Daniel 7

Daniel's vision of the four beasts - Woodcut by Hans Holbein the Younger

Daniel 7 is the seventh chapter of the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible. It is the last chapter written in Aramaic before it continues again in the Hebraic Masoretic text of the next chapter. This chapter begins the first series of apocalyptic visions that Daniel receives and is given cryptic interpretations for a portion of them.

The chapter includes visions that Daniel receives of four beasts coming out of the sea, as well as a vision of "one like the Son of Man" coming up to the Ancient of Days. Some interpretation of these visions is given to Daniel, but no beast is clearly identified with any specific kingdom. However, some Christian theologians since the second century have connected the eagle winged lion with Nebuchadnezzar's Babylonia, a matter still open to considerable debate. One traditional interpretation of these four beasts is that, in order from first to last, they are Neo-Babylonian Empire, followed by Achaemenid Empire (which was made up of Medes and Persia, with one being stronger than the other), then the Macedonian Empire and the Roman Empire.

Medieval Christian writers, especially in Apocalyptic accounts, often identified the beasts with later empires, closer to their own times, believing that Daniel's prophecy had yet to be fulfilled; the rapid rise of the Islamic Caliphate in and around traditionally Christian lands made its identification with the last beast attractive.

Literary structure

Arthur Ferch points out that the vision forms a chiasm:

A. First 3 beasts (4-6)

B. Fourth beast (7)

C. Little horn (8)

D. The Judgment (9, 10)

C'. Little horn (11a)

B'. Fourth beast (11b)

A'. First 3 beasts (12)

Vision

Further information: Four monarchies

See also: Prophetic beasts of Daniel (Appendix)

Engraving by Matthäus Merian of Daniel's vision of the four beasts, 1630. Each beast is labelled with the empire represented: Assyria, Persia, Greece and Rome.

Daniel's first vision is that of four beasts and he asks for an interpretation of them. He is told that the four beasts represent Four monarchies to appear on Earth. Unlike Chapter 2, only the latter half of this vision, beginning with the fourth beast, is given a textual interpretation.

Beast like a lion

The first beast is like a lion with eagle’s wings, in which they are torn off. It is then standing on two feet and given a man’s heart.

Beast like a bear

The second beast is like a bear, raised up on one side, and has three ribs in its teeth. He is told to gorge himself on flesh.

Beast like a leopard

The third Beast is like a leopard with four wings and four heads is given authority to rule.

Fourth beast

The fourth beast is a terrifying, powerful beast, unlike any other, crushes and devours the whole earth with its iron teeth—trampling it down.

Vision

7 After that, in my vision at night I looked, and there before me was a fourth beast—terrifying and frightening and very powerful. It had large iron teeth; it crushed and devoured its victims and trampled underfoot whatever was left. It was different from all the former beasts, and it had ten horns.

Textual interpretation

23 The fourth beast is a fourth kingdom that will appear on earth. It will be different from all the other kingdoms and will devour the whole earth, trampling it down and crushing it. 24 The ten horns are ten kings who will come from this kingdom.

Little horn

8 While I was thinking about the horns, there before me was another horn, a little one, which came up among them; and three of the first horns were uprooted before it. This horn had eyes like the eyes of a man and a mouth that spoke boastfully.

After them another king will arise, different from the earlier ones; he will subdue three kings. 25 He will speak against the Most High and oppress his saints and try to change the set times and the laws. The saints will be handed over to him for a time, times and half a time.

Divine judgment

9 As I looked, thrones were set in place, and the Ancient of Days took his seat. His clothing was as white as snow; the hair of his head was white like wool. His throne was flaming with fire, and its wheels were all ablaze. 10 A river of fire was flowing, coming out from before him. Thousands upon thousands attended him;ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him. The court was seated, and the books were opened.

26 But the court will sit,

Execution of judgment

11 "Then I continued to watch because of the boastful words the horn was speaking. I kept looking until the beast was slain and its body destroyed and thrown into the blazing fire. 12 (The other beasts had been stripped of their authority, but were allowed to live for a period of time.)

and his power will be taken away and completely destroyed forever.

Final kingdom

• 13 "In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence.
• 13 (Jewish alternative) "I was watching in night visions and behold! with the clouds of heaven, one like a man [= someone, that is the anointed King (Rashi)] came; he came up to the One of Ancient Days, and they brought him before Him."
• 14 He was given authority, glory and sovereign power; all peoples, nations and men of every language served him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that will not pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed.
• 27 Then the sovereignty, power and greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven will be handed over to the saints, the people of the Most High. His kingdom will be an everlasting kingdom, and all rulers will serve and obey him.

Parallels with Daniel 11

Just as scholars and theologians since the 2nd Century have considered the visions of Chapter 2 and Chapter 7 parallel, so too, Chapter 8 and Chapter 11 were considered parallel with the other two.

Chapter 7	Chapter 11
Little horn:	Contemptible person: (Antiochus Epiphanes who was called Epimanes/madman):
He was preceded by 10 kings (Daniel 7:24)	He was preceded by 10 kings to the Seleucid throne (11:3–21)
He will speak against the Most High (7:25)	He will exalt and magnify himself above every god (11:36) He will say unheard-of things against the God of gods (11:36)
He will oppress the saints (7:25)	He will vent his fury against the holy covenant (11:30) The Godly and wise people who resist him, will fall by the sword or be burned or captured or plundered. (11:32–33)
He will try to change the set times and the laws (7:25)	He will vent his fury against the holy covenant (11:30) He will return and show favor to those who forsake the holy covenant (11:30)
He will subdue three kings (Daniel 7:24)	He will seize the kingdom through intrigue (11:21)
He looked more imposing than the others (7:20)	He will achieve what neither his fathers nor his forefathers did (11:24)
The saints will be handed over to him for a time, times and half a time (7:25)	It shall be for a time, times, and a half; and when he shall have accomplished to scatter the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished (11:45–12:7)
He is the last king before the end of time (Daniel 7:26–28)	He is the last king before the end of time or persecution (11:45–12:7)

Contemporary views

See also: Prophetic beasts of Daniel (Appendix) § Daniel chapter 7

There is general agreement among modern scholars that the four beasts represent Babylonia, Medes, Persia, and Alexander's Greek empire. Those scholars who do not subscribe to this view point to Daniel's reference to the Kingdom of the Medes and Persians as a single entity, enabling the possibility of another empire after Greece. The majority view is that ten horns represent the kings from Alexander on through the Seleucid kingdom:

1. Alexander the Great
2. Seleucus I Nicator,
3. Antiochus I Soter,
4. Antiochus II Theos,
5. Seleucus II Callinicus,
6. Seleucus III Ceraunus,
7. Antiochus III the Great,
8. Seleucus IV Philopator, (assassinated by the following)
9. Heliodorus,
10. Seleucus IV’s infant son Antiochus (puppet for Heliodorus).

The last three "horns" had to fall to make way for the "little horn" Antiochus IV Epiphanes and his arrival on the throne, effectively by usurpation. Daniel 7:25 is a reference to the persecutions of Antiochus, his suppression of the Jewish religion, and his attempt to force the Jews to adopt the Greek customs.

Historicist views

Just as scholars note parallels between the prophetic chapters, so too have historicists since the Protestant Reformation. "The Reformation ... was really born of a twofold discovery--first, the rediscovery of Christ and His salvation; and second, the discovery of the identity of Antichrist and his subversions." "The reformers were unanimous in its acceptance. And it was this interpretation of prophecy that lent emphasis to their reformatory action. It led them to protest against Rome with extraordinary strength and undaunted courage. ... This was the rallying point and the battle cry that made the Reformation unconquerable." The following is a historicist-based illustration of the parallels.

Chapter	Parallel sequence of prophetic elements as understood by Historicists
	Past				Present	Future
Daniel 2	Head Gold (Babylon)	Chest & 2 arms Silver (Persia)	Belly and thighs Bronze (Greece)	2 Legs Iron (Rome)	2 Feet with toes Clay & Iron	Rock God's unending kingdom left to no other people
Daniel 7	Winged Lion	Lopsided Bear	4 Headed/4 Winged Leopard	Iron toothed Beast w/Little Horn	Judgment scene Beast w/Horn slain	A son of man comes in clouds Given everlasting dominion He gives it to the saints.

Seventh-Day Adventists

Concerning the "little horn", interpreters of the Historicist school (e.g. Adventist) identify the "little horn" as Papal Rome that came to power among the 10 Barbarians tribes (the 10 horns) that had broken up the Pagan Roman empire. The reference to changing "times and law" (Daniel 7:25) refers to the change of the Sabbath from Saturday to Sunday. The "time, times and half a time" (Daniel 7:25) was the 1260 years spanning 538 CE and 1798 CE, when the Roman Church dominated the Christian world. (See Day-year principle for details)

Methodists

Adam Clarke's commentary published in 1831 supports the interpretation that the little horn is Papal Rome by this comment "Among Protestant writers this is considered to be the popedom."

He stated that the 1260-year period should commence in 755, the year Pepin the Short actually invaded Lombard territory, resulting in the Pope's elevation from a subject of the Byzantine Empire to an independent head of state. The Donation of Pepin, which first occurred in 754 and again in 756 gave to the Pope temporal power of the Papal States. His time line, which began in 755 will end in 2015.

Futurist views

In the Futurist view, the "little horn" is identified as the future antichrist who will rise to power through the "revived Roman Empire"(the fourth beast). The "time, times and half a time" (Daniel 7:25) is taken as a literal 3½ year period corresponding to the last half of the 7 year tribulation within the 70th week of Daniel 9:24-27.

See also

• 1260 day prophecy
• Abomination of desolation
• 1 Maccabees
• 2 Maccabees
• Antinomianism

Appendix

Over the centuries Bible Scholars have identified specific kingdoms as fulfillment of the beast and horn symbols as illustrated in the following table.

Interpretations of the kingdoms of Daniel 7 by Biblical expositors from the 1st to 19th centuries

Prophecy of Beasts in Daniel 7 Biblical Expositors of the Early Church Period: 100-457 AD 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 31⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Josephus c. 100 Rome = 4th Yochanan ben Zakai 1st cent. Rome = 4th Barnabas c. 150 [BPG]R Coming Kgdms. 3 Uprooted "Black one" Second Esdras [c. 150] [BPGR] Justin Martyr c. 165 [BPGR] (Prophecy ends in 2nd Advent) Very Short 2nd Advent Sibyllines 3rd cent. BPGR Irenaeus c. 202 BPGR 10 kgdms. 3 Supplanted Antichrist 31⁄2 Years 2nd Advent Hippolytus d. 238 BPGR 10 Divisions 3 Kgdms. Antichrist Literal Kgdm. of Saints Tertullian c. 240 [BPGR] 10 Kgdms. [Spans period between Advents] Coming Kgdm. Origen c. 254 [Allegorizes all Prophecies] [Filled with Enigmas & Dark Sayings] Cyprian c. 258 Antiochus - Type Porphyry c. 304 3=Alex. 4=Ptol.& Seluc. Antiochus Victorinus c. 304 [BPGR] 10 Divisions 3 Kgdms. Antichrist First Council of Nicaea 325 [BPGR] [After Gelasius] At Advent Lactantius c. 330 [BPGR] 10 Kgdms. 3 Destroyed Antichrist 42 months Kgdm. Saints Eusebius of Caesarea c. 340 BPGR 10 Kgdms 3 Destroyed At 2nd Advent Eusebius [Later Views] c. 340 Present Church Aphrahat c. 350 BPGR Selucids 10.5 years At 2nd Adv. Hilary of Poitiers 368 Future Athanasius 373 [BPGR] [10 Kgdms.] 3 Kgdms. Antichrist At 2nd Advent Ephrem the Syrian 373 [BPG]-P&S Antiochus Cyril of Alexandria 386 BPGR Divisions 3 Kgdms. Antichrist 31⁄2 Years At 2nd Advent John Chrysostom 407 BPGR Antichrist 2nd Advent Jerome 420 BPGR 10 Named 3 Uprooted Antichrist 31⁄2 Years Judgment = 2nd Advent Polychronius 430 BP-Alex. Antiochus Isidore of Pelusium 450 BPGR Theodoret 457 BPGR Contemporary 3 Subdued Antichrist 31⁄2 years At 2nd Adv. Biblical Expositors of the Early Medieval Period: 400-1200 AD 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 31⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Augustine d. 430 BPGR Kgdms. Antichrist 31⁄2 Years Eternal Kgdm. Andreas 7st Cent. [BPGR] [Antichrist] Sargis D'Aberga 7st Cent. BPGR Divisions False Messiah Judge All Men Gregory I d. 604 Antichrist Venerable Bede d. 735 [BPGR] 3 Rulers Antichrist Berengaud 9th Cent. [BPG]R Listed Eliezer ben Hurcanus 8-9th Cent. BPGR Saadia d. 942 BPG-Gog 10 kings Cruel King Jephet ibn Ali 10th Cent. BPGR 10 Thrones Mohammad Waldenses 12th Century 4th=Roman Church Rashi d. 1105 BPGR 10 Roman Kgdms. Titus =1135 Yrs Abraham ibn Ezra d. 1167 BPG[R] 10 Kings Titus Peter Comestor d. 1178 BPGR 10 Divisions 3 Kings Antichrist 31⁄2 Years Joachim of Floris d. 1202 Jews, Romans Arians, Saracens Future Kgdms. Antichirst Not Antiochus Edward II (Salzburg) d. 1246 [BPG]R Listed Named Papacy Biblical Expositors of the Reformation Era: 1522–1614 AD 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 31⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Martin Luther 1522 BPGR Listed Papacy, Turkey Phocas After Division Johann Oecolampadius 1530 BPGR Listed Papacy Philipp Melanchthon 1543 BPGR Listed Mohammadanism [hazy] P.-Overthrow Andreas Osiander 1545 [BPG]R Papacy 412-1672 (1260 yrs) Georg Joye 1545 BPGR Listed Papacy John Knox 1547 BPGR Fall of Rome Papacy John Bale 1550 [BPG]R Papacy Hugh Latimer 1553 BPGR Divisions Nicolaus von Amsdorf 1554 [BPG]R Heinrich Bullinger 1557 [BPG]R Papacy 1260 years Johann Funck 1558 [BPG]R Papacy Virgil Solis 1560 BPGR Papacy Georg Nigriaus 1570 BPGR Listed Pope - Turk 1260 years John Jewel 1562 [BPG]R Papacy Justinian onward David Chytraeus 1572 [BPG]R Papacy 412-1672 (1260 yrs) Nikolaus Selnecker 1579 BPGR Listed Turk Thomas Cranmer 1582 [BPG]R Papacy John Napier 1593 BPGR Listed 1260 years Thomas Brightman 1614 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy Years Biblical Expositors of the Counter-Reformation: 1590–1604 AD Francisco Ribera 1590 4th = Satan Future Antichrist Literal Robert Bellarmine 1593 Single King Literal Blasius Viegas 1601 Literal Future Biblical Expositors of the Post-Reformation Era—Europe: 1600–1800 AD 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 31⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God James I of England 1600 [BPG]R Division Papacy 1260 years to End George Downham 1603 [BPGR] Listed Papacy 1260 Years (600→) George Pacard 1604 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 1260 Years Hugh Broughton 1607 BPG-Alex. Succ. Kings Antiochus [Literal] Joseph Mede 1631 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 years John Tillinghast 1655 BPGR Papacy 396-1656 (1260 yrs) Henry More 1664 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 1260 Years William Sherwin 1670 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 1260 Years Thomas Beverley 1684 [BPGR] Kgdms. Papacy 437-1697 (1260 yrs) Pierre Jurieu 1687 BPGR Kgdms. Papacy 454-1714 (1260 yrs) Drue Cressener 1689 [BPG]R Kgdms. Papacy Justinian → c. 1800 William Lowth 1700 [BPGR] Papacy 606-1866 (1260 yrs) Johannes Cocceius 1701 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 Years Robert Fleming, Jr. 1701 BPGR Papacy Justinian → 1794 George Her. Geblehr 1702 [BPGR] Papacy 1260 years William Whiston 1706 BPGR Kgdms. Papacy 606-1866 (1260 yrs) Heinrich Horch 1712 BPGR Papacy [years] Matthew Henry 1714 BPGR Ten Nations Papacy 1260 years Sir Isaac Newton 1727 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 years John Willison 1745 [BPGR] Divisions Papacy Thomas Newton 1754 BPGR Kgdms. West. Rome 533 or 606 Johann Ph. Petri 1768 [BPGR] Turks 587-1847 (1260 yrs) Hans Wood 1787 BPGR Papacy 620-1880 (1260 yrs) Christian G. Thube 1789 BPGR Divisions Papacy James Ebenezer Bicheno 1793 BPGR Divisions Papacy 529-1789 (1260 yrs) David Simpson 1797 [BPG]R Divisions Papacy 538-1798 (1260 yrs) Edward King 1798 [BPGR] Papacy 538-1798 (1260 yrs) Richard Valpy 1798 BPGR Papacy 538-1798 (1260 yrs) Jean G. de la Flechere 1800 BPGR Listed Papacy 1260 years Biblical Expositors of the Post-Reformation Era—America: 1600–1800 AD 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 31⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God John Cotton (Puritan) 1639 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 395-1655 [1260 yrs] Anne Bradstreet 1642 BPGR Roger Williams 1644 BPGR Mentioned Papacy years Ephriam Huit 1644 BPGR Named Turks-Popes 31⁄2 Centuries Thomas Parker 1646 BPGR Named Papacy 600-1859 John Davenport 1653 BPGR Years Edward Holyoke 1658 BPGR Mentioned 600- Samuel Hutchinson 1667 BPGR Papacy Increase Mather 1669 BPGR Named Papacy 456-1716 [1260 yrs] Samuel Mather 1672 BPGR Mentioned Years Nicholas Noyes 1698 BPGR Papacy years Cotton Mather 1702 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 456- William Burnet 1724 BPGR Named Papacy 455-1715 [1260 yrs] Jonathan Edwards 1739 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 455- or 606- David Imri 1756 BPGR Years Ezekiel Cheever 1757 BPGR Papacy Aaron Burr, Sr. 1757 BPGR Mentioned Papacy Years Isaac Backus 1767 Mentioned Bishop of Rome Samuel Langdon 1774 [BPGR] Years Samuel Gatchel 1781 [BPGR] Benjamin Gale 1788 BPGR Mentioned Papacy Years Joshua Lathrop 1789 BPGR 606-1866 [1260 yrs] Samuel Hopkins 1793 BPGR Papacy 606-1866 [1260 yrs] Samuel Osgood 1794 Confused Named Pope 630-1890 [1260 yrs] William Linn 1794 BPGR Mentioned Papacy 553-1813 [1260 yrs] David Austin 1794 BPGR Papacy 500-1760 [1260 yrs] Joshua Spalding 1796 BPGR Papacy Years Biblical Expositors of the 19th Century Advent Awakening: 1800–1845 AD 4 Beasts 10 Horns 3 horns Little Horn 31⁄2 Times Judgment Kgdm. of God Manuel Lacunza 1799 4 Religions Mentioned Years William Hales 1803 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 620-1880 [1260 yrs] George Stanley Faber 1804 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy Thomas Scott 1805 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 606-1866 [1260 yrs] Adam Clarke 1810 BPGR Divisions Popedom Years - Ending Samuel Toovey 1813 BPGR Listed ExLR Papacy Captain Maitland 1813 BPGR Listed HOL 533-1792 [1260 yrs] William Cuninghame 1813 BPGR Listed Papacy 533-1792 [1260 yrs] James H Frere 1815 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533-1792 [1260 yrs] Lewis Way 1818 BPGR Divisions 531-1789 [1260 yrs] W. C. Davis 1818 BPGR Papacy 588-1848 [1260 yrs] Francis Mason (archdeacon) 1820 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533-1792 [1260 yrs] Jonathan Bayford 1820 BPGR Listed Bishop of Rome 529-1789 [1260 yrs] Henry Gauntlett 1821 BPGR Papacy 606-1866 [1260 yrs] Joseph Wolff 1822 BPGR Papacy 1260 Years John Fry 1822 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 537-1797 [1260 yrs] Pierre J. Agier 1823 BPGR 10 Kgdms. Christian Rome Jonathan R. Park 1825 BPRG 606-1866 [1260 yrs] Edward Cooper 1825 BPGR Papacy 533-1792 [1260] S. R. Maitland 1826 Future Not Divisions Future Future Days only Edward Irving 1826 BPGR Papal Eur. Papacy 533-1792 [1260 yrs] Edward T. Vaughan 1828 BPGR Papacy 537-1797 [1260 yrs] Thomas Keyworth 1828 BPGR 10 Kgdms. 3 Kgdms. Papacy 606-1866 [1260 yrs] Gerald T. Noel 1828 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533-1792 [1260 yrs] Alexander Keith 1828 BPGR Papacy 533-1793 [1260 yrs] Alfred Addis 1829 BPGR Listed Papacy 553-1813 [1260 yrs] Jonathon Hooper 1829 BPGR Pope 533-1793 [1260 yrs] William W. Pym 1829 BPGR Papacy 533-1793 [1260 yrs] Henry Drummond (1786–1860) 1830 BPGR Papacy William Jones 1830 BPGR 10 Kgdms. Papacy Years Edward N. Hoare 1830 BPGR 10 Kgdms. ExLR Papacy 533-1793 [1260 yrs] Samuel Lee (linguist) 1830 Preterist 31⁄2 Years William Anderson 1830 BPGR James Begg 1831 BPGR 10 Nations Papacy William Digby 1831 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 533-1793 [1260 yrs] J (Amici) Leslie 1831 BPGR Papacy 532-1792 [1260 yrs] Joshua William Brooks 1831 BPGR Papacy 533-1793 [1260 yrs] William Thorp 1831 BPGR Papacy Nearly Out John Cox 1832 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy Joseph d'A. Sirr 1833 BPGR Matthew Habershon 1834 BPGR 10 Divisions Papacy 533-1793 [1260 yrs] Bp Dan Wilson 1836 BPGR Papacy Edward Bickersteth 1836 BPGR 533-1793 [1260 yrs] François Samuel Robert Louis Gaussen 1837 BPGR Listed HOL Papacy 529-1789 [1260 yrs] J. H. Richter 1839 Papacy 587-1847 [1260 yrs] Elizabeth Charlotte 1840 BPGR Papacy [Years] James Henthorn Todd 1840 [4th not Rome] [not Roman] [Future] [not years] John Henry Newman 1841 [Future] [Days] Thomas Rawson Birks 1843 BPGR Listed 3 Kgdms. Papacy Jonathan Cumming 1843 BPGR Papacy 532-1792 [1260 yrs] William Miller 1843 BPGR 10 Nations Papacy 538-1798 [1260 yrs] E. B. Elliot 1844 BPGR Listed Papacy Justinian-1798 James A. Wylie 1844 BPGR 10 Nations Papacy 538-1798 [1260 yrs] Joseph Baylee 1845 BPGR Papacy 532-1792 [1260 yrs] BPGR=Babylon-Media/Persia-Greece-Rome. [BPGR]=Implies...

Sources

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