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List of papal bulls

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This is a very incomplete list of papal bulls by the year in which they were issued.

Year Bull Issuer Description
1059 In Nomine Domini
("In the name of the Lord") 		Nicholas II Establishing cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope.[1]
1079 Libertas ecclesiae
("The liberty of the Church") 		Gregory VII
1079 Antiqua sanctorum patrum Gregory VII Granted the church of Lyon primacy over the churches of Gaul.
c. 1120 Sicut Judaeis
("Thus to the Jews") 		Callixtus II Provides protection for the Jews who suffered from the hands of the participants in the First Crusade.[2]
1136 (July 7) Ex commisso nobis Innocent II Split Archbishop of Magdeburg from the rest of the Polish church.
1139 (March 29)[3] Omne Datum Optimum Innocent II Endorses the Knights Templar.[4]
1144 Milites Templi
("Soldiers of the Temple") 		Celestine II Provides clergy protection to the Knights Templar and encourages contributions to their cause.
1145 Militia Dei
("Soldiers of God") 		Eugene III Allows the Knights Templar to take tithes and burial fees and to bury their dead in their own cemeteries.[5]
1145 (December 1) Quantum praedecessores
("How much did our predecessors") 		Eugene III Calls for the Second Crusade.[6]
1155 Laudabiliter
("Laudably") 		Adrian IV Gives the English King Henry II lordship over Ireland.[7]
1179 Manifestis Probatum Alexander III Recognition of the kingdom of Portugal and Afonso Henriques as the first king.[8]
1184 (November 4)[9] Ad Abolendam Lucius III Condemns heresy, and lists some punishments (though stops short of death).[10]
1187 (October 29) Audita tremendi
("Hearing what terrible...") 		Gregory VIII Calls for the Third Crusade.[11]
1192 Cum universi Celestine III Defined the Scottish Church as immediately subject to the Holy See.[12]
1198 Post Miserabile Innocent III Calls for the Fourth Crusade.[13]
1199 (March 25) Vergentis in senium Innocent III This bull, addressed to the city of Viterbo, announced that heresy would be considered, in terms of punishment, the same as treason.[14]
1205 Etsi non displaceat Innocent III Accuses the Jews of arrogance, possession of Christian slaves, usury, and blasphemy. Calls for their perpetual servitude as punishment for putative Jewish involvement in the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
1213 Quia maior Innocent III Calls for the Fifth Crusade.[15]
1216 (December) Religiosam vitam
("The religious life") 		Honorius III Established the Dominican Order[16]
1218 In generali concilio Honorius III Demanded the enforcement of the 4th Lateran Council that Jews wear clothing to distinguish themselves and that Jews be made to pay the tithe to local churches.[17]
1219 Super speculam Honorius III Closed law schools in Paris and forbid the study of civil law.[18]
1223 (November 29) Solet annuere Honorius III Approves the Rule of St. Francis.[19]
1228 Fraternitatis tuae Gregory IX Miracle of Alatri.
1230 Quo elongati Gregory IX Resolved issues concerning the testament of Francis of Assisi.[20]
1231 (April 13) Parens scientiarum
("The Mother of Sciences") 		Gregory IX Guarantees the independence of the University of Paris.
1232 (February 8) Ille humani generis Gregory IX Instructed the Dominican prior of Regensburg to form a Inquisitional tribunal.[21]
1233 (June 13) Vox in Rama
("A voice in Ramah..") 		Gregory IX Condemns Satanic meetings held in Germany. It warns that Satan in these meetings can appear in form of animals like black cats, geese, toads or like a thin, pale man.[22]
1233 Etsi Judaeorum
("Even if the Jews") 		Gregory IX Demands that Jews in Christian countries be treated with the same humanity with which Christians wish to be treated in heathen lands.[23]
1233 Licet ad capiendos Gregory IX
1234 Pietati proximum Gregory IX Confirms Germanic Orders rule of Kulmerland.[24]
1234 Rex pacificus Gregory IX Announcement of the Liber Extra, the collection of papal decretals.
1235 Cum hora undecima
("Since the eleventh hour") 		Gregory IX First bull authorizing pagan friars to preach to pagan nations.[25]
1239 Si vera sunt
("If they are true") 		Gregory IX Orders the seizure and examination of Jewish writings, especially the Talmud, suspected of blasphemies against Christ and the Church.[26]
1244 Impia judeorum perfidia Innocent IV Stated that Jews could not hire Christian nurses.[27]
1245 Inter alia desiderabilia Innocent IV Charges against Sancho II of Portugal.
1245 (March 5) Dei patris immensa
("God the Father's immense...") 		Innocent IV Exposition of the Christian faith, and urged Mongols to accept baptism.[28]
1245 (March 13) Cum non solum
("With not only...") 		Innocent IV Appeal to the Mongols to desist from attacking Christians and other nations, and an enquiry as to their future intentions.[28] Innocent expresses desire for peace (possibly unaware that in the Mongol vocabulary, "peace" is a synonym for "subjection").[29]
1245 (late March) Cum simus super Innocent IV Letter addressed to multiple prelates and 'Christians of the East' which affirmed the primacy of the Roman Church and urged ecclesiastical unity.[30]
1247 Lachrymabilem Judaeorum Innocent IV Urged the end of persecution of the Jews based the blood libel.[26]
1248 (November 22) Viam agnoscere veritatis Innocent IV Letter addressed to Baiju, king of the Mongols, in response to his embassy.[31]
1252 (May 15) Ad exstirpanda
("For the elimination") 		Innocent IV Authorizes the use of torture for eliciting confessions from heretics during the Inquisition and executing relapsed heretics by burning them alive.[32]
1254 (October 6) Querentes in agro Innocent IV Recognised the University of Oxford and "confirmed its liberties, ancient customs and approved statutes".[33]
1263/1264 Exultavit cor nostrum
("Our heart has rejoiced") 		Urban IV Letter from Urban to Hulagu, discussing the arrival of Hulagu's (uncredentialed) envoy John the Hungarian, cautiously welcoming, and announcing that William II of Agen, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, would be investigating further.[34]
1264 ? Urban IV Discussion of the Egyptian threat (no mention of Mongols).[34]
1260s (undated) Audi filia et
("Hear, O daughter, and") 		Urban IV or Clement IV Caution to an unnamed Queen of Cyprus to cease her unchaste ways, and marry[35]
1260s (undated) De sinu patris
("The bosom of the Father") 		Urban IV or Clement IV Admonishment to an unnamed nobleman to cease his adultery and return to his wife[35]
1265 Licet Ecclesiarum Clement IV Stated that appointments to all benefices were a papal prerogative.[36]
1267 Turbato corde Clement IV Legally barred Christians from converting to Judaism.[37]
1274 Ubi Periculum
("Where there is danger") 		Gregory X Established the papal conclave as the method of selection for a pope, imposing progressively stricter restrictions on cardinals the longer a conclave lasted to encourage a quick selection.
1288 Habet carissima filia Pope Nicholas IV Letter sent to Christian women at the court of the Mongol Ilkhan[38]
1291 Gaudemus in Domino Pope Nicholas IV Letter sent to Arghun's third wife, Uruk Khatun, the mother of Nicholas (Oljeitu), Arghun's successor.[38]
1291 Pastoralis officii Pope Nicholas IV Letter sent to two young Mongol princes, Saron and Cassian, urging their conversion to Christianity.[38]
1296 (January 20) Redemptor mundi
("Redeemer of the world") 		Boniface VIII Named James II of Aragon as standardbearer, captain-general, and admiral of the Roman Church.
1296 (February 25) Clericis Laicos
("Lay clerics") 		Boniface VIII Excommunicates all members of the clergy who, without authorization from the Holy See, pay to laymen any part of their income or the revenue of the Church, and all rulers who receive such payments.[39]
1297 Super rege et regina
("About king and queen") 		Boniface VIII Bestowed on James II of Aragon the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica.
1299 (27 June) Scimus, Fili
("We know, my son") 		Boniface VIII Challenged Edward I's claim to Scotland, stating the Scottish kingdom belonged to the apostolic see.[40]
1299 De Sepulturis Boniface VIII Prohibited Crusaders from dismembering and boiling of the bodies so that the bones, separated from the flesh, may be carried for burial in their own countries.[41]
1300 (22 February) Antiquorum fida relatio Boniface VIII Reinstates the Jubilee Years, granting indulgence during those years for those who fulfill various conditions.
1302 (November 18) Unam Sanctam
("The One Holy") 		Boniface VIII Declares that there is no salvation outside the Church (Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus), and that the Church must remain united.
1307 (November 22) Pastoralis praeminentiæ Clement V Orders the arrest of the Knights Templar and the confiscation of their possessions.
1307 (23 July) Rex regnum Clement V Nominates seven Franciscans to act as papal suffragans in China.[42]
1308 Faciens misericordiam
("Granting forgiveness") 		Clement V Sets out the procedure to prosecute the Knights Templar.
1308 (August 12) Regnans in coelis
("Reigning in heaven") 		Clement V Convenes the Council of Vienne to discuss the Knights Templar.
1310 (April 4) Alma mater
("A nurturing mother") 		Clement V Postpones the opening of the Council of Vienne until 1 October 1311, on account of the investigation of the Templars that was not yet finished.
1312 (March 22) Vox in excelso
("A voice from on high") 		Clement V Disbands the Knights Templar.[43]
1312 (May 2) Ad providam Clement V Grants the bulk of Templar property on to the Knights Hospitallers.[44]
1312 (May 6) Considerantes dudum Clement V Outlined the disposition for members of the Knights Templar.[45]
1312 (May 16) Nuper in concilio Clement V Gave Templar property to the Knights Templar[46]
1312 (December 18) Licet dudum Clement V Suspends privileges and confirms the disposition of property of the Knights Templar.
1312 (December 31) Dudum in generali concilio Clement V Further considerations as to the question of the Templars' property.
1313 (January 13) Licet pridem Clement V Further considerations as to the question of the Templars' property.
1317 Sane Considerante John XXII
1318 (April 1) Redemptor noster
("Our redeemer") 		John XXII Withdrew the Mongol Ilkhan's dominions and 'India' from the archdiocese of Khanbaligh, transferring to a Dominican province
1323 Cum inter nonnullos John XXII Defines the belief in the poverty of Christ and the Apostles as heretical.[47]
1336 Benedictus Deus
("On the beatific vision of God") 		Benedict XII Declared that the saved see Heaven (and thus, God) before Judgement Day.[48]
1338 Exultanti precepimus Benedict XII Letter to Mongol ruler Ozbeg and his family, thanking them for having granted land to Franciscans to build a church[38]
1338 Dundum ad notitiam Benedict XII Letter to Mongol ruler Ozbeg recommending ambassadors, and thanking Ozbeg for prior favors shown to missionaries[38]
1342 Gratiam Agimus Clement VI Declared the Franciscan Order as the official Custodian of the Holy Land in the name of the Church.
1348 September 26 Quamvis Perfidiam Clement VI An attempt to dispel the rumor that the Jews caused the Black Death by poisoning wells.
1350 cum natura humana Clement VI
1425 Martin V Foundation of the Université Catholique de Louvain
1435 Sicut Dudum Eugene IV Forbidding the slavery of local natives in the Canary Islands by Spanish slave traders.[49]
1439 (July 6) Laetantur Coeli Eugene IV
1442 (August 8) Dundum ad nostram audientiam Eugene IV Complete separation of Jews and Christians (ghetto).
1442 (August 10) Eugene IV Revokes the privileges of the Castilian Jews and imposes severe restrictions on them. Forbids Castilian Christians to eat, drink, live or bathe with Jews or Muslims and declaring invalid the testimony of Jews or Muslims against Christians.[50]
1447 (June 23) Super Gregem Dominicum Nicholas V Extends Eugene IV's bull against Castilian Jews to Italy.[51]
1451 (January 7) ? Nicholas V Foundation of the University of Glasgow.[52]
1451 (March 1) Nicholas V Confirms the earlier revocation of privileges and restrictions against Spanish and Italian Jews.[53]
1452 (June 18) Dum diversas Nicholas V Authorizes Afonso V of Portugal to reduce any Muslims, pagans and other unbelievers to perpetual slavery.
1455 (January 8) Romanus Pontifex
("The Roman pontiff") 		Nicholas V Sanctifies the seizure of non-Christian lands discovered during the Age of Discovery and encourages the enslavement of natives.
1456 (March 13) Inter Caetera Calixtus III Confirmed the Bull Romanus Pontifex and gave the Portuguese Order of Christ the spiritualities of all lands acquired and to be acquired.[54]
1456 (June 20) Cum hiis superioribus annis and is titled "Bulla Turcorum" Calixtus III Announces the Fall of Constantinople and seeks funding for another crusade against the Turks.
1470 (April 19) Ineffabilis providentia
("Ineffable Providence") 		Paul II Declared that a Jubilee would take place every 25 years.
1478 (November 1) Exigit sinceræ devotionis Sixtus IV Authorized Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint inquisitors which created the Spanish Inquisition.[55]
1481 (June 21) Aeterni regis Sixtus IV Confirms the Treaty of Alcáçovas.[56]
1484 (December 5) Summis desiderantes Innocent VIII Condemns an alleged outbreak of witchcraft and heresy in the region of the Rhine River valley, and deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany.
1493 (May 4) Inter caetera
("Among the other") 		Alexander VI Divides the New World between Spain and Portugal. It called for Indigenous Peoples to be subjugated so the Christian Empire and its doctrines would be propagated.
1493 (June 25) Piis Fidelium Alexander VI Grants Spain vicarial power to appoint missionaries to the Indies.
1497 (October 15) Ad sacram ordinis Alexander VI The ancient custom of selecting the Prefect of the Apostolic Chapel from the Augustinian Order was given legal foundation.[57]
1503 (December 26) Julius II Matrimonial dispensation for Henry VIII of England to marry Catherine of Aragon, his brother's widow.
1513 (December 19) Apostolici Regiminis Leo X Concerning immortality of the soul.[58]
1514 Supernæ Leo X Declares that the cardinals in a body should come immediately after the pope and precede all others in the church.
1520 (June 15) Exsurge Domine
("Arise, O Lord") 		Leo X Demands that Martin Luther retract 41 of his 95 theses, as well as other specified errors, within sixty days of its publication in neighbouring regions to Saxony.
1521 (January 3) Decet Romanum Pontificem
("[It] befits [the] Roman Pontiff") 		Leo X Excommunicates Martin Luther.[59]
1537 (May 29) Sublimus Dei Paul III Forbids the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
1540 (September 27) Regimini militantis ecclesiae
("To the Government of the Church Militant") 		Paul III Approves the formation of the Society of Jesus.[60]
1543 (March 14) Injunctum nobis Paul III
1550 (July 21) Exposcit debitum
("The Duty demands") 		Julius III Second and final approval of the Society of Jesus
1553 (April 28) Divina disponente clementia
("So predisposed by the divine clemency") 		Julius III Create Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa the first patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church.
1555 (July 14) Cum nimis absurdum
("Since it is absurd") 		Paul IV Places religious and economic restrictions on Jews in the Papal States.
1559 (February 15) Cum ex apostolatus officio
("By virtue of the apostolic office") 		Paul IV Confirms that only Catholics can be elected Popes.
1564 (January 26) Benedictus Deus
("Blessed God") 		Pius IV Ratified all decrees and definitions of the Council of Trent.[61]
1565 (January 17) Æquum reputamus
("We consider it equal") 		Pius V
1570 (February 25) Regnans in Excelsis
("Ruling from on high) 		Pius V Declares Elizabeth I of England a heretic and releases her subjects from any allegiance to her.[62]
1570 (July 14) Quo Primum
("From the first") 		Pius V Describes the method used to reform the Roman rite, promulgates the Missal of Pius V (Tridentine rite, and abrogates any other rite which cannot demonstrate two hundred year of continuous use
1582 (February 24) Inter gravissimas
("Among the most important") 		Gregory XIII Establishes the Gregorian calendar.
1586 (January) Coeli et terrae
("The heavens and the lands") 		Sixtus V Condemned "judicial astrology" as superstitious.
1588 (February 11) Immensa Aeterni Dei
("The immense [wisdom] of Eternal God") 		Sixtus V Reorganized the Roman Curia, establishing several permanent congregations to advise the Pope.[63]
1631 Contra astrologos iudiciarios Urban VIII Condemns astrological predictions of the deaths of princes and popes.[64]
1644 Urban VIII Grants pilgrims to the Jesuit mission at Ste. Marie, Canada "a Plenary Indulgence each year and the remission of all their sins."[65]
1653 (May 31) Cum occasione Innocent X Condemns 5 Jansenist propositions.[66]
1665 Ad Sacram
("To the sacred") 		Alexander VII
1692 Romanum decet Pontificem
("It befits the Roman Pontiff") 		Innocent XII Abolished the office of Cardinal-Nephew
1713 Unigenitus
("The only-begotten") 		Clement XI Condemns Jansenism.
1738 In eminenti apostolatus specula
("In the high watchtower of the Apostolate") 		Clement XII Bans Catholics from becoming Freemasons.
1773 Dominus ac Redemptor Noster
("Our Master and Redeemer") 		Clement XIV Permanently and irrevocably suppressing the Society of Jesus.
1814 Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum
("The care of all the churches") 		Pius VII Reestablishes the Society of Jesus.
1824 Quod divina sapientia
("What divine wisdom") 		Leo XII Restructures education in the Papal States under ecclesiastical supervision.
1850 (September 29) Universalis Ecclesiae
("Of the Universal Church") 		Pius IX Recreates the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England.
1866 (July 12) Reversurus
("To came back") 		Pius IX Extends to the Armenian Catholic Church the Western provisions about appointment of bishops.
1868 (June 29) Aeterni Patris
("Of the Eternal Father") 		Pius IX Summons First Vatican Council.
1869 (October 12) Apostolicæ Sedis Moderationi
("To the spirit of the Apostolic See") 		Pius IX Regulates the system of censures and reservations in the Catholic Church.
1871 Pastor aeternus
("The eternal shepherd") 		Pius IX Defines papal infallibility.
1880 (July 13) Dolemus inter alia
("Among other things, we lament") 		Leo XIII Reinstates the privileges of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), nullifying the bull Dominus ac Redemptor Noster of 21 July 1773.[67]
1884 (November 1) Omnipotens Deus
("God Almighty") 		Leo XIII Accepted the authenticity of the relics at Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
1896 Apostolicae Curae
("Of the Apostolic care") 		Leo XIII Declares all Anglican Holy Orders null and void.
1910 Quam singulari
("How special") 		Pius X Allows the admittance of Communion to children who have reached the age of reason (about seven years old).
1930 Ad Christi Nomen Pius XI Created the Diocese of Vijayapuram.
1950 (November 1) Munificentissimus Deus
("The most bountiful God") 		Pius XII Defines the dogma of the Assumption of Mary.[68]
1961 (December 25) Humanae salutis
("Of human salvation") 		John XXIII Summons Second Vatican Council.
1965 (November 18) Dei Verbum
("Word of God") 		Paul VI Aims to promote the "theological virtues" of faith, hope, and love, and strongly urges Christians to study the Bible as "a pure and lasting fount of the spiritual life".[69]
1966 (25 July) Humanae Vitae
("Human life") 		Paul VI Reaffirms the teaching of the Church on married love, responsible parenthood, and the condemnation of most forms of birth control. (See also Casti Connubii.)
1998 (November 29) Incarnationis mysterium
("The mystery of the Incarnation") 		Pope John Paul II Indiction of the Great Jubilee of 2000

Also note In Coena Domini ("At the table of the Lord"), a recurrent papal bull issued annually between 1363 and 1770, at first on Holy Thursday, later on Easter Monday.

Notes

  1. ^ Ehler, Sidney Z. and John B. Morrall, Church and State Through the Centuries , (Biblo-Moser, 1988), 23.
  2. ^ Carroll, James, Constantine's sword: the church and the Jews, (Houghton Mifflin Co, 2002), 269-270.
  3. ^ Malcolm Barber; A. K. Bate (2002). The Templars: selected sources. Manchester University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 9780719051104. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  4. ^ Read, Piers Paul, The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, the Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades, (Da Capo Press, 1999), 116.
  5. ^ Burman, Edward, The Templars: Knights of God, (Traditions/Bear Company, 1986), 49.
  6. ^ Madden, Thomas F., The new concise history of the Crusades, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 52.
  7. ^ Ehler, Sidney Z., Church and State Through the Centuries, (Biblo-Moser, 1988), 50.
  8. ^ Linehan, Peter and Janet Laughland Nelson, The Medieval World, Vol.10, (Routledge, 2001), 524.
  9. ^ Thomsett, Michael C. (26 April 2010). The Inquisition: A History. McFarland. pp. 13–. ISBN 9780786444090. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  10. ^ Wakefield, Walter Leggett and Austin Patterson Evans, Heresies of the high middle ages, (Columbia University Press, 1991), 33.
  11. ^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The crusades: a history, (Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005), 137.
  12. ^ Barrell, A. D. M. "The background to Cum universi: Scoto-papal relations, 1159-1192". Innes Review. 46 (2). Edinburgh University Press: pp. 116–138. doi:10.3366/inr.1995.46.2.116. ISSN 0020-157x. Retrieved 24 December 2011. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check |issn= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  13. ^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Crusades: a history, (Continuum International Publishing, 1987), 149.
  14. ^ Morris, Colin, The Papal Monarchy: the Western church from 1050 to 1250, (Oxford University Press, 2001), 442.
  15. ^ Madden, 143.
  16. ^ Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, Vol.1, Editor Christopher Kleinhenz, (Routledge, 2004), 303.
  17. ^ Stern, Mortiz, Urkundliche Beiträge über die Stellung der Päpste zu den Juden, (H.Fiencke:Kiel, 1893), 13.
  18. ^ Levillain, Philippe, The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies, (Routledge, 2002), 734.
  19. ^ Gobry, Ivan, Saint Francis of Assisi, (Ignatius Press, 2003), 198.
  20. ^ Leff, Gordon, Heresy in the later Middle Ages, (Manchester University Press, 1967), 65.
  21. ^ Ames, Christine Caldwell, Righteous persecution: inquisition, Dominicans, and Christianity in the Middle Ages, (University of Pennsylvania, 2009), 6.
  22. ^ Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1972). Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. pp. 160–161. ISBN 9780801492891.
  23. ^ Deutsch, Gotthard; Jacobs, Joseph (1906). "The Popes". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  24. ^ Perlbach, Max, Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, (Ferds. Beyer vormals Th. Theile's buchhandlung, 1876), 41. Template:De icon
  25. ^ Jackson, p. 13
  26. ^ a b "Papal Bulls". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  27. ^ Thomsett, Michael C., The Inquisition: A History, (MacFarland & Co. Inc., 2010), 118.
  28. ^ a b Jackson, p. 88
  29. ^ Jackson, p. 90
  30. ^ Jackson, pp. 93-94
  31. ^ A History of the Crusades, Vol.3, Ed. Harry W Hazard, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 522.
  32. ^ Schaff, Philip and David Schley Schaff, History of the Christian church, Vol.1, (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1907), 523.
  33. ^ Aston, Trevor Henry; Catto, J. I., eds. (1984). The History of the University of Oxford Volume I: The Early Oxford Schools. Clarendon Press. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  34. ^ a b Peter Jackson, Mongols and the West, p. 166
  35. ^ a b Template:Cite article
  36. ^ Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Pope:The Pontiff from St.Peter to John Paul II, (HarperCollins, 2000), 218.
  37. ^ Thomsett, 118.
  38. ^ a b c d e Ryan, James D. (November 1998). "Christian wives of Mongol khans: Tartar queens and missionary expectations in Asia". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 8 (9): 411–421.
  39. ^ Robertson, James Craigie, History of the Christian church, Vol.6, (Pott, Young and Co., 1874), 317-318.
  40. ^ Chaplais, Pierre, English diplomatic practice in the Middle Ages, (Hambledon and London, 2003), 79.
  41. ^ Glasgow medical journal, Vol.64, Glasgow and West of Scotland Medical Association, Royal Medico-Chirurgical Society of Glasgow, Ed. Thomas Kirkpatrick Monro, M.D. and George Henry Edington, M.D., (Alex Macdougal, 1905), 324.
  42. ^ Jackson, p. 258
  43. ^ Barber, Malcolm, The Trial of the Templars, (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 293.
  44. ^ Barber, 293.
  45. ^ Dillon, Charles Raymond, Templar Knights and the Crusades, (iUniverse, Inc., 2005), 191.
  46. ^ Dillon, 194.
  47. ^ "Cum inter nonnullos". franciscan-archive.org. 2007. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  48. ^ "Benedictus Deus". papalencyclicals.net. 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  49. ^ Stark, Rodney, For the glory of God, (Princeton University Press, 2003), 330.
  50. ^ Graetz, H, "History of the Jews", Volume 4, (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894), 250.
  51. ^ Graetz, H, "History of the Jews", Volume 4, (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894), 253.
  52. ^ "The Papal Bull". University of Glasgow. 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  53. ^ Graetz, H, "History of the Jews", Volume 4, (Jewish Publication Society of America, 1894), 254.
  54. ^ European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, Ed. Frances Gardiner Davenport, (Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1917), 27.
  55. ^ Pérez, Joseph and Janet Lloyd, The Spanish Inquisition: A History, (Yale University Press, 2005), 19.
  56. ^ Verzijl, J. H. W., International law in historical perspective, Vol.4, (A.W. Sijthoff, 1971), 16.
  57. ^ "The Vatican". Catholic Encyclopedia. 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  58. ^ Bakker, Paul and J. M. M. H. Thijssen, Mind, cognition and representation, (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2007), 134.
  59. ^ Gouwens, Kenneth and Sheryl E. Reiss, The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture, (Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005), 363.
  60. ^ "The New Cambridge modern history, Vol II, Ed. G.R. Elton, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 257.
  61. ^ Bulman, Raymond F. and Frederick J. Parrella, From Trent to Vatican II: historical and theological investigations, (Oxford University Press, 2006), 20.
  62. ^ Butler, Alban and Michael J. Walsh, Butler's lives of the saints, (HarperCollins, 1991), 128.
  63. ^ Levillain, Philippe (2002). The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. p. 772. ISBN 0415922305.
  64. ^ Robert S. Westman, Two Cultures or One?: A Second Look at Kuhn's The Copernican Revolution, Isis, Vol. 85, No. 1, Mar., 1994, 104.
  65. ^ "Martyrs' Shrine Archives & Research Library". martyrs-shrine.com. 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  66. ^ Doyle, William, Jansenism, (MacMillan Press Ltd., 2000), 26.
  67. ^ "Catholic Church News" (PDF). The New York Times. New York: NYTC. August 27, 1886. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  68. ^ Edward T. Oakes and David Moss, The Cambridge companion to Hans Urs von Balthasar, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 65.
  69. ^ Fr. Benedict Ashley, O.P. (2011). "'Dei Verbum' and Christian Morals". Ignatius Insight. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
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