List of Ebola outbreaks
Ebola outbreaks have been restricted to Africa with the exception of Reston ebolavirus. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses currently recognizes four species of the Ebola: Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV), Reston ebolavirus (RESTV), and Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV).[1] One additional species or type of Ebola is often recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV) or Ebola-Bundibugyo, following the outbreak in Uganda in 2007.[2][3][4]
Transmission between natural reservoirs and humans is rare, and outbreaks are often traceable to a single index case where an individual has handled the carcass of a gorilla, chimpanzee, or duiker.[5] The virus then spreads person-to-person, especially within families, hospitals, and during some mortuary rituals where contact among individuals becomes more likely.[6] Before outbreaks are confirmed in areas of weak surveillance on the local or regional levels, Ebola is often mistaken for malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, influenza, or various bacterial infections which may be endemic to the region. Learning from failed responses, such as that to the 2000 Uganda outbreak, public health measures including the WHO's Global Outbreak and Response Network were instituted in areas at high risk. Field laboratories were established in order to confirm cases, instead of shipping samples to South Africa.[7]
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Special Pathogens Branch charter to study highly infectious viruses, many causing hemorrhagic fevers, has historically endowed it to closely follow Ebola outbreaks.[8] Compiling scientific journals and public health announcements, the following list is from Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, in Chronological Order:[dead link][9]
Date | Country | Species | Reported human virulency | Description | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Deaths | Fatality | ||||
1976 Aug |
Zaire | EBOV | 318 | 280 | 88% | Occurred in Yambuku and surrounding areas. Disease was spread by close personal contact and by use of contaminated needles and syringes in hospitals/clinics. This outbreak was the first recognition of the disease.[10] |
1976 | Sudan | SUDV | 284 | 151 | 53% | Occurred in Nzara, Maridi and the surrounding area. Disease was spread mainly through close personal contact within hospitals. Many medical care personnel were infected.[11] |
1977 | Zaire | EBOV | 1 | 1 | n/a | Noted retroactively in the village of Tandala.[12] |
1979 | Sudan | SUDV | 34 | 22 | 65% | Occurred in Nzara, Maridi. Recurrent outbreak at the same site as the 1976 Sudan epidemic.[13] |
1989 | USA | RESTV | 0 | 0 | n/a | RESTV was introduced into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Pennsylvania by monkeys imported from the Philippines.[14] |
1990 | USA | RESTV | 4[note 1] | 0 | n/a | RESTV was introduced once again into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. Four humans developed antibodies but did not get sick.[15] |
1989–1990 | Philippines | RESTV | 3[note 2] | 0 | n/a | High mortality among cynomolgus macaques in a primate facility responsible for exporting animals in the USA.[16] Three workers in the animal facility developed antibodies but did not get sick.[17] |
1992 | Italy | RESTV | 0 | 0 | n/a | RESTV was introduced into quarantine facilities in Siena by monkeys imported from the same export facility in the Philippines that was involved in the episodes in the United States. No humans were infected.[18] |
1994 | Gabon | EBOV | 52 | 31 | 60% | Occurred in Mékouka and other gold-mining camps deep in the rain forest. Initially thought to be yellow fever; identified as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in 1995.[19] |
1994 | Ivory Coast[note 3] | TAFV | 1 | 0 | n/a | Scientist became ill after conducting an necropsy on a wild chimpanzee in the Tai Forest. |
1995 | Zaire | EBOV | 315 | 250 | 79% | Occurred in Kikwit and surrounding area. Traced to index case-patient who worked in forest adjoining the city. Epidemic spread through families and hospitals.[21] |
1996 Jan–Apr |
Gabon | EBOV | 37 | 21 | 57% | Occurred in Mayibout area. A chimpanzee found dead in the forest was eaten by people hunting for food. Nineteen people who were involved in the butchery of the animal became ill; other cases occurred in family members.[19] |
1996–1997 Jul–Jan |
Gabon | EBOV | 60 | 45 | 75% | Occurred in Booué area with transport of patients to Libreville. Index case-patient was a hunter who lived in a forest camp. Disease was spread by close contact with infected persons. A dead chimpanzee found in the forest at the time was determined to be infected.[19] |
1996 | South Africa | EBOV | 2 | 1 | n/a | A medical professional traveled from Gabon to Johannesburg, South Africa, after having treated Ebola virus-infected patients and thus having been exposed to the virus. He was hospitalized, and a nurse who took care of him became infected and died.[22] |
1996 | USA | RESTV | 0 | 0 | n/a | RESTV was introduced into a quarantine facility in Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. No human infections were identified.[23] |
1996 | Philippines | RESTV | 0 | 0 | n/a | RESTV was identified in a monkey export facility in the Philippines. No human infections were identified.[24] |
2000–2001 | Uganda | SUDV | 425 | 224 | 53% | Occurred in Gulu, Masindi, and Mbarara districts of Uganda. The three greatest risks associated with Ebola virus infection were attending funerals of Ebola hemorrhagic fever case-patients, having contact with case-patients in one's family, and providing medical care to Ebola case-patients without using adequate personal protective measures.[25] |
2001–2002 Oct–Jul |
Gabon Congo |
EBOV | 122 | 96 | 79% | Occurred over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. This was the first time that Ebola hemorrhagic fever was reported in the Republic of the Congo.[26] |
2002–2003 Dec–Apr |
Congo | EBOV | 143 | 128 | 90% | Occurred in the districts of Mbomo and Kéllé in Cuvette Ouest Département.[27] |
2003 Nov–Dec |
Congo | EBOV | 35 | 29 | 83% | Occurred in Mbomo and Mbandza villages located in Mbomo district, Cuvette Ouest Département.[28] |
2004 | Sudan | SUDV | 17 | 7 | 41% | Occurred in Yambio county in Western Equatoria of southern Sudan. This outbreak was concurrent with an outbreak of measles in the same area, and several suspected EHF cases were later reclassified as measles cases.[29] |
2007 | DR Congo | EBOV | 264 | 187 | 71% | Occurred in Kasai-Occidental Province. The outbreak was declared over on November 20. Last confirmed case on October 4 and last death on October 10.[30] |
2007–2008 Dec–Jan |
Uganda | BDBV | 149 | 37 | 25% | Occurred in Bundibugyo District in western Uganda. First reported occurrence of a new strain.[2][3][4] |
2008 Nov |
Philippines | RESTV | 6[note 4] | 0 | n/a | The first known occurrence of RESTV in pigs. Strain closely similar to earlier strains. Six workers from the pig farm and slaughterhouse developed antibodies but did not become sick.[31][32] |
2008–2009 Dec–Feb |
DR Congo | EBOV | 32 | 14 | 45% | Occurred in the Mweka and Luebo health zones of the Province of Kasai-Occidental.[33] |
2012 Jun–Aug |
Uganda | SUDV | 24 | 17 | 71% | Occurred in the Kibaale District.[34] |
2012 Jun–Nov |
DR Congo | BDBV | 77 | 36 | 47% | Occurred in Province Orientale.[35][36] |
2013–2014 Dec–present |
Guinea Liberia[note 5] Sierra Leone Nigeria |
EBOV | 1,975 | 1,069 | 64% | [39] It began in Guéckédou, Guinea[40] and spread to Sierra Leone and Liberia. Several cases have occurred in Nigeria, in travelers from infected areas, and subsequently in health care workers.[41] | The most severe Ebola outbreak in recorded history in regards to both the number of human cases and fatalities.
Notes
See also
- Yambuku — information about the first recognised outbreak
- Covance controversies — information about the 1989 laboratory outbreak
- List of epidemics
References
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- ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 19023410, please use {{cite journal}} with
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- ^ a b "End of Ebola outbreak in Uganda" (Press release). World Health Organization. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 15078595, please use {{cite journal}} with
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instead. - ^ "Mission Statement". National Center for Infectious Diseases & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007-10-31.
- ^ "Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, in Chronological Order". National Center for Infectious Diseases & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-08-26.
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instead. - ^ "Ebola haemorrhagic fever - South Africa" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 71 (47). Geneva: World Health Organization: 353–360. 22 November 1996. ISSN 0049-8114.
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- ^ "American Doctor With Ebola Arrives in U.S. for Treatment". August 2, 2014.
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- ^ "Tracing Ebola's Breakout to an African 2-Year-Old". New York Times. 9 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ WHO (August 4, 2014). "Ebola virus disease, West Africa – update 4 August 2014".