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Tulsipur State

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The Royal House of Tulsipur or Tulsipur-Dang was one of 22 principalities in the Baise Rajya confederation of the western Rapti region before the unification of Nepal, c. 1760. The Rajas of Tulsipur-Dang belonged to the Chauhan clan. From Chaughera (near Ghorahi, Dang) they ruled the Dang and Deukhuri Valleys as well as territories around Tulsipur State south of the Siwaliks, now in India.

Tulsipur kingdom was about 150 by 150 miles. It bordered Salyan Rajya (Nepal) and Pyuthan (Nepal) in the north, Balarampur Principality (India) in the south, Madi Khola (Nepal) and Arnala River (Basti, India) in the east and Bahraich (India) in the west.

During the unification of Nepal, the part in the Siwaliks and the valleys to the north were ceded to Nepal. Remaining lands became known as Tulsipur State, one of the largest Taluqs of Awadh in India. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the Tulsipur State was absorbed by the British East India Company.

Early period

Members of the House of Tulsipur claim descent from the mythological Suryavansha dynasty, which is also known as the Solar dynasty.

14th Century

24th Ruler — Raja Meghraj Singh Chauhan

Born 1325 AD. Died 1385 AD.

Raja Megraj Singh Chauhan ruled vast land in the lower Himalays including three lower valleys of Dang, Deokhuri and Rapti. He was 374th Generation of Suryabanshi King.

A deer hunting episode has been recorded in Yogi Baba Ratan Nath's Chaughera monastery which lies currently near Dang / Deokhuri in Nepal. The story narrates that King Meghraj arrow-shot a deer while hunting in his forest land (present day jungles of Nepal / India border). As the deer was struck by the arrow, it ran bleeding heavily. The King followed the trace of blood for couple of miles. At the end of the blood trail, he saw a Yogi-Baba meditating under a large tree. The blood stained arrow was in front of him and Yogi-Baba had blood mark on his ribs.

The king, realizing his mistake, immediately begged for forgiveness. The King asked the Yogi for his permission to speak. Then he humbly requested the Yogi to come to his palace so he could personally nurse the Yogi's wound and offered him 84 kind of dishes known as "Chaurasi Byanjan".

Yogi forgave the King and mentioned to him that he was Baba Ratan Nath (Grandson and/or third line from Gorakshanath). He said he was given a mission by Gorakshanath to establish a Hindu peeth in the western frontier land of Rama's Kingdom (present day Iran / Afghanistan).

In Hindu scriptures, Gorakshanath is considered to be incarnation of Shiva. King Rama himself had worshiped Shiva in many occasions during his reign and prayed to Shiva as his JagatGuru. Stories of King Rama's dedication to Shiva are found in holy book epic Ramayana. It is also found in the book of "Swastani" which is collection of stories and hymns to Shiva.

Baba Ratan Nath blessed 84 Kosh (about 150 miles) in each dual direction (east / west and north / south) as the Kingdom to be ruled by King Meghraj and his descendants. The King built a temple for Baba Ratan Nath in the northern part of his state (currently in Chaughera/Tulsipur/Dang, Nepal).

Baba Ratan Nath re-established Patan Devi Temple in Rajah Meghraj's southern part of the state (currently in Tulsipur village near Balarampur India) per Gorakhnath's wishes. Devi Patan temple is one of the most important 51 Shakti Peeths revered by Hindus in Nepal and India border. Located 70 km from Gonda and 2 km from Tulsipur village in India, this famous shrine is surrounded amidst the beauty of Himalayan tarai. It is believed that while Shiva was carrying the corpse of his wife Sati, the right shoulder of Sati had fallen here. In addition, it is believed that goddess Sita entered the earth at this place.

After blessing King Meghraj Singh Chauhan, Baba Ratan Nath is said to have moved on to his mission to the western frontier land (present day eastern Iran and Afghanistan) of Ram.

Even to this day, a large fair takes place every year during Chaitra Dashain/Panchami at Baba Ratan Nath's monastery (present day Nepal) and Patenashwori Temple (present day India). For seven (7) days Baba Ratan Nath is worshiped in his monastery. The day before Chaita Dashain, deity of Baba Ratan Nath is taken from Tulsipur/Dang Nepal to Patan Devi temple in Tulsipur India. On Chaita Dashain/Panchami, both deities are worshiped side by side.

15th Century

29th Ruler — Raja Udat Singh Chauhan

He ruled in the period of 1485 AD.

16th Century

33rd Ruler — Raja Dev Narayan Singh Chauhan

1575 AD.

17th Century

38th Ruler — Raja Ramkrishna Singh Chauhan

Oral legend says he ruled in the period of 1675 AD.

18th Century

40th Ruler — Raja Nawal Singh Chauhan

Born 1730 AD. Died 1795 AD.

King Nawal Singh Chauhan was considered the 40th chief King and Raja of the Chauhan Sinhraj clan (Source: Hamilton — British author).

King Nawal was also known as Nawab Singh by his Muslim subjects. He ruled from Caughera (present day Nepal). He has been identified by various names such as Newal / Nehal / Nawab / Nawal Sen / Singh. King Nawal's vast state borders at this time were Salyan Kingdom (Nepal) in the North, Balarampur Kingdom (India) in the South, Madi River (Maaddi Khola, Nepal) and Arnala River (Basti District, India) in the East and Bahraich (India) in the West.

In 1760-1763 AD, while King Nawal Singh Chauhan was away at the southern palace during winter months time, his northern land Tulsipur-Dang-Chilli-Phalabang was annexed by the Gorkhali king, Prithvi Narayan Shah. The land including Dang, Chhilli and Phalabang were given as a dowry in the marriage of Prithvi Narayan Shah's daughter to Ranabhim Shah in 1767 AD (Source: Tamrapatra 1804 Vikram Sambat, Nepali Itihas). Prithvi Narayan Shah did this as a reward to King of Salyan for helping or staying neutral during the war against Rajah of Tulsipur.

Unhappy that Prithvi Narayan Shah had attacked his land while he was away in the southern part of his country; he went to sporadic wars lasting over two decades against the Gorkhali King and Salyani Raja. During these years King Prithvi Narayan died in 1775 AD in Kathmandu and his son Singha Pratap died in 1777 AD in Kathmandu as well. Rajah Nawal Singh continued to wage sporadic wars which lasted for many years (about 25 years to be precise) but he was eventually defeated.

Finally in 1786 AD during Regent Bahadur Shah and King Rana Bahadur Shah's time, all of his land in the Nepali Territories were ceded to Kingdom of Nepal. Consequently, Raja Nawal Singh Chauhan was forced to move to southern part of his land near Balarampur (currently in India). He ruled from his southern palace as Rajah of Tulsipur (one of the largest Taluqs of Oudh) hence forth.

Historians have noted that Tulsipur Rajya in the Nepali Territories were known by various names such as Tulsipur-Dang Rajya or Dang-Tulsipur Rajya or simply Dang Rajya. The correct history is that the kingdom was known as Tulsipur Rajya — one of 22 Principality until the war of 1760-1763 AD. After the defeat of Rajah Nawal Singh Chauhan by Gorkhali Rajah, the land of Dang-Chilli-Phalabang were divided and ruled by various Rajahs paying tribute to Rajah of Salyan. Rajah of Tulsipur continued his claim to these lands. This all ended after the final unification to Nepal in 1786 AD.


In the late 1700s, British author Hamilton noted that among the most powerful taluqdars of Oudh were the Rajas of Tulsipur, Baiswara, Balarampur, Momudahbad, Nanparah and Tiloi. Each of these taluqdars had elaborate forts with guns.

Raja Nawal Singh Chauhan was the last recognised Raja of Tulsipur-Dang Principality as his northern territories were ceded to Nepal in 1786 AD. He continued thereafter his ancestral rule of southern territories in Oudh that formed one of the largest taluks in India and were known as Tulsipur State

19th Century

41st Ruler — Raja Dalel Singh

Chauhan Raja Dalel Singh was born in 1750 AD. He died in 1820 AD.

42nd Ruler — Raja Dan Bahadur Singh

Born 1775 AD. Died 1845 AD.

Chauhan Raja Dan Bahadur Singh was a powerful King. In 1822 AD, he went to war and killed Kanslir Shah (Rajah of Salidna or Saliana). He was fiercely known for his ability to put together a force of 25,000 fighters in a day's notice. During his life, it is said that he fought over fifty-two battles. (Source: Full text of Gazette).

Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of India, visited the Chauhan king in 1828 AD. They went for hunting trips shooting tigers, rhinos and elephants and bonded well with each other. Pleased, the British Governor with Nawab of Oudh, increased the Rajah's purse and recognized Tulsipur as an independent state.

According to some Nepali historians, around 1827 AD, the King of Nepal ordered Raja of Phalawang and Salyan, Tej Bahadur Shah to expand Nepali territories into plains of India by negotiating with Nawab of Oudh. This did not succeed as the Chauhan Raja of Tulsipur was able to push back Raja Tej Bahadur to the original hilly territories of Tulsipur. It is also evident from the fact that the entire Southern Tarai Territories of Tulsipur was receiving purse and paying tax to British East India Company until the 1857 rebellion.

Raja of Tulsipur fought sporadic wars over territories with Raja of Balarampur Digbijay Singh around 1839 AD which lasted for some time without any decisive results (Source: Gazeneer of the province of Oudh).

British historians have noted that there is suspicion King Dan Bahadur Singh was poisoned by his son Rajah Drigraj Singh who wanted to become King sooner.

43rd Ruler — Raja Drigraj Singh

Born 1795 AD. Died 1855 AD.

Raja Drigraj Singh was weak and old by the time he became King. It is an interesting observation from historical perspective that Chauhan Raja Drigraj himself was banished to Balarampur in 1850 AD by his son Raja Drig Narayan Singh. There is suspicion that Raja Drigraj Singh was poisoned by his son, Raja Drig Narayan in 1855 AD while imprisoned (nazarband) in Balarampur.

44th Ruler — Raja Drig Narayan Singh

394th Generation of Suryabanshi King. Born 1825 AD. Died around 1859 AD.

Raja Chauhan Drig Narayan Singh was a rebel from early on. He resisted paying tax to the British in 1855 AD. In the meantime Sepoy Mutiny - First War of Independence broke out. British East India Company considered King Drig Narayan a barrier to the British expansion plan. British force from Delhi was sent to capture the King. He was imprisoned, "nazarband" and kept in Lukhnow Fort called "The Residence". This palace was built by Nawab Asif-ud-Daula in the year 1775 AD.

At the time of Mutiny in August 1857, the political prisoners in the fort were King Wajid Ali Shah's brother Mustafa Ali Khan, Mughal Princes Mirza Mohammad Shikoh and Mohammad Humayun Khan, Nawab Rukn-ud-Daula and the "Raja of Tulsipur" Chauhan Drig Narayan Singh.

His consort, Rani of Tulsipur Ishwar Kumari Devi was Joint Leader of the War of Independence during 1857-1858 AD. The Rani was considered a heroine during the freedom fight. While Rajah Drig Narayan Singh was a prisoner in Lucknow fort, Rani of Tulsipur was siding actively with the freedom forces in Bahraich to free her husband and her country from the British. Her contributions to the cause of freedom were remarkable. She had collected a large force to assist the freedom forces and strengthen her own position. Raja Riasat Ali Khan of Utraula had also joined the freedom forces at Gorakhpur under Mohammad Hasan who once was the nazim of Gonda-Bahraich.

End of Tulsipur Principality

The Rani of Tulsipur, Ishwar Kumari Devi, the Raja of Gonda, Devi Baksh and Bala Rao never surrendered. Bala-Rao later died in the malaria-infested jungles of Nepal. British crushed the 1857 Mutiny uprising with the help of Maharaja Jung Bahadur Rana of Nepal. The freedom fighters' principalities were confiscated in April 10, 1859 AD when they refused amnesty. State of Tulsipur was bestowed to the Raja of Balrampur who sided with the British throughout the revolt.

Raja of Gonda Devi Baksh Singh, Raja of Peshwa Nana Saheb and Rani of Awadh Begam Hazrat Mahal escaped to Nepal territories.

The last Rajah of Tulsipur, Chauhan Drig Narayan Singh, a political prisoner of the British East India Company, died as a Martyr during the First War of Independence in 1859.

The bloodstained, enraged Rani of Tulsipur, who refused to give up without a fight, escaped capture by the British only to die in 1865 AD of exposure or disease in the wilds of southern Nepal, a fate she may have preferred to slavery.

Thus ended the rule of the Hill Chauhans, the sovereignty of their Tulsipur Kingdom and a dynasty that had lasted for 1100 Years.

File:Hospital at The Residency 1858 AD.jpg
Exact Location - Hospital Wing of The Residency - where Raja Drig Narayan Singh was kept as a Political Prisoner 1858 AD.

45th Chauhan — Tirtharam Singh

Born 1845 AD. Died 1867 AD.

Tirtha Ram Singh was on the run with his mother, Rani of Tulsipur Ishwori Kumari Devi, during and after 1857 Mutiny. He had personally taken his son Har Dayal Singh when he was two years old to Banaras for his son's safety. It is likely that he died around Nepal India border not too long after his mother's death in the Jungles of Nepal and India.

The major difficulty in finding written accounts of Chauhan Tirtha Ram Singh stems from the fact that little is available since most of the people who formed the core elements of the rebels or freedom fighters were either hanged or blown off the mouths of guns or destroyed in the Terai Jungle by disease and hard-life.

Various English and Indian writers on the subject of 1857 Mutiny have stated that all those who were left after were either living in different parts British India or had run off to Nepali territories and thus rendered unable to state anything based on truth because of fear of life or forfeiture of liberty.

Some were so overwhelmed by disgust and grief that they thought it pointless to leave anything for posterity. Some who managed to save their life by escaping were so much pressed by privation and misery that they died premature deaths or forever lived in silence and were unable to leave for the future generations anything which may have been historically useful.

File:Aftermath Mutiny 1859 Hangings.jpg
Mass hangings of freedom fighters.
Freedom fighters being blown from artillery guns.
File:Aftermath Mutiny 1860 Escape.jpg
Mutiny aftermath - many disappeared in silence forever.

20th Century

46th Chauhan — Sardar Har Dayal Singh

Born 1865 AD. Died 1925 AD.

Sardar" Hardayal Singh - House of Tulsipur.

Rani of Tulsipur Ishwori Kumari Devi had her grand children hidden in different parts of northern India and southern Nepal while she herself was on the run from the British forces. She had rejected amnesty from the British and waged war continuously. British considered her and her descendants real and a viable threat to the expansion plan of the British Empire in India.

One of her grand child Hardayal Singh (son of Chauhan Tirtharam Singh), at the age of two, was taken to Benaras by his father and was raised there by the supporters of Raja Drig Naryan Singh. The supporters were told to hide the identity of all the grand children including Hardayal Singh for the fear of the British due to their family's involvement in 1857 AD Mutiny and the War of Independence.

Hardayal Singh studied Pharasi and secured Sashtri degree in Benares / Allahbad. Pharsi language was used as the official corresponding language between various countries in the sub-continent of India during this time. Nepal's Prime Minister Maharaja Bir Shumshere brought Hardayal Singh to KTM in 1886 AD due to Hardayal's expertise in Pharasi language.

He joined Muhshi-Khana and Takshar as an officer. During Prime Minister Maharaja Sir Chandra Shumshere Rana's time, he rose to become Sardar of Munsi-Khana and Takshar. Today's Foreign Ministry and Finance Ministry in Nepal was known as Munshi-Khana and Takshar during the Rana rule. Prime Minister Chandra Shumshere affectionately awarded title of "Khalifa" meaning "The One Who Knows" to “Sardar” Har Dayal Singh.

In addition, "Khalifa" Sardar Hardayal and his descendants were granted "Teen Khun Maff" (Three Offenses Not-Punishable). Maharajdhiraj of Nepal had "Sab Khun Maff" (Unlimited Offenses Not-Punishable) and the roll-in-line ruling Ranas had "Sat Khun Maff" (Seven Offenses Not-Punishable) as per the rule at that time.

The "Khalifa" was considered one of the closest core advisors to the Prime Minister. He expected to be promoted to "Bada Kazi" by Chandra Shumshere, but the Rana gave that promotion to much junior Sardar from Rajbhandari clan. When Sardar Hardayal was breathing his last in the Aryaghat (Pashupati Temple), Chandra Shamshere himself came to Aryaghat. It was an unusual act at the time for Shree-Teen Prime Minister himself to visit any dying nobleman at Pashupathi Ghat.

Chandra Shamshere in the Aryaghat had asked if there was anything that he could do for his "Khalifa". Sardar Hardayal Singh has been reported to have said nothing and had asked for nothing in response. The "Khalifa" had felt that he had rightly earned the title of "Bada-Kazi" and was very unhappy that this injustice fell upon him during his sunset days. It was reported that Chandra Shumshere did not want to bestow power-of-position of Bada-Kazi to Sardar Hardayal because he hailed from Thakuri Rajputana clan.

When asked by later generations why large land of "Birta or Mauja" was not asked for or acquired, his son Sardar Jwala Singh said that his father subscribed to "Suti khanu bhanda gari khanu bes. Magi khanu bhanda mori janu bes" philosophy. In English it would translate to "Work hard instead of doing nothing, but let death come before you have to beg for a living".

Sardar Hardayal Singh was married to "Raj-Kanya" of Musikot - one of the 24 Principalities of Nepal (Chaubise Rajya).

They had 5 (Five) sons as follows:

  • "Gadhi Ko Hakim" Thakuri Bijay Singh
  • "Pahalwan Saheb" Thakuri Lakshman Singh
  • Consul General, Judge, “Sardar” Jwala Singh - see below the 47th Chauhan
  • "Taksar Ko Hakim" Thakuri Karna Singh
  • "Jaleshwor Mal Ko Hakim" Thakuri Sittal Singh

47th Chauhan — Sardar Jwala Singh

Born 1890 AD. Died 1963 AD.

File:Wiki 47thChauhan SirdarJwalaSingh HouseOfTulsipur (819x460).jpg
Sardar Jwala Singh - House of Tulsipur.

Jwala Singh earned Bachelor’s degree in English and Law from Calcutta University. He rose to the rank of Sardar of Munsi-Khana. Later on, he served as Consul-General to Tibet. He also served as Judge in Joodha Shumshere’s court as well. He is credited as the first author of Nepali-English Grammar course book. "Jwala-Singh-Grammar" was widely used in higher secondary education in Kathmandu Valley.

There is an interesting story about Sardar Jwala Singh while he was a student in Calcutta. During this time (around 1908 AD), either the ruling Rana Prime-Minister himself or a future-would-be Prime Minister in the roll was in Calcutta for a visit. All the Nepalis were chanting "Jai Maharaj, Jai Maharaj". He reportedly had remarked "I condone it" to this behaviour. “Sardar” Jwala Singh had felt a need for change at an early age.

There is another documented fact about him while he was serving as Consulate General in Tibet. Then, would be future Prime Minister, Pudma Shumshere had asked for Tibetan horses. “Sardar” Jwala Singh, an honest administrator, sent the Tibetan horses and the price description as information only to Pudma Shumshre. The Rana took this as an insult. Reportedly the Rana had fumed “Tyo-Tyo Thakuri ko etro himmat” (how dare that lousy Thakuri !!).

Later when Pudma Shumshere became Prime Minister, as an act of revenge or dissatisfaction, he relieved “Sardar” Jwala Singh prematurely during the annual "Pajani". As a sole earner, the loss of prestigious income severely impacted the Sardar and his ability to support his expanding family. This single incident later seems to have harshly affected "Sardar, Judge and Consul-General" Jwala Singh's ability to give the highest education to his younger children and grand children.

During Sardar Jwala Singh's time, Zarowar or Jabodar Singh Chauhan from India / Nepal border (one of the grand children of Rani of Tulsipur) had inquired about his half-cousin uncle Har Dayal Singh, whom he had heard had gone to Nepal. This inquiry was reported by several descendants of Sardar Har Dayal Singh when they visited India during several occasions.

Sardar Jwala Singh had 5 (five) sons:

  • "Makwanpur Mal Ko Haakim" Dilip Singh - see below the 48th Chauhan.
  • "Babusaheb" Thakuri Mohan Singh
  • "Babusaheb" Thakuri Devi Singh
  • "Babusaheb" Thakuri Tara Singh
  • "Babusaheb" Thakuri Manohar Singh

Note: The term Babusaheb or Bausab or Raja were used interchangeably to denote the same respect and title to the descendants of Sardar Hardayal Singh.

48th Chauhan - "Gadhi Ko Haakim" Dilip Singh

Born 1905 AD — Died 1975)

Dilip Singh was "Makwanpur Gadhi Ko Hakim". He was married to Bhuwaneshwori Devi Jyu Thakur. She was Pahari Rajput lady from a ruling Thakuri clan in Nuwakot. She was the only sister (elder) of Ram Jung Jyu Thakur (Vakil in Kathmandu Adalat).

She is the only daughter of Khamba Bir Jung Jyu Thakur and Jayat Kumari Devi Singh (Rajkanya of Musikot). She is grand-daughter of Shakta Bir Jyu Thakur. She is great-grand-daughter of Juddha Bir Jyu Thakur. "Senapati" (Military Commander) Juddha Bir Jyu Thakur fought and died in Kuti during the Nepal-Tibet war. She is great-great-grand-daughter of Maha Bir Jyu Thakur. She is great-great-great-grand-daughter of Kali Bir Jyu Thakur.

They had 4 (four) sons and 4 (four) daughters:

  • "Engineer Bausab" Thakuri Shanta Singh
  • "Mailo Bausab" Thakuri Prachanda Singh - see below the 49th Chauhan.
  • "Sahila Bausab" Thakuri Vivek Singh
  • "Kanchha Bausab" Thakuri Binayak Singh
  • "MaileeMaisab" Shanta Shaha — Married to Lt.Col Devendra Bahadur Shaha
  • "SahileeMaisab" Meena Thapa — Married to Laxman Bahadur Thapa
  • "KanchhiMaisab" Usha Hamal — Married to Principal Kishna Raj Hamal
  • "SaniMaisab" Uma Hamal — Married to Lt.Col Bhola Birkram Hamal

References

  1. Benett, William Charles (1878). Gazeteer of the Province of Oudh. Allahabad: Northwestern Provinces and Oudh Government Press.
  2. Badley, B.H. (1884). Tulsipur Fair: Glimpses of Missionary Life and Work in India. London: Religious Tract Society in London.
  3. Hunter, William Wilson (1908). The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Oxford: Clarendon.
  4. Full Text of Gazette. New York: Columbia University.
  5. Mukherjee, Rudrangshu. Awadh in Revolt, 1857-1858: A Study of Popular Resistance.
  6. Choudhary, Jyoti Jha. Swantantrata Sangram ki Krantikari Mahilayen. UK.
  7. Amin, Agha H. (May 1998). Reflections on Commencement of Writing of Sepoy Mutiny of 1857-59.
  8. Bouillier, Veronique. The Nepalese State and Goraknath Yogis.
  9. The Calcutta review, Volume 74
  10. India, Challenge and Response: Unity in Variety, 1906-1994 Volume 3 By Bimal C. Ray
  11. Society, Polity & Economy By Dipti Kumar Biswas 1979 AD
  12. The Indian War of Independence 1857 By Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
  13. Singh, Surya Narain (2003). The kingdom of Awadh. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
  14. Jackson Laufer, Guida Myrl. Women Rulers Through the Ages: An Illustrated Guide.
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  17. Mittal, J.P. History of Ancient India: From 7300 BC to 4250 BC. Vol. Volume I. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  18. Mittal, J.P. History of Ancient India: From 4250 BC to 637 AD. Vol. Volume II. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  19. Life of Maharaja Sir Jung Bahadur of Nepal By Maharajkumar Gen. Padma Jung 1909 AD
  20. Jang Bahadur in Europe: The first South Asian Mission to the West by John Whelpton 1983 AD
  21. History of Gonda http://gonda.nic.in/history.htm
  22. Nationalisation of the Indian army, 1885-1947 By Gautam Sharma
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  24. Hours of Glory: famous battles of the Indian army, 1801–1971
  25. The Windsor magazine, Year 1916 Volume 43
  26. The Indian corps in France By John Walter Beresford Merewether, Frederick Edwin Smith Birkenhead (Earl of)
  27. Subedar to Field Marshal By Pratap Narain, Manas Publications 1999
  28. Leadership in the Indian army: biographies of twelve soldiers By V. K. Singh
  29. The Life and Times of Maharaja Juddha Shumsher By Ishwari Prasad
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