Afghan National Police
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| Afghan National Police Persian: پولیس ملی افغانستان Pashto: د افغانستان ملي پولیس | |
|---|---|
.svg){kind=logo} Coat of Arms of the Afghan National Police | |
| Abbreviation | ANP |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1747 |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| National agency | Afghanistan |
| Operations jurisdiction | Afghanistan |
| General nature | |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Kabul, Afghanistan |
| Agency executive | |
The Afghan National Police - ANP - Persian: پلیس ملی افغانستان) is the primary national police force in Afghanistan. It serves as a single law enforcement agency all across the country. The Afghan police force was first created with the establishment of the Afghan nation in the early 18th century. The agency is under the responsibility of Afghanistan's Ministry of Interior, headed by Bismillah Khan Mohammadi.
The Afghan National Police force is currently being trained mostly by Afghan trainers advised by U.S. armed forces and various Federal government employees as well as by many other NATO states such as Germany's Bundespolizei (BPOL) and United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence Police.
In 2002, the EU-led mission (EUPOL Afghanistan) was heading the civilian policing in the Kabul area but by 2005 the U.S. established training programs in all the provinces of Afghanistan. The Afghan National Police agency currently has about 140,000 active members and is expected to reach 160,000 by November 2012.[1] More recently, the Afghan government, with persuasion from NATO, has employed local police forces known as Arbakai or Afghan Local Police.
History
As is done with most modern states, the Afghan police force was created when the Afghan nation was established in 1747 and over the centuries it was slowly modernized. The agency remained in existence throughout the Afghan Civil War and Soviet occupation that began in 1978/79 until Kabul fell in 1992 to the insurgents; the country descended into chaos and anarchy and then came under the heel of the Taliban, who enforced a primitive and barbaric justice. After the collapse of the Taliban regime in late 2001, there was little in the nation resembling a functional police department as private armed militias of warlords quickly filled yet again the vacuum left behind by a lack of central governance. The Ministry of Interior in Kabul, under the new Karzai government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, exercised little control over provincial police structures and was unable to effectively secure the remote provinces. Most of these problems were established after the Fall of Kabul in 1992, when the Soviet-backed government of Najibullah fell apart and the country entered into anarchy and chaos. From 1978 to 1992 the Afghan police had firm control over the country, much thanks to the Soviet Union and other factors related to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan or the Soviet war in the country.[2] Traditionally, police officers were poorly paid, recruited or conscripted from the poorest classes of society and frequently held in contempt by the communities they served. Compounding these factors, over two decades of unrest had also resulted in an illiteracy rate conservatively estimated at over 70% for police recruits.
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Although early efforts had trained 35,000 officers in basic recruit schools during 2003 and 2004, this training was insufficient to strengthen the structures and senior command levels needed to create an effective police force. Germany, as lead nation for police under the Bonn II Agreement, concentrated its efforts on setting up the Kabul Police Academy and drafted the long range blueprint for restructuring the police services. Except for Konduz Province which had a Provisional Reconstruction Team (PRT), Germany’s program had only limited reach into the provinces. As the U.S. Department of State International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau’s (INL) activity at this time was limited in resources and scope, the U.S. Departments of Defense and State, in Spring 2005, decided to shift the implementation of the police training and equipment program to the Office of Security Cooperation-Afghanistan (OSC-A), under the authority of the Commanding General, Combined Forces Command (CFC-A). In April 2006 OSC-A became the Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan (CSTC-A) keeping the OSC-A mission.
The 2005 changes led to an increased impetus to implement significant reform programs, particularly the reform of higher staff levels at the Ministry of the Interior, the placement of police mentors throughout the country, substantial pay increases in the police salary plan and an impending, complete restructuring of the police payroll system. A nationwide reassessment of infrastructure and equipment needs was also undertaken, followed with the distribution of critically needed weapons, ammunition, vehicles, and office/dorm furniture. Although progress has been made in the areas of infrastructure, equipment and payroll distribution, these programs will take some time to reach fruition.
In the late 2000s the number of ANP officers getting killed in the line of duty jumped very sharply, with over 1,600 officers being killed in the years 2008 and 2009. Afghan officials estimate that over 100 police officers are killed in the line of duty each month.[3] See List of Afghan security forces fatality reports in Afghanistan
Structure
The Afghan National Police (ANP) is an organization that falls under the control and responsibility of the Afghan Ministry of Interior, along with the Counter-Narcotics Police of Afghanistan (CNPA) and the Counter Terrorism Department. The ANP is composed of the following sub-agencies:
- Afghan Border Police
- Afghan Uniform Police
- Afghan Highway Police
- Criminal Investigation Department
Afghan Border Police
The Afghan Border Police (ABP) are responsible for securing the borders and airports of Afghanistan against the illegal entry of persons as well as the smuggling of contraband. As of January 2011, there are at least 25 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Protection officers providing training to the Afghan Border Police. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano stated that the number could reach 65 or more by the end of 2011. Napolitano visited the Torkham border crossing with Pakistan and was satisfied with the progress being made there.[4][5] The ABP specific duties include the following:
- Provide border security patrols within a security zone that extends 55 km into the territory of Afghanistan.
- Provide immigration / visa services and investigate immigration violations.
- Establish and maintain Border Crossing Points, to include all international airports.
- Provide perimeter, building, aircraft and passenger security of international airports.
Afghan Uniform Police
The Afghan Uniform Police (AUP) is the primary civil law enforcement agency in Afghanistan. The ANP is divided into five regional commands (north, south, east, west and central) as well as the Afghan National Civil Order Police, or ANCOP. Other forces falling under the command and control of the ANP include local traffic police departments as well as the fire department.
Afghan Highway Police
The Afghan Highway Police (AHP) was a sub-department of the national police that is currently dissolved with only speculation of return. Their primary responsibility was to provide traffic safety and overall security of the "Ring Road" highway that connects most of the major population centers in Afghanistan. Most of the personnel, equipment and facilities that comprise the highway police were reorganized under the uniform police.
Criminal Investigation Department
The Criminal Investigation Department (CID) is staffed with 4148 investigators spread over the nation with the majority in Kabul. They are tasked with investigation, crime scene forensic procedures, documentation of crime, and assisting other agencies to include assistance through the crime lab housed at the Ministry of Interior.
Facilities
The United States Army Corps of Engineers is planning to build nearly 200 modern police stations for the ANP over the next year. The total cost of this project is reported to be over $600 million US dollars, and each police station is said to cost about $6 million.[6]
- National Police Training Center-Wardak - the premiere police training center in Afghanistan[7]
- Kabul Police Academy - established by the German police mission
- Central Training Facility in Kabul led by US training
- 7 Regional Training Centers - training from US forces
- 200 modern-design stations - expected to be built before 2013
Rank Structure
General Officers
- Colonel General
- Lieutenant General
- Major General
- Brigadier
Officers
- Colonel
- Lieutenant Colonel
- Major
- Staff Captain
- Captain
- First Lieutenant
- Second Lieutenant
- Third Lieutenant
Non-Commissioned and Enlisted
- Staff Sergeant
- Sergeant
- First Corporal
- Corporal
- Soldier
Rank Disparities
Some ranks are known by several names. These disparities are most-likely caused through different translations from Dari to western languages as well as being interpreted differently by inherently unrelated agencies such as the U.S. military versus the German Police. The role of the "sergeant", or noncommissioned officer, is not well developed and is often overlooked by the prestige associated with being a regular, or commissioned, officer (lieutenant or higher). This lack of emphasis on the subordinate ranks has also stunted the clear definition of ranks as well as their roles and responsibilities.
The ranks of 3rd Lieutenant and Senior Captain are being phased out after the Ministry of Interior underwent a Rank Reform process in which they eliminated a disproportionate amount of senior-ranking officers within the police. These ranks are believed to have served as a way to better distinguish and balance out an extremely top-heavy leadership corps.
Known Alternative Titles
| 2nd Patrolman | Soldier |
| 1st Patrolman | Soldier |
| Sergeant | 3rd Sergeant |
| Staff Sergeant | 2nd Sergeant |
| Senior Sergeant | 1st Sergeant |
Rank Reform
The original formation of police and security forces saw an overwhelming majority of senior-ranking personnel due to disorganization and corruption. It was not uncommon to find someone holding a senior rank, such as lieutenant colonel, possessing minimal qualifications or having little to no responsibilities for a rank of that stature. It was a period of total mismanagement that allowed people to use bribery and other forms of influence to gain prominent positions in the national police force. It was soon evident that the organization was “top heavy” and thus ineffective in conducting the daily duties expected of the police. Furthermore, many leaders inside the Ministry of Interior were guilty of human rights violations and other forms of blackmail and corruption. There was an obvious need to reorganize and repair this broken ministry.
MOI began a Rank Reform initiative in October 2005 to completely overhaul and replace it’s existing leadership structure and composition. The United Nations and ISAF forces conducted background checks on all eligible candidates in attempt to thwart the acceptance of MOI leaders with past human rights violations or records of corruption. Concurrent with rank reform, salary reform was also implemented to match their pay with that of their equivalent counterparts in the Afghan National Army who had been receiving higher pay from their inception.
Despite rank and pay reform, it is still very common to see a disproportionate level of senior-ranking officers within the police force. Although these officers have been "reformed" and their rank and pay adjusted to "sergeant", for example, they will still wear the rank of "captain", or whatever they feel is appropriate, in an effort to retain more authority. Corruption, bribery and treason are also still very common in the national police.
Widespread corruption in all levels of the ANP has long been a major problem for the combating of the Taliban insurgency. Taliban fighters of both high and low rank have been able to quickly buy their release from police custody with bribes ranging from $100–$10,000.[9] Drug use, defections to the Taliban and sexual harassment of female officers is also widespread within the ANP.[10] Due to the high level of corruption, the Afghan government sends the relatively un-corrupted Afghan National Army to more sensitive scenarios. The level of corruption has resulted in decreased monetary support of the National Police and increased monetary support of the National Army on the part of international donors.
Equipment
The primary vehicle of the ANP is the four-wheel drive, diesel, 4-door Ford Ranger, provided by the thousands from the United States. Other vehicles include Humvees, diesel-powered variant of the U.S. consumer Nissan Frontiers, Toyota and SORV pickup trucks from Thailand as well as Yamaha motorcycles donated by Japan. Older vehicles, like the UAZ-469 all-terrain vehicle, were obtained from the Soviet Union.
Weapons
- Smith & Wesson Sigma 9mm
- AMD 65 assault rifles
- AK-47 assault rifles
/
- Vz. 58 assault rifles
- Rocket-propelled grenade systems
Uniforms and body armor sometimes mis-matched and poorly distributed. Most police personnel are issued at least one uniform that is traded out for warmer/cooler uniforms depending on the season. It is common to find a varying array of blue, green and gray uniforms amongst the police due to different manufacturers and the rapid growing of the force with many people joining. Some police have resorted to having their own uniforms custom made. Body armor and helmets are seldom given to individual soldiers and are often given out on an as-needed basis. The composition of this equipment varies between American, Russian and Chinese military grade equipment to 3rd party equipment that provides little-to-no real protection. Plans to upgrade weapons and uniform are being drafted by the Afghan government. Typically the ANP badge is worn on one shoulder and the Afghanistan flag on the other.
In August 2010, an order was placed for 2,526 M1152A1 Humvees with B2 armor kits, for the Afghan police and National Guard.[11]
Current status
As of Nov 2011, the number of The Afghan National Police force is 140,000 and is expected to reach 160,000 by the end of 2012.
See also
References
- ^ Pellerindate, Cheryl (May 23, 2011). "Afghan Security Forces Grow in Numbers, Quality". American Forces Press Service. United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
- ^ Jonathan Steele (2002-02-26). "Kabul's loss". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ More than 100 Afghan police killed every month: Bashari
- ^ "US to bolster Afghan border, customs training". MSNBC. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
- ^ Starr, Penny (January 4, 2011). "Obama Is Sending Border Officers from DHS--Which Has Failed to Secure U.S.-Mexico Border--to Help Secure Afghan-Pakistan Border". Cybercast News Service. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
- ^ U.S. spending $600 million on Afghan police stations, McClatchy. February 22, 2010.
- ^ http://ntm-a.com/wordpress2/?p=5414
- ^ [1]
- ^ Newsweek: Afghan Prison Blues February 11, 2008 Issue
- ^ Johansen, Per Anders (29 September 2008). "Police face huge training challenges in Afghanistan". Aftenposten. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Afghan Forces Getting HMMWVs". Retrieved 2010-08-17.
External links
