S
 |
| ISO basic Latin alphabet |
|---|
| AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
S (named ess /ˈɛs/,[1] plural esses[2]) is the nineteenth (19th) letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
History
| Phoenician Shin |
Etruscan S |
Greek Sigma |
|---|---|---|
 |
 |
 |
Semitic Šîn ("teeth") represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ (as in 'ship'). Greek did not have this sound, so the Greek sigma (Σ) came to represent /s/. In Etruscan and Latin, the /s/ value was maintained, and only in modern languages has the letter been used to represent other sounds.
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Usage
The letter S represents the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant /s/ in most languages and the IPA. It also commonly represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental sibilant /z/, as in Portuguese 'mesa' or English 'rose' and 'bands', or may represent the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ], as in most Portuguese dialects when syllable-finally, in Hungarian, in German (before 'p', 't') and some English words as 'sugar', since yod-coalescence became a dominant feature, and [ʒ], as in English 'measure' (also because of yod-coalescence), European Portuguese 'Islão' or, in many sociolects of Brazilian Portuguese, 'esdrúxulo', while in some Andalusian dialects, it is merged with Peninsular Spanish 'c' and 'z' and pronounced [θ].
"Sh" is a common letter combination in English; when used as a digraph the two letters represent [ʃ] in every instance.
The letter S is the seventh most common letter in English and the third-most common consonant (after 't' and 'n'). In English and many other languages, primarily Romance ones like Spanish and French, final 's' is the usual mark of plural nouns. It also usually indicates English third person present tense verbs.
Related letters and other similar characters
Computing codes
| Preview | S | s | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S | LATIN SMALL LETTER S | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 83 | U+0053 | 115 | U+0073 |
| UTF-8 | 83 | 53 | 115 | 73 |
| Numeric character reference | S |
S |
s |
s |
| EBCDIC family | 226 | E2 | 162 | A2 |
| ASCII 1 | 83 | 53 | 115 | 73 |
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
| NATO phonetic | Morse code |
| Sierra |
References
- ^ Spelled 'es'- in compound words
- ^ "S", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "ess," op. cit.
