergmann, (1906–1987)[3][1][4]
- Henri Bergson, (1859–1941)[3][1][4][2][5]
- George Berkeley, (1685–1753)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Isaiah Berlin, (1909–1997)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Claude Bernard, (1813–1878)[1]
- Bernard of Chartres, (d. 1130)[3][1]
- Bernard of Clairvaux, (1090–1153)[3][1][2]
- Bernard Silvestris (or Bernard of Tours), (1147–1178)[1][2]
- François Bernier, (1620–1688)[2]
- Eduard Bernstein, (1850–1932)[2]
- Ludwig von Bertalanffy, (1901–1972)[1]
- Bhartrhari, (5th century)[2]
- Gabriel Biel, (1425–1495)[1][2]
- Georg Bernhard Bilfinger, (1693–1750)[1]
- Alfred Binet, (1857–1911)[1]
- Ludwig Binswanger, (1881–1966)[1]
- Max Black, (1909–1988)[1][4]
- Simon Blackburn, (born 1944)[4]
- William Blackstone, (1723–1780)[2]
- Hugh Blair, (1718–1800)[2]
- William Blake, (1757–1827)[1]
- Maurice Blanchot, (1907–2003)[1][2]
- Brand Blanshard, (1892–1987)[1][4]
- Blasius of Parma (or Biagio Pelacani da Parma), (1345–1416)[2]
- Ernst Bloch, (1885–1977)[3][1][4][2]
- Ned Block, (born 1942)[4]
- Maurice Blondel, (1861–1949)[3][1]
- Charles Blount, (1654–1693)[1]
- Norberto Bobbio, (1909–2004)[4][2]
- Jean Bodin, (1530–1596)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, (AD 480-524 or 525)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Boetius of Dacia, (c. 1240-c. 1280)[1][2]
- Alexander Bogdanov, (1873–1928)[4][2]
- Jakob Böhme, (1575–1624)[3][1][2]
- David Bohm, (1917–1992)[1]
- Niels Bohr, (1885–1962)[1][4][2]
- Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, (1636–1711)[1]
- Samuel Bold, (1649–1737)[2]
- Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, (1678–1751)[1]
- Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844–1906)[3][1][4]
- Bernard Bolzano, (1781–1848)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, (1754–1840)[1]
- Francesco Bonatelli, (1830–1911)[1]
- Bonaventure, (1221–1274)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer, (1906–1945)[1][2]
- Charles Bonnet, (1720–1793)[1][2]
- George Boole, (1815–1864)[1][4][2]
- Bernard Bosanquet, (1848–1923)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Rudjer Boscovich, (1711–1787)[3][1]
- Pierre Bourdieu, (1930–2002)[2]
- Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, (1627–1704)[1]
- Christopher Jacob Boström, (1797–1866)[1]
- Henri de Boulainvilliers, (1658–1722)[1]
- Emile Boutroux, (1845–1921)[2]
- Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898–1978)[3]
- Borden Parker Bowne, (1847–1910)[1][2]
- Robert Boyle, (1627–1691)[3][1][4][2][5]
- F. H. Bradley, (1846–1924)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Thomas Bradwardine, (c. 1290-1349)[1][2]
- Richard-Bevan Braithwaite, (1900–1990)[1][4]
- Richard B. Brandt, (1910–1997)[3][1][4]
- Franz Brentano, (1838–1917)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882–1961)[1][4][2]
- Edgar S. Brightman, (1884–1953)[1][4]
- Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, (1755–1826)[4]
- Richard Brinkley, (fl. 1350-1373)[2]
- Radulphus Brito, (c. 1270-c. 1320)[2]
- C. D. Broad, (1887–1971)[3][1][4][2]
- Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966)[3][1][4][5]
- Thomas Brown, (1778–1820)[1][2]
- Peter Browne, (1666–1735)[2]
- Orestes Brownson, (1803–1876)[1][4]
- Emil Brunner, (1889–1966)[1][2]
- Giordano Bruno, (1548–1600)[3][1][4][2]
- Leon Brunschvicg, (1869–1944)[3][1][4][2]
- James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838–1922)[2]
- Martin Buber, (1878–1965)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Justus Buchler, (1914–1991)[4]
- Ludwig Büchner, (1824–1899)[2]
- Henry Thomas Buckle, (1821–1862)[1]
- Malcolm Budd, (born 1941)[4]
- Johann Franz Buddeus, (1667–1729)[1]
- Buddhaghosa, (5th century)[3]
- Claude Buffier, (1661–1737)[2]
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, (1707–1788)[1][2]
- Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871–1944)[1][2]
- Edward Bullough, (1880–1934)[1]
- Rudolf Bultmann, (1884–1976)[1][4][2]
- Jacob Burckhardt, (1818–1897)[1][4]
- Tyler Burge, (born 1946)[4]
- Jean Buridan, (1300–1358)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Edmund Burke, (1729–1797)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Walter Burley, (c. 1275-c. 1345)[3][1][2][5]
- Myles Frederic Burnyeat, (born 1939)[4]
- Richard Burthogge, (1638–1704)[1][2]
- Joseph Butler, (1692–1752)[3][1][4][2]
- Samuel Butler, (1835–1902)[1][4]
- [[John H.Blackwell (1994 - )
C
- Pierre Jean George Cabanis, (1757–1808)[1][2]
- Amílcar Cabral, (1924–1973)[2]
- Edward Caird, (1835–1908)[3][1]
- Dorion Cairns, (1901–1973)[1]
- Thomas Cajetan, (1469–1534)[3][4][2]
- Calcidius, (4th century)[2]
- Mario Calderoni, (1879–1914)[1]
- Callicles, (late 5th century BC)[2][5]
- John Calvin, (1509–1564)[3][1][2]
- Tommaso Campanella, (1568–1639)[3][1][4][2][5]
- George Campbell, (1719–1796)[2]
- Norman Robert Campbell, (1880–1949)[3][1][2]
- Albert Camus, (1913–1960)[3][1][4][2]
- Georges Canguilhem, (1904–1995)[3]
- Georg Cantor, (1845–1918)[3][1][4][2]
- Johannes Capreolus, (1380–1444)[1][2]
- Claudia Card, (born 1940)[1]
- Gerolamo Cardano, (1501–1576)[2]
- Thomas Carlyle, (1795–1881)[3][1][2]
- Gershom Carmichael, (c. 1672-1729)[2]
- Rudolf Carnap, (1891–1970)[3][1][4][2]
- Carneades, (c. 214-129 BC)[1][4][2][5]
- Lewis Carroll, (1832–1898)[3][1][4][2]
- Nancy Cartwright (born 1943)[1][4]
- Carl Gustav Carus, (1789–1869)[1]
- Paul Carus, (1852–1919)[1]
- Antonio Caso, (1883–1946)[1]
- Ernst Cassirer, (1874–1945)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Hector-Neri Castañeda, (1924–1991)[3]
- Carlo Cattaneo, (1801–1869)[1][2]
- Stanley Cavell, (born 1926)[3][1][4][2]
- Margaret Cavendish, (1623–1673)[3][1][2][5]
- Celsus of Alexandria, (2nd century)[3][1][2]
- Michel de Certeau, (1925–1986)[2]
- Pyotr Chaadaev, (1794–1856)[1][2]
- Houston Stewart Chamberlain, (1855–1927)[1]
- Chanakya (or Kautilya) (321-296 BC)[2]
- Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (or Zhang Xuecheng), (1738–1801)[3]
- Chang Tsai (or Zhang Zai), (1020–1077)[2]
- William Ellery Channing, (1780–1842)[1]
- Walter Charleton, (1619–1707)[2]
- Pierre Charron, (1541–1603)[3][1][2]
- François-René de Chateaubriand, (1768–1848)[1]
- Walter Chatton, (1290–1343)[1][2][5]
- Ch'en Hsien-chang, (1428–1500)[3]
- Cheng Hao (or Ch'eng Ming-Tao), (1032–1085)[3][1][2]
- Cheng Hsuan (or Zheng Xuan), (127-200)[2]
- Cheng Yi (or Ch'eng Yi Chu'an), (1033–1107)[3][1][2]
- Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828–1889)[1][2]
- Chia Yi (or Jia Yi or Chia I), (201-169 BC)[3][2]
- Chiao Hung, (1540–1620)[3]
- Boris Chicherin, (1828–1904)[1]
- Ch'ien Mu, (1895–1990)[3]
- Chih Tun (or Zhi Dun) (314-366)[2]
- William Chillingworth, (1602–1644)[2]
- Roderick Chisholm, (1916–1999)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Noam Chomsky, (born 1928)[3][1][4][2]
- Tasan Chông Yagyong, (1762–1836)[2]
- Chou Tun-Yi (or Zhou Dunyi or Chou Lien-Hsi or Zhou Lianxi), (1017–1073)[3][2]
- Christine de Pizan, (c. 1365-c. 1430)[2]
- Chrysippus, (279-207 BC)[4][1][2]
- Thomas Chubb, (1679–1747)[1]
- Alonzo Church, (1903–1995)[3][1][4][2]
- Patricia Churchland, (born 1943)[3]
- Paul Churchland, (born 1942)[3][4]
- Leon Chwistek, (1884–1944)[1]
- Cicero, (106 BC-43 BC)[3][1][4][2]
- August Cieszkowski, (1814–1894)[2]
- Hélène Cixous, (born 1937)[1][2]
- Clarembald of Arras, (1110–1187)[2]
- Samuel Clarke, (1675–1729)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Johannes Clauberg, (1622–1665)[1][2]
- Cleanthes, (301-232 BC)[1][2]
- Clement of Alexandria, (2nd-3rd century)[3][1][2]
- Cleomedes, (2nd century)[2]
- William Kingdon Clifford, (1845–1879)[3][1][4]
- Catherine Trotter Cockburn, (1679–1749)[3][1][2][5]
- Lorraine Code, (born 1937)[1]
- G.A. Cohen, (born 1941)[4]
- Hermann Cohen, (1842–1918)[3][1][4][2]
- L. Jonathan Cohen, (born 1923)[4]
- Morris Raphael Cohen, (1880–1947)[1]
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge, (1772–1834)[1][4][2]
- John Colet, (1466–1519)[1]
- Lucio Colletti, (1924–2001)[4]
- Arthur Collier, (1680–1732)[3][1][2]
- R. G. Collingwood, (1889–1943)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Anthony Collins, (1676–1729)[1][4][2][5]
- John Comenius, (1592–1670)[1][4][2]
- Auguste Comte, (1798–1857)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, (1715–1780)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Marquis de Condorcet, (1743–1794)[3][1][2]
- Confucius, (551 BC - 479 BC)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Benjamin Constant, (1767–1830)[3][4][2]
- Lady Anne Finch Conway, (1631–1679)[3][1][4][2][5]
- Nicolaus Copernicus, (1473–1543)[1][4][2][5]
- Henry Corbin, (1903–1978)[1]
- Geraud de Cordemoy, (1626–1684)[3][1][2][5]
- Moses ben Jacob Cordovero, (1522–1570)[1]
- Uriel da Costa, (1585–1640)[1]
- Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801–1877)[3][1][2]
- Victor Cousin, (1792–1867)[3][1][2]
- Louis Couturat, (1868–1914)[3][1][4]
- William Crathorn, (14th century)[2][5]
- Cratylus, (c. 400 BC)[1][4][2]
- James Edwin Creighton, (1861–1924)[1]
- Hasdai Crescas, (c. 1340-1410)[3][1][4][2]
- Benedetto Croce, (1866–1952)[3][1][4][2]
- Christian August Crusius, (1715–1775)[3][1][2]
- Ralph Cudworth, (1617–1688)[1][4][2]
- Nathaniel Culverwel, (1619–1651)[1][2]
- Richard Cumberland, (1631?-1718)[3][1][2]
- Cyrano de Bergerac, (1619–1655)[1]
- Heinrich Czolbe, (1819–1873)[3]
List of philosophers: (A-C) -- (D-H) -- (I-Q) -- (R-Z)
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Second Edition). Martin Gale; 2006. ISBN 0-02-865780-2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 1998. ISBN 978-0415073103
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0-19-866132-0
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. January 16, 2010.