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Hindkowans

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Hindkowans
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan:
3,940,000[1] Hindu, Sikh, Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Hazarewal, Punjabi people, Kashmiri Muslims, Potohari People, Kashmiri Pandits, Pashtuns and other Dardic peoples

, they all speaks Hindko a Punjabi dilect as their mother language and follow the tradition and culture of Punjab.

Hindkowans (Urdu: هِندکوان) are a Punjabi linguistic group of people native to the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pothohar Plateau and Azad Kashmir regions. Hindkowans have mixed origins and almost all speak Hindko as their first language of Indo-Aryan group,.[2] They were originally settled in the northern regions of Pakistan primarily concentrated near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.

Living area

At present, Hindkowans mainly inhabit Peshawar, Nowshra, Swabi, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur and Attock.[3] Those who live in Afghanistan are known as Hindkis. Most of the Tribes residing in Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa such as; Tareen, Jadoon, Tahirkheli, Dilazak, Mashwani, Swatis and possibly Tanolis, despite having Pashtun or Pashtun-allied descent, speak Hindko and constitute an integral part of Hindkowans. Those who resides in urban centers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan such as: Peshawar, Kohat, Nowshera and Swabi are alternatively termed as "Kharian/Kharay" or city-dweller. Some Hindkowans have left the region and now live in other parts of South Asia,[4] such as; Indian-controlled Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistani-controlled Azad Kashmir.Gohar Ayub Khan (former speaker of Pakistan National Assembly) says:

"Speaking Hindko doesn't mean that the ethnic identity of Hazara Pakhtuns (Hindkowans) has changed, They (Hindko Speakers) are Pakhtuns and demanding their sepa←rate province on administrative ground.",[5] however majority of Pushtuns regard them as Punjabi and call Hinkowans as Punjabada in pushtu.

Origin

The NWFP Imperial Gazetteer of India (1905) regularly refers to their language as Hindko Punjabi Dilect, which refers to the "Hindu Kush mountain range."[6] According to the publication Hindko and Gujari:

"More than one interpretation has been offered for the term Hindko. Some associate it with India, others with Hindu people, and still others with the Indus.".[7]

In Afghanistan, a group of Hindus still continue to speak Hindko and are referred to as Hindki which according to Grierson is a variant of the term Hindko.[8][9][10] However, in Pakistan the term is considered slightly pejorative and hence Hindkowan or Hindkun is preferred on par with the term Pashtun (the dominant and more numerous ethnic group in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province).[8]

Religion

Hindkohwans are predominantly Muslims of Sunni sect. However, some Hindu Hindkowans converted to Islam, mostly settled in Pothohar Plateau, due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape.[11] There are a number of Hindu Hindkowans.[12][13] Some of these Hindu Hindkowans are traders and over time, have settled in areas as far as Kalat, Balochistan.[14][15] Other Hindu Hindkowans migrated to India after the independence in 1947.[4]

Demographics

There are no recent reliable figures on the speakers of Hindko language.

See also

References

  1. ^ Ethnologue: Languages of Pakistan
  2. ^ "LAHNDA". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
  3. ^ Qadeer, Mohammad A. (2006). Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 978-0415375665.
  4. ^ a b "Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family". Daily Times. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  5. ^ http://tribune.com.pk/story/694407/four-years-on-the-voice-of-hazara-martyrs-still-resonates/
  6. ^ "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
  7. ^ Hindko and Gujari: Volume 3 of Sociolinguistic survey of northern Pakistan. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. Retrieved 9 September 2007.
  8. ^ a b http://www.jstor.org/pss/615737
  9. ^ "Hindki". Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  10. ^ "Ethnologue Report for Hindko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ethnologue was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35–36. O. Harrassowitz. Retrieved 17 August 2008. The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.
  13. ^ Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 August 2008. The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.
  14. ^ The social organization of the Marri Baluch. Indus Publications. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.
  15. ^ Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43. Viking Fund. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.
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