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Dashavatara

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"Dashavatar" redirects here. For other uses, see Dashavatar (disambiguation).
The ten avatars of Vishnu, (Clockwise, from top left) Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Krishna, Kalki, Buddha, Parshurama, Rama and Narasimha, (in centre) Krishna

Dashavatara (IAST: Daśāvatāra) refers to the ten major incarnations of Vishnu, the Hindu god of preservation and life. Etymologically, avatar (Sanskrit: अवतार, derives from daśa, meaning 'ten' and avatāra), meaning 'descent'. Some religious traditions believe the ten avatars to be incarnations of Krishna, rather than Vishnu. The following list from Garuda Purana 1.86.10-11 lists avatars with the greatest influence on society, as they have descended through human history. The avatars in this list are also described as lila-avatars.

Historical perspective

The first four incarnations of Vishnu are said to have appeared in Satya or Kritha Yuga, which itself was the first of the four Yugas. The next three appeared in Treta Yuga, the eighth and ninth incarnations in Dwapara Yuga and the tenth will appear in Kali Yuga. The time of the end of Kali Yuga is in 427,000 years.[1] In the Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana, the Kali-yuga is described as ending with the appearance of Kalki, who will defeat the wicked, liberate the virtuous, and initiate a new Satya or Kritha Yuga.[2]

At that time, the Supreme Personality of Godhead will appear on the earth. Acting with the power of pure spiritual goodness, He will rescue eternal religion. Lord Viṣṇu — the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the spiritual master of all moving and nonmoving living beings, and the Supreme Soul of all — takes birth to protect the principles of religion and to relieve His saintly devotees from the reactions of material work. - Bhagavata Purana, 12.2.16-17[3]

The adoption of Buddha as one of the Avatars of Vishnu under Bhagavatism was a catalyzing factor in assimilation during the Gupta period 330-550 CE. Mahayana Buddhism is sometimes called Buddha-Bhagavatism.[4] By this period, the concept of Dashavatara was fully developed.[5]

The evolution of historical Vishnuism produced a complex system of Vaishnavism, often viewed as a synthesis of the worship of Vishnu, Narayana, Vasudeva and Krishna, and well established by the time of Bhagavad Gita from 4 BCE to the 3rd century CE.[6]

Twelve Alvars, or saints, spread the sect to the common people with their devotional hymns. Early alvars did not distinguish or list the Dashavatara, nor did they distinguish Krishna. Their poems in praise of Vishnu and Krishna in Tamil language are collectively known as Naalayira Divya Prabandha.[7][8]

Ten avatars

  1. Matsya, the fish, from the Satya Yuga. Lord Vishnu takes the form of a fish to save Manu from a flood, after which he takes his boat to the new world along with one of every species of plant and animal, gathered in a massive cyclone.
  2. Kurma, the tortoise, appeared in the Satya Yuga. When the devas and asuras were churning the ocean in order to get the nectar of immortality, the mount Mandara they were using as the churning staff started to sink and Lord Vishnu took the form of a tortoise to bear the weight of the mountain.
  3. Varaha, the boar, from the Satya Yuga. He appeared to defeat Hiranyaksha, a demon who had taken the Earth, or Prithvi, and carried it to the bottom of what is described as the cosmic ocean in the story. The battle between Varaha and Hiranyaksha is believed to have lasted for a thousand years, which the former finally won. Varaha carried the Earth out of the ocean between his tusks and restored it to its place in the universe.
  4. Narasimha, the half-man/half-lion appeared in the Satya Yuga. The raksha Hiranyakashipu was granted a powerful boon from Brahma, not allowing him to be killed by man or animal, inside or out, day or night, or in earth or the stars, with a weapon either living or inanimate. Vishnu descended as an anthropomorphic incarnation, with the body of a man and head and claws of a lion. He then disembowels the raksha at the courtyard threshold of his house, at dusk, with his claws, while he lay on his thighs.
  5. Vamana, the dwarf, appeared in the Treta Yuga. The fourth descendant of Hiranyakashyap, Bali, with devotion and penance was able to defeat Indra, the god of firmament. This humbled the other deities and extended his authority over the three worlds. The gods appealed to Vishnu for protection and he descended as the dwarf Vamana. During a yagna of the king, Vamana approached him in the midst of other Brahmins. Bali was happy to see the diminutive holy man, and promised whatever he asked. Vamana asked for three paces of land. Bali agreed, and the dwarf then changed his size to that of a giant. He stepped over heaven in his first stride, the netherworld with the second. Bali realized that Vamana was Vishnu incarnate. In deference, the king offered his head as the third place for Vamana to place his foot. The avatar did so and thus granted Bali immortality. Then in appreciation to Bali and his grandfather Prahlad, Vamana made him ruler of Pathala, the netherworld. Bali is believed to have ruled Kerala and Tulunadu. He is still worshiped there as the king of prosperity and recalled before the time of harvest.
    Avatars of Vishnu lithograph by Raja Ravi Varma. Anti-clockwise from left top corner: Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parshurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki surround Vishnu.
  6. Parashurama, Rama with the axe, appeared in the Treta Yuga. He is son of Jamadagni and Renuka. He received an axe after a penance to Shiva. Parashurama is the first Brahma-Kshatriya in Hinduism, or warrior-saint, with duties between a Brahmana and a Kshatriya). His mother was from the Kshatriya Suryavanshi clan that ruled Ayodhya, of the line of Rama. The mighty King Kartavirya Arjuna and his army visited the father of Parashurama at his ashram, and the saint was able to feed them with his divine cow Kamadhenu. The king demanded the cow, Jamadagni refused, and the king took it forcibly and devastated the ashram. Parashurama then killed the king and destroyed his army. In revenge, the sons of Kartavirya killed Jamadagni. Parashurama killed every adult Kshatriya on earth for twenty-one consecutive generations, filling five lakes with blood. Ultimately, his grandfather, the great rishi Rucheeka, appeared and made him halt. He is a Chiranjivi, and believed to be alive today.
  7. Rama, Ramachandra, the prince and king of Ayodhya, appeared in the Treta Yuga. Rama is a commonly worshiped avatar in Hinduism, and is thought of as the ideal heroic man. His story is recounted in one of the most widely read scriptures of Hinduism, the Ramayana. While in exile from his own kingdom with his brother Lakshman and the monkey king Hanumana, his wife Sita was abducted by the demon king of Lanka, Ravana. He travelled to Ashoka Vatika in Lanka, killed the demon king and saved Sita. Ultimately, Rama doubted her chastity during her time with Ravana, and so Sita committed suicide through self-immolation. Rama then said goodbye to his immortal companion Hanuman, and left the earth by submerging his body in the river Sarayu.
  8. Balarama is worshiped in southern regions of India as the eight avatar, with Krishna as ninth, in distinction to north India, where Krishna is worshiped as eighth.[citation needed] According to the Bhagavata Purana, Balarama appeared in the Dwapara Yuga, along with Krishna, as incarnation of Ananta Shesha.
  9. Krishna, was the eighth son of Devaki and Vasudev. Krishna is the most commonly worshiped deity in Hinduism and an avatar in Vaishnava belief. His name means 'dark' or 'attractive', and he appeared in the Dwapara Yuga alongside his brother Balarama, and was the central character of the Bhagavad Gita, the most published Hindu canon. He is mentor to Arjuna, delivering to him the Gita at the Battle of Kurukshetra. He is often depicted playing the murali and having a mischievous spirit .[9] The appearance of Krishna coincided with the beginning of Kali Yuga.
  10. Buddha is also an avatar of Vishnu in many Hindu scriptures, including the Bhagavata Purana, Bhavishya Purana, and Narasimha Purana.[10] Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent[note 1],

on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.[16] Although his idol is present in many Hindu temples, Buddha is not as proactively worshiped as Rama and Krishna. The relationship of Hindus with Buddha has been compared to that of the Jewish people with Christ.[17]

  1. Kalki ("Eternity", or "White Horse", or "Destroyer of Filth"), is the final incarnation of Vishnu, foretold to appear at the end of Kali Yuga, our current epoch. He will be atop a white horse and his sword will be drawn, blazing like a comet. He is the harbinger of end time in Hindu eschatology, and will destroy all unrighteousness and evil. After this, Kalki is foretold to usher in the next Treta Yuga.[17]

Jayadevas Dasavatara Stotra

Pralaya Payodhi Jale (from Gita Govinda) by Jayadeva concludes after listing the ten avataras each with a separate stanza:

vedān uddharate jaganti vahate bhū-golam udbibhrate
daityaṁ dārayate baliṁ chalayate kṣatra-kṣayaṁ kurvate
paulastyaṁ jayate halaṁ kalayate kāruṇyam ātanvate
mlecchān mūrchayate daśakṛti-kṛte kṛṣṇāya tubhyaṁ namaḥ
O Lord Kṛṣṇa, I offer my obeisances to You, who appears in these ten incarnations
As Matsya, You rescue the Vedas, as Kūrma You bear the Mandara Mountain on Your back
As Varāha You lift the Earth with Your tusks
And as Narasiṁha You tear open the chest of the daitya Hiraṇyakaśipu
As Vāmana You trick the daitya king Bali by asking him for three paces of land
And You take the entire universe from him by expanding
As Paraśurāma You slay the wicked kṣatriyas
And as Rāmacandra, You conquer the rākṣasa king Rāvaṇa
In the form of Balarāma, You carry a plow to subdue the wicked and drew to Yamunā
As Buddha You show compassion toward the suffering of all life
And at the end of the Kali-yuga You appear as Kalki to bewilder the mlecchas
Who have yielded to worldly pleasures
- Jayadevas Dasavatara Stotra

Thus, the stanzas trace the evolution of avatars as they repeatedly returned to save mankind from violence and impiety.

Alternative lists

Temple door depicting the ten avatars, Sree Balaji Temple, Goa. (from leftmost upper corner, clock wise) Matsya, Narasimha, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Kalki, Vamana, Balarama, Varaha and Kurma.

In Vishishtadvaita tradition, Balarama is considered an incarnation, while Buddha is not included. [18] [19] Some medieval traditions omit Krishna from the list. Gaudiya Vaishnavas, for example, worship Krishna as Svayam Bhagavan, or source of the incarnations.[20][21][22] The Vallabha Sampradaya and Nimbarka Sampradaya go even further, worshiping Krishna not only as source of other incarnations, but also Vishnu himself, related to descriptions in the Bhagavata Purana. The first lines of the Bhagavata Purana open:

Om namo bhagavate vasudevaya ete
Camsah kalah pumsah krishna stu bhagavan svayam
I bow to God, Krishna, who appeared as the son of Vasudeva

— Bhagavata Purana, Srimad Bhagavadam, Bhagavata Purana, 1.3.28[23] [24]

In traditions that emphasive the Bhagavata Purana, Krishna is the original Supreme Personality of Godhead, from whom everything else emanates.

In Vishishtadvaita, Balarama is the eighth avatar of Vishnu, while Krishna is the ninth. Buddha is considered as an avatar of Vishnu in Madhva (Dvaita), Smartha and Advaita traditions. The Bhagavata Purana describes Balarama as appearing in the Dwapara Yuga, with Krishna, as an incarnation of Ananta Shesha. He is also an avatar of Vishnu in the Vaishnava movements of Vishishtadvaita, although these lists do not mention Buddha.

In Maharashtra and Goa, Vithoba's image replaces Buddha as the ninth avatar of Vishnu in some temple sculptures and Hindu astrological almanacs. Maharashtra scholars have also praised Vithoba as a form of Buddha.[25]

In Orissa, Jagannath is sometimes depicted as the ninth avatar instead of Buddha. Jayadeva, a great Vaishnava saint and renowned poet of 12th century AD from Orissa, included Buddha as the ninth avatar in the famous song Gita Govinda.

Indian Postage

In 2009, the Indian Postal Service issued a series of ten stamps with Dashavatara as their theme. It was released in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, to commemorate the birth of Jayadeva in that state.

See also

References

  1. ^ B-Gita 8.17 "And finally in Kal-yuga (the yuga we have now been experiencing over the past 5,000 years) there is an abundance of strife, ignorance, irreligion and vice, true virtue being practically nonexistent, and this yuga lasts 432,000 years. In Kali-yuga vice increases to such a point that at the termination of the yuga the Supreme Lord Himself appears as the Kalki avatara"
  2. ^ Klostermaier (2007) p. 495
  3. ^ "Bhagavata Purana, 12.2.16-17".
  4. ^ Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1994). Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh: Up to 8th Century A.D. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. p. 40. ISBN 81-85182-99-X.
  5. ^ Indian, History. [www.chandraiashistory.com "(Prabha IAS-IPS Coaching Centre - Indian History 2003 exam - "The crystallization Of the Avatara Concept and the worship of the incarnations of Vishnu were features of Bhagavatism during the Gupta period""]. Arumbakkam, Chennai. Retrieved 2008-08-01. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  6. ^ Beck, Guy L. (1993). Sonic theology: Hinduism and sacred sound. Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-87249-855-7.
  7. ^ Annangaracariyar, P.B. (1971). Nalayira tivviyap pirapantam. Kanci: VN Tevanatan.
  8. ^ Seth, K.P. (1962). "Bhakti in Alvar Saints". The University Journal of Philosophy.
  9. ^ Bhagavata Purana, Canto 1, Chapter 3 - SB 1.3.24: "Then, in the beginning of Kali-yuga, the Lord will appear as Lord Buddha, the son of Anjana, in the province of Gaya, just for the purpose of deluding those who are envious of the faithful theist." ... SB 1.3.28: "All of the above-mentioned incarnations [avatars] are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord [Krishna or Vishnu]"
  10. ^ "Sri Buddha Avatara by Srila Bhakti Ballabh Tirtha Maharaja".
  11. ^ Warder 2000, p. 45.
  12. ^ Walsh 1995, p. 20.
  13. ^ Mahāpātra 1977.
  14. ^ Tripathy & year unknown.
  15. ^ Nakamura 1980, p. 18.
  16. ^ Boeree, George. "An Introduction to Buddhism". Shippensburg University. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
  17. ^ a b Chandra, Suresh (Aug 15, 2012). Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Kindle Edition. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ Britannica list of dashavatara
  19. ^ English-Tamil dictionary
  20. ^ The Religion of the Hindus By Kenneth W Morgan, D S Sarma p.55
  21. ^ Iconography of Balarama By N.P. Joshi p.25
  22. ^ Kennedy, M.T. (1925). The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal. H. Milford, Oxford university press.
  23. ^ Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 341. ISBN 0-521-43878-0. Retrieved 2008-04-21."Early Vaishnava worship focuses on three deities who become fused together, namely Vasudeva-Krishna, Krishna-Gopala and Narayana, who in turn all become identified with Vishnu. Put simply, Vasudeva-Krishna and Krishna-Gopala were worshiped by groups generally referred to as Bhagavatas, while Narayana was worshipped by the Pancaratra sect."
  24. ^ Essential Hinduism S. Rosen, 2006, Greenwood Publishing Group p.124 ISBN 0-275-99006-0
  25. ^ Jamanadas, K. (2001). "Vitthala of Pandharpur is Buddha". Tirupati Balaji was a Buddhist Shrine. Dalit E-Forum. Retrieved 2008-09-20.

External sources

  • Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A survey of Hinduism. Albany: Sate University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-7081-4.
  • Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India since 1947: Islamic perspectives on inter-faith relations. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-31486-0.
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