Human rights in North Korea
Human rights in North Korea are heavily restricted. Freedom of speech is forbidden, and the only radio, television, and news organizations that are deemed legal are those operated by the government.[1][2] It is estimated that between 150,000 and 200,000 political prisoners are detained in concentration camps, where they perform slave labour and face torture and execution.[3]
It is difficult to assess the full extent of human rights abuse in North Korea. The North Korean government makes it very difficult for foreigners to enter the country and strictly monitors their activities when they do. Aid workers are subject to considerable scrutiny and excluded from places and regions the government does not wish them to enter. Since citizens cannot freely leave the country,[4][5] it is mainly from stories of refugees and defectors that the nation's human rights record has been constructed. The government's position, expressed through the Korean Central News Agency, is that North Korea has no human rights issue, because its socialist system was chosen by the people and serves them faithfully.[6][7]
North Korea's human rights record has been widely condemned, including by Amnesty International and the United Nations, which passed a General Assembly resolution in 2008.[8]
Civil liberties
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has officially acknowledged the widespread human rights violations that regularly occur in North Korea. The following section is a direct quote from the United Nation's Human Rights Resolution 2005/11 referring specifically to occurrences in North Korea:
Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, public executions, extra judicial and arbitrary detention, the absence of due process and the rule of law, imposition of the death penalty for political reasons, the existence of a large number of prison camps and the extensive use of forced labour;
Sanctions on citizens of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea who have been repatriated from abroad, such as treating their departure as treason leading to punishments of internment, torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or the death penalty;
All-pervasive and severe restrictions on the freedoms of thought, conscience, religion, opinion and expression, peaceful assembly and association and on access of everyone to information, and limitations imposed on every person who wishes to move freely within the country and travel abroad;
Continued violation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of women, in particular the trafficking of women for prostitution or forced marriage, ethnically motivated forced abortions, including by labour inducing injection or natural delivery, as well as infanticide of children of repatriated mothers, including in police detention centres and labour training camps.[9]
Freedom of expression
The North Korean constitution has clauses guaranteeing the freedoms of speech and assembly.[10] In practice other clauses take precedence, including the requirement that citizens follow a socialist way of life. Criticism of the government and its leaders is strictly curtailed and making such statements can be cause for arrest and consignment to one of North Korea's "re-education" camps. The government distributes all radio and television sets; citizens are forbidden to alter them to make it possible to receive broadcasts from other nations, and doing so carries draconian penalties.
There are numerous civic organizations but all of them appear to be operated by the government. All routinely praise the government and perpetuate the personality cults of the deceased Kim Jong-il and his father Kim Il-sung. Defectors indicate that the promotion of the cult of personality is one of the primary functions of almost all films, plays, and books produced within the country.
Freedom of religion
From 1949 to 1952 under the rule of Kim Il-sung all churches were destroyed,[11] [12] most priests and monks were executed or died in North Korean prison camps.[13] The martyrdom of the Benedictine monks of Tokwon abbey is documented exemplarily,[14] as the process of beatification was initiated for them.[15] Since that time there are no recognized priests and no Christian communities in North Korea.[16] Only 60 out of 400 Buddhist temples have survived the religious persecution in the 1950’s. The 1,600 monks were killed, disappeared in prison camps or were forced to recant their faith.[17] The remaining temples are now preserved as national cultural heritage. North Korean defectors reported that government-employed “monks” are serving as caretakers and tourist guides, but they did not see genuine worship.[18] As reported most Buddhists are afraid to openly practice their religion in the temple areas and practice their religion only in secret.[18] However at special occasions ceremonies were permitted by the authorities.[19]
The North Korean government estimated the numbers of religious believers in 2002 as 12,000 Protestants, 10,000 Buddhists, and 800 Catholics, while estimates by South Korean and international church-related groups were considerably higher. In addition the Chondoist Chongu party, a government-approved traditional religious movement, had approximately 15,000 practitioners.[20] Since 1988 four churches (buildings) were erected in Pyongyang with foreign donations[21] to give the impression of religious freedom, but are actually mainly demonstrated to foreign visitors.[22] The DPRK constitution protects religious freedom, as long as it is not used to harm the state or the social order.[23] However, in practice there is no genuine religious freedom[24] and the government severely restricts religious activity except if it is supervised by government organizations.[25] Christians in North Korea can practice their faith only in secret and in constant fear of discovery and punishment.[26]
According to human rights organizations North Korea is among the countries where persecution of Christians is the worst.[27] There are numerous reports about people sent to prison camps[28] and subjected to torture and inhuman treatment because of their faith.[29] It is estimated that 50,000 – 70,000 Christians are held in North Korean prison camps.[30] There are even reports on public executions of Christians,[31] [32]e. g. the Christian Ri Hyon-ok was publicly executed in Ryongchon on June 16, 2009 for giving out bibles, while her husband and children were deported to Haengyong political prison camp.[33] If it is discovered that North Korean refugees deported from China have converted to Christianity, they suffer harsher ill-treatment, torture and prolonged imprisonment.[34] The government considers religious activities as political crimes,[35] as this could challenge the personality cult and semi-deification of Kim Il-sung and his family.[36]
Freedom of movement
North Korean citizens usually cannot freely travel around the country, much less travel abroad.[4][5] Only the political elite may own or lease vehicles, and the government limits access to fuel and other forms of transportation due to frequent shortages of gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil, coal and other fossil fuels (satellite photos of North Korea show an almost complete absence of vehicles on all of its roads throughout the country, even in its cities). Forced resettlement of citizens and whole families, especially as punishment for political reasons, is said to be routine.[37]
North Korean refugees who flee to China are often later forcibly repatriated back to North Korea by Chinese authorities, and are routinely beaten and sent to prison camps.[38] This is because the North Korean government treats emigrants from the country as defectors.[38] This treatment is more severe in cases where North Korean refugees have come into contact with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that are associated with South Korea or with religions, especially Christianity.[38] In cases where the North Korean government discovers that contact has occurred between refugees and these NGOs, the punishments for these refugees are torture and execution upon their repatriation back to North Korea.[38]
Only the most loyal, politically reliable, and healthiest citizens are allowed to live in Pyongyang. Those who are suspected of sedition, or who have family members suspected of it, are expelled from the city; similar conditions affect those who are physically or mentally disabled in some way (the only exception being People's Army Korean War veterans with injuries relating to the conflict). This can be a significant method of coercion since food and housing are said to be much better in the capital city than elsewhere in the country.
Freedom of the press
North Korea is currently ranked second to last (ahead of Eritrea) on the World Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders.[39] The constitution of North Korea provides for freedom of the press, but in practice all media is strictly controlled by the government. The national media is focused almost entirely on political propaganda and the promotion of the personality cults surrounding Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il.[40] It emphasizes historical grievances towards the United States and Japan. According to the North Korean government's account of history, the country was the victim of aggression during the Korean War by the United States, while historians from the West say that it was North Korea that started the war.[41]
Reporters Without Borders claims that radio or television sets which can be bought in North Korea are pre-set to receive only the government frequencies and sealed with a label to prevent tampering with the equipment. It is a serious criminal offense to manipulate the sets and receive radio or television broadcasts from outside North Korea. In a party campaign in 2003 the head of each party cell in neighbourhoods and villages received instructions to verify the seals on all radio sets.[39]
As North and South Korea use different television systems (PAL and NTSC respectively), it is not possible to view broadcasts across the border between the two countries; however, in areas bordering China, it has reportedly been possible to receive television from that country. A North Korean envoy for the United Nations reported that any North Korean citizen caught watching a South Korean film may result in that person being sent to a labor camp.[42]
Minority rights
North Korea's population is one of the world's most ethnically homogeneous and today immigration is almost non-existent. Among the few immigrants that have willingly gone to North Korea are Japanese spouses (generally wives) of Koreans who returned from Japan from 1955 to the early 1980s. These Japanese have been forced to assimilate and for the most part, the returnees overall are reported to have not been fully accepted into North Korean society (with a few exceptions, such as those who became part of the government) and instead ended up on the fringes, including concentration camps mentioned below. Foreigners who visit the country are generally strictly monitored by government minders[43] and are forbidden to enter certain locations.[44]
Disabled rights
On March 22, 2006, the Associated Press reported from South Korea that a North Korean doctor who defected, Ri Kwang-chol, has claimed that babies born with physical defects are rapidly put to death and buried.[45] A United Nations report also mentions how disabled people are allegedly "rounded up" and sent to "special camps."[46] People diagnosed with autism and other related disorders are often persecuted.[46]
Forced prostitution
A group called "A Woman's Voice International" alleged that the state forcibly drafts girls as young as 14 years to work in the so-called kippŭmjo that includes prostitution teams. The source used is unclear as to whether only adult kippŭmjo are assigned to prostitution or whether there is prostitution of children – other kippŭmjo activities are massaging and cabaret dancing. Claims were made that there are orders "to marry guards of Kim Jong-il or national heroes" when they are 25 years old.[47]
Criminal justice
Public executions
The DPRK resumed public executions in October 2007 after they had declined in the years following 2000 amidst international criticism. Prominent executed criminals include officials convicted of drug trafficking and embezzlement. Common criminals convicted of crimes such as murder, robbery, rape, etc. have also been reported to be executed, mostly by firing squad. The DPRK does not publicly release national crime statistics or reports on the levels of crimes.[citation needed]
In October 2007, a South Pyongan province factory chief convicted of making international phone calls from 13 phones he installed in his factory basement was executed by firing squad in front of a crowd of 150,000 people in a stadium.[citation needed] In another instance, 15 people were publicly executed for crossing into China.[48]
Reports from the aid agency "Good Friends" also said that six were killed in the crush as spectators left.
A U.N. General Assembly committee has adopted a draft resolution, co-sponsored by more than 50 countries, expressing "very serious concern" at reports of widespread human rights violations in North Korea, including public executions. The DPRK has condemned the draft, saying it was inaccurate and biased, but it was still sent to the then 192-member General Assembly for a final vote.[49]
In 2011, two people were executed in front of 500 spectators for handling propaganda leaflets floated across the border from South Korea, apparently as part of a campaign by former North Korean leader Kim Jong-Il to tighten ideological control as he groomed his youngest son as the eventual successor.[50]
The prison system
According to many organizations, the conditions in North Korean prisons are harsh and life threatening.[51] Prisoners are subject to torture and inhumane treatment.[52] Public and secret executions of prisoners, even children, especially in cases of escape attempts;[53] infanticides (forced abortions and baby killings upon birth[54]) also often occur. The mortality rate is very high, because many prisoners die of starvation,[55] illnesses,[56] work accidents or torture.
The DPRK government flatly denies all allegations of human rights violations in prison camps, claiming that this is prohibited by criminal procedure law,[57] but former prisoners testify that there are completely different rules in the prison camps.[58] The DPRK government failed to provide any information on prisoners or prison camps or to allow access to any human rights organization.[59]
Lee Soon-ok gave detailed testimony on her treatment in the North Korean prison system to the United States House of Representatives in 2002. In her statement she said, "I testify that most of the 6,000 prisoners who were there when I arrived in 1987 had quietly perished under the harsh prison conditions by the time I was released in 1992."[60] Many other former prisoners, including Kang Chol-hwan and Shin Dong-hyuk, gave detailed and consistent testimonies on the human rights crimes in North Korean prison camps.
According to the testimony of former camp guard Ahn Myong Chol of Camp 22, the guards are trained to treat the detainees as sub-human, and he gave an account of children in one of the camps who were fighting over who got to eat a kernel of corn retrieved from cow dung.[61]
The North Korean prison camp facilities can be distinguished into large internment camps for political prisoners (Kwan-li-so in Korean) and reeducation prison camps (Kyo-hwa-so in Korean).[62]
Internment camps for political prisoners
The internment camps for people accused of political offences or denounced as politically unreliable are run by the state security department. Political prisoners are subject to guilt by association punishment. They are deported with parents, children and siblings, sometimes even grandparents or grandchildren without any lawsuit or conviction and are detained for the rest of their lives.[63]
The internment camps are located in central and northeastern North Korea. They comprise many prison labour colonies in secluded mountain valleys, completely isolated from the outside world. The total number of prisoners is estimated to be 150,000 to 200,000.[3] Yodok camp and Bukchang camp are separated into two sections: One section for political prisoners in lifelong detention, another part similar to re-education camps with prisoners sentenced to long-term imprisonment with the vague hope of eventual release.
The prisoners are forced to perform hard and dangerous slave work with primitive means in mining and agriculture. The food rations are very small, so that the prisoners are constantly on the brink of starvation. In combination with the hard work this leads to huge numbers of prisoners dying. An estimated 40% of prisoners die from malnutrition.[64] Moreover many prisoners are crippled from work accidents, frostbite or torture. There is a rigid punishment in the camp. Prisoners that work too slow or do not obey an order are beaten or tortured.[65] In case of stealing food or attempting to escape, the prisoners are publicly executed.
Initially there were around twelve political prison camps, but some were merged or closed (e. g. Onsong prison camp, Kwan-li-so No. 12, following a defeated riot with around 5000 dead people in 1987[66]). Today there are six political prison camps in North Korea (size determined from satellite images,[67] number of prisoners estimated by former prisoners[68]). Most of the camps are documented in testimonies of former prisoners and for all of them coordinates and satellite images are available.
Political Prison Camp | Official Name | Size | Prisoners |
Kaechon Political Prison Camp | Kwan-li-so No. 14 | 155 km² (60 mi²) | 15,000 |
Yodok Political Prison Camp | Kwan-li-so No. 15 | 378 km² (146 mi²) | 46,500 |
Hwasong Political Prison Camp | Kwan-li-so No. 16 | 549 km² (212 mi²) | 10,000 |
Bukchang Political Prison Camp | Kwan-li-so No. 18 | 73 km² (28 mi²) | 50,000 |
Haengyong Political Prison Camp | Kwan-li-so No. 22 | 225 km² (87 mi²) | 50,000 |
Chongjin Political Prison Camp | Kwan-li-so No. 25 | 0,25 km² (0,1 mi²) | 3,000+ |
The South Korean journalist Kang Chol-hwan is a former prisoner of Yodok Political Prison Camp and has written a book, The Aquariums of Pyongyang, about his time in the camp.[69] The South Korean human rights activist Shin Dong-hyuk is the only person known to have escaped from Kaechon Political Prison Camp and gave an account of his time in the camp.[70]
Reeducation camps
The reeducation camps for criminals are run by the interior ministry. There is a fluent passage between common crimes and political crimes, as people who get on the bad side of influential partisans are often denounced on false accusations. They are then forced into false confessions with brutal torture in detention centers (Lee Soon-ok for example had to kneel down whilst being showered with water at icy temperatures with other prisoners, of which six did not survive[71]) and are then condemned in a brief show trial to a long-term prison sentence. In North Korea political crimes are greatly varied, from border crossing to any disturbance of the political order, and are rigorously punished.[72] Due to the dire prison conditions with hunger and torture,[73] a large percentage of prisoners do not survive their sentence term.
The reeducation camps are large prison building complexes surrounded by high walls. The situation of prisoners is quite similar to that in the political prison camps. They have to perform slave work in prison factories and in case they do not meet the work quota, they are tortured and (at least in Kaechon camp) confined for many days to special prison cells, too small to stand up or lie full-length in.[60] In distinction from the internment camps for political prisoners, the reeducation camp prisoners are instructed ideologically after work and are forced to memorize speeches of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il and have to undergo self-criticism rites. Many prison inmates are guilty of common crimes penalized also in other countries, but often they were committed out of economic necessity, e. g. illegal border crossing, stealing food or illegal trading.[74]
There are around 15 – 20 reeducation camps in North Korea.[75]
Two camps are documented with coordinates, satellite images and testimonies of former prisoners.
Reeducation Camp | Official Name | Size | Prisoners |
Kaechon Reeducation Camp | Kyo-hwa-so No. 1 | 300 x 300 m (900 x 900 ft) | 6000 |
Chongori Reeducation Camp | Kyo-hwa-so No. 12 | 150 x 350 m (450 x 1050 ft) | 2000 |
Other camps are documented with short testimonies of former prisoners.[76]
- Kyo-hwa-so No. 3 Sinuiju (ca. 2,500 prisoners) in North Pyongan
- Kyo-hwa-so No. 4 Kangdong (ca. 7,000 prisoners) in South Pyongan
- Kyo-hwa-so No. 8 Yongdam (ca. 3,000 prisoners) in Kangwon
- Kyo-hwa-so No. 11 Chungsan (ca. 3,300 prisoners) in South Pyongan[77]
- Kyo-hwa-so No. 15 Hamhung (ca. 500 prisoners) in South Hamgyong
- Kyo-hwa-so No. 22 Oro (ca. 1,000 prisoners) in South Hamgyong
- Kyo-hwa-so No. 77 Danchon (ca. 6,000 prisoners) in South Hamgyong
- Kyo-hwa-so Hoeryong (ca. 1,500 prisoners) in North Hamgyong
Further camps are mentioned to be in Taehŭng and Sŭnghori (already closed).
The South Korean human rights activist Lee Soon-ok has written a book (Eyes of the Tailless Animals: Prison Memoirs of a North Korean Woman) about her time in the camp and testified before the US Senate.[78]
Propaganda and cult of personality
Songbun
All North Koreans are sorted into groups according to their Songbun, an ascribed status system, used to determine political and economic standing in society. Based on social, and economic background for three generations as well as behavior by relatives within that range, Songbun is used to determine whether an individual is trusted with responsibility, given opportunities,[79] or even receives adequate food.[80]
Economy
Famine and the food distribution system
The state-controlled economy of North Korea, including the food sector, has suffered from severe mismanagement in recent decades. North Korea also experienced severe floods in the mid-1990s, exacerbated by poor land management. A serious famine followed, resulting in the death of around 2,000,000 people.[81][82][83][84]
By 1999, food aid and development aid from other countries had reduced the rate of famine deaths. In the spring of 2005, the World Food Program reported that famine conditions were in imminent danger of returning to North Korea, and the government was reported to have ordered millions of city-dwellers to the countryside to perform farm labour.[85] In 2005, the agricultural situation showed signs of improvement, rising 5.3% to 4.54 million tons; this was largely the result of increased donations of fertilizers from South Korea. However, the World Food Program stated that this was short of the estimated 6 million tons necessary to adequately feed the population. Nevertheless, North Korea called for food aid to cease, and shipments of food to the country ended on December 31 of that year.[86] In the same period, news sources reported that North Korea continued to raise food prices while reducing food rations.[87]
The U.S. State Department claims that North Korea's society is highly stratified by class, according to a citizen's family and political background.[37]
Before the cessation of food shipments at the end of 2005, the World Food Program sought $200 million in emergency food aid for North Korea, an increase from its 2004 request of $171 million.[88] By comparison, its 2002 defense budget was $5,200 million according to the CIA World Factbook.
The DPRK Government explained that the country suffered from severe economic hardships starting from the mid-1990s that led to a sharp deterioration of people's health.[89]
International abductions
In the decades after the Korean War there were reports that North Korea had abducted many foreign nationals, mainly South Koreans and Japanese. For years these were dismissed as conspiracy theories even by many of the regime's critics; however, in September 2002, Kim Jong-Il acknowledged to Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi the involvement of North Korean "special institutions" in the kidnapping of Japanese citizens in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He stated that those responsible had been punished.[90] Five surviving victims were allowed to visit Japan and decided not to return to North Korea. For eight more Japanese abductees, officials claimed deaths caused by accidents or illnesses; Japan says this leaves two still unaccounted for, and says that what the North claimed were the ashes of Megumi Yokota were not hers. In addition, information from American deserter Charles Robert Jenkins indicates that North Korea kidnapped a Thai woman in 1978.[91]
Despite the admission to Prime Minister Koizumi, the North Korean government continues to deny the kidnappings of other foreign nationals and refuses any cooperation to investigate further cases of suspected abductions. However, officials of the South Korean government claim that 486 South Koreans, mostly fishermen, are believed to have been abducted since the end of the Korean War. Advocates and family members have accused the government of doing little or nothing to gain their freedom.[92]
International reaction
Most countries and multilateral organizations have criticized North Korea for its human rights abuses. In each November since 2005, the UN General Assembly's Third Committee has condemned North Korea for its conduct.[93]
Multiple countries have condemned the allegations made against the DPRK. China's delegation to the United Nations said that the DPRK has made considerable progress in protecting human rights. Sudan said that instead of criticizing the country, there should be support by the international community for DPRK's efforts to protect human rights. Venezuela's delegation to the United Nations asserted that the allegations made by UN observers against the DPRK are based on flawed criteria and are not credible.[94] Cuba's delegation to the United Nations said that the body's claims made against the DPRK are politically motivated and seek to impose isolation and pressure on the country, in violation of the Human Rights Council's stated principles.[95]
The U.S. and Japan have passed laws and created envoys to focus attention to this issue. The U.S. initially passed the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 in October of that year, and reauthorized the law in 2008. It created an office at the State Department focused on North Korean human rights, run originally by Special Envoy Jay Lefkowitz.
In its 2006 country report on North Korea, Freedom House described the country as a "totalitarian dictatorship" and categorized it as "Not Free."[96] North Korea has charged that those who make allegations about human rights in the country are interfering in the country's internal affairs and trying to force down their values.[97]
Robert Park, a Korean-American Christian missionary from Arizona, illegally entered North Korea on Christmas Day, 2009, with the purpose of drawing attention to North Korea's human rights abuses. He was released on February 6, 2010.[98] Park has remained publicly silent about his time in captivity but it has been reported that he was severely tortured.[99] Aijalon Mahli Gomes, a second American who illegally entered North Korea in January, was imprisoned for 8 months before being freed following a humanitarian visit by former US President Jimmy Carter.[100] Gomes, a teacher from Boston, Massachusetts, devout Christian, and associate of Robert Park, was tried by North Korea for his illegal entry, and on April 6, 2010, was sentenced to eight years of hard labor and fined $700,000 (USD).[99] Later that month he was allowed to speak to his mother by phone.[101] In late June, North Korea responded to international findings that it had deliberately sunk the South Korean patrol boat Cheonan in March by publicly threatening to impose on Gomes "harsher punishment" based on "wartime law."[102] Gomes was reported to have attempted suicide in July 2010.[103]
With the exception of the international abductions issue regarding Japanese, Americans, and South Koreans, which it says has been fully resolved, North Korea strongly rejects all reports of human rights violations and accuses the defectors of promoting only anti-North agenda.[104]
See also
- Human experimentation in North Korea
- Prisons in North Korea
- Hanvoice
- Human rights in East Asia
- Kotjebi
- North Korea Uncovered
- Politics in North Korea
- Korean War POWs detained in North Korea
- Chosun Journal
- Seoul Train
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- ^ "Running Out of the Darkness". TIME Magazine. April 24, 2006. Retrieved October 31, 2006.
- ^ "N. Korean Defectors Describe Brutal Abuse". The Associated Press. October 29, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
- ^ "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (page 7)" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ^ "Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (page 8)" (PDF). Citizens’ Alliance for North Korean Human Rights (NKHR) and Korean Bar Association (KBA). Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ^ "Report by the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Theo van Boven: Democratic People's Republic of Korea". United Nations/Derechos Human Rights. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ^ a b "Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, North Korean prison camp survivor". United States Senate Hearings. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
- ^ National Geographic: Inside North Korea, aired on the History Channel in 2006, accessed on Netflix July 22, 2011
- ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 24 - 41), Kyo-hwa-so prison-labor facilities (page 41 - 55)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
- ^ Post Store (December 11, 2008). ""Escapee Tells of Horrors in North Korean Prison Camp", Washington Post, December 11, 2008". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "Report: Torture, starvation rife in North Korea political prisons". CNN. May 4, 2011.
- ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Torture summary (page 70–72)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
- ^ "5000 Prisoners Massacred at Onsong Concentration Camp in 1987", Chosun Ilbo, December 11, 2002
- ^ Post Store (July 20, 2009). ""North Koreas Hard Labor Camps" with interactive map, Washington Post, July 20, 2009". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kwan-li-so political panel-labor colonies (page 24–41)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
- ^ Glionna, John M. (April 7, 2010). ""North Korea gulag spurs a mission", Los Angeles Times, April 7, 2010". Articles.latimes.com. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ ""North Korean Camps" by Journeyman Pictures TV". Youtube.com. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "United States Senate Hearings: Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, June 21, 2002". Judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "North Korea – The Judiciary". Country-data.com. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "Brutality beyond belief: Crimes against humanity in North Korea". Daily NK. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "Prisoners in North Korea Today" (PDF), Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, July 15, 2011, retrieved May 23, 2012
{{citation}}
:|chapter=
ignored (help) - ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Satellite imagery: Selected North Korean Prison Camp Locations (page 89)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
- ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Part Three: Kyo-hwa-so Long-Term Prison-Labor Facilities (p. 82 - 110)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
- ^ ""N.Korea's Worst Concentration Camp Exposed", Chosun Ilbo, March 23, 2010". English.chosun.com. March 23, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "US Senate Hearings: Testimony of Ms. Soon Ok Lee, June 21, 2002". Judiciary.senate.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ Matthew McGrath (June 7, 2012). "Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea's Social Classification System". NK News. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
- ^ Robert Collins (June 6, 2012). Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System (PDF). Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
- ^ "One Kwangju Per Day for Six Years". One Free Korea. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
- ^ Noland, Marcus (2004). "Famine and Reform in North Korea". Asian Economic Papers. 3 (2): 1–40. doi:10.1162/1535351044193411?journalCode=asep.
- ^ Haggard, Nolan, Sen (2009). Famine in North Korea: Markets, Aid, and Reform. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-231-14001-0.
This tragedy was the result of a misguided strategy of self-reliance that only served to increase the country's vulnerability to both economic and natural shocks ... The state's culpability in this vast misery elevates the North Korean famine to a crime against humanity
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "North Korea: A terrible truth". The Economist. April 17, 1997. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ^ Brooke, James (June 1, 2005). "North Korea, Facing Food Shortages, Mobilizes Millions From the Cities to Help Rice Farmers". New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
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- ^ "North Korea Cuts Rations, Raises Taxes". The Command Post. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
- ^ "Country Pages: Overview of Selected Operations". World Food Program. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
- ^ http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session6/KP/A_HRC_13_13_PRK_E.pdf
- ^ "North Korea trip not a winner in Japan". Asia Times Online. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
- ^ "Thai foreign minister to visit Japan, hopes to meet Jenkins". TMCnet. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
- ^ "Daughter Calls for Abducted Father's Return From North". The Korea Times. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
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- ^ "Palestinian Self-Determination, Human Rights In Democratic People'S Republic Of Korea Addressed In Texts Approved By Third Committee". United Nations. November 17, 2005. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "DisplayNews". Ohchr.org. March 25, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ Freedom in the World 2006 - North Korea, Freedom House.
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{{cite web}}
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ridiculous Move of S. Korean Pro-U.S. Elements under Fire, KCNA, December 20, 2005.
External links
- Committee for Human Rights in North Korea: The Hidden Gulag - Overview of North Korean prison camps with testimonies and satellite photographs
- Amnesty International: North Korea: Political Prison Camps - Document on conditions in North Korean prison camps
- Freedom House: Concentrations of inhumanity – Analysis of the phenomena of repression associated with North Korea’s political labor camps
- National Human Rights Commission of Korea: Survey Report on Political Prisoners’ Camps in North Korea – Overall and systematic analysis of political prison camps on the basis of in-depth interviews with North Korean witnesses
- Christian Solidarity Worldwide: North Korea: A case to answer – a call to act – Report to emphasize the urgent need to mass killings, arbitrary imprisonment, torture and related international crimes
- U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom: Thank you father Kim Il Sung – Eyewitness accounts of severe violations of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion in North Korea
- U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom: A prison without bars – Refugee and defector testimonies of severe violations of freedom of religion or belief in North Korea
- Satellite imagery and witness accounts of North Korean political prison and reeducation camps
- North Korea Freedom Coalition
- Final Report of Jay Lefkowitz, U.S. Special Envoy for Human Rights in North Korea
- Human Rights Watch -- list of DPRK human rights abuse articles and studies.
- Abraham318.com, Many waters(voices) for North Korea Human rights
- Chosun Journal
- Official materials related to the North Korean Human Rights Act
- Liberty in North Korea
- U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
- Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights (in Korean and English)
- North Korea Freedom House
- North Korea Uncovered - An extensive mapping of North Korea’s economic, cultural, political, and military infrastructures, featured in the Wall Street Journal.
- Google earth images of the North Korean concentration camps at Camp 22, with accounts of the atrocities alleged to occur there, and Camp 16, with a report of a December 2006 mass escape by 120 prisoners.
- Archive of North Korea coverage at the International Freedom of Expression Exchange.
- AHRC's documents on consecutive solitary confinement, torture and national security law in south Korea
- North Korea Uncovered, (North Korea Google Earth), a comprehensive mapping of North Korea on Google Earth, including many of the alleged camps from "The Hidden Gulag"
- "Seoul Train" by Jim Butterworth, Lisa Sleeth and Aaron Lubarsky, 2004 PBS documentary, at Independent Lens PBS website. ("Seoul Train" at Global Voices PBS website)
- Escaping North Korea by Tom O'Neill. National Geographic, February 2009
- North Korean public execution video
- Daily NK run by the Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights, includes reports citing informers inside North Korea
- A video from The Economist in discussion with Blaine Harden, author of the popular “Escape From Camp 14″
- U.S. State Department Annual Reports
- Religious Freedom Report 2005
- Human Rights Report 2004
- U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea - Refugees Report 2006