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Elinor Ostrom

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Elinor Ostrom
Born(1933-08-07)August 7, 1933
Los Angeles, California,
United States
DiedJune 12, 2012(2012-06-12) (aged 78)
Bloomington, Indiana,
United States
NationalityAmerican
CitizenshipUnited States
Spouse
Vincent Ostrom (1919–2012; her death)
Academic career
Field
Institution
School or
tradition		New institutional economics
Alma materUCLA
Influences
ContributionsGoverning the Commons
Awards
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Elinor "Lin" Ostrom (born Elinor Claire Awan;[2] August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American political economist[3][4][5] whose work was associated with the New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy.[6] In 2009, she shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson for "her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons".[7] To date, she remains the only woman to win The Prize in Economics.

Ostrom lived in Bloomington, Indiana, and served on the faculty of both Indiana University and Arizona State University. She held the rank of Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and was the Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, as well as Research Professor and the Founding Director of the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona State University in Tempe. She was a lead researcher for the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP), managed by Virginia Tech and funded by USAID.[8] Beginning in 2008, she and her husband Vincent Ostrom advised the journal Transnational Corporations Review.[9]

Personal life and education

Ostrom was born Elinor Claire Awan in Los Angeles, California, as the only child[10] of Leah (born Hopkins) and Adrian Awan.[11] Her father was Jewish, while her mother was Protestant. She attended a Protestant church and often spent weekends staying with her aunt, one of her father's sisters, who kept a kosher home.[12] Her parents were poor.[13]

Ostrom graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1951 and then received a B.A. (with honors) in political science at UCLA in 1954. She was awarded an M.A. in 1962 and a PhD in 1965 in political science, both at UCLA.

She married political scientist Vincent Ostrom in 1963.[10]

Career

In 1973, Ostrom and her husband founded the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University.[14] Examining the use of collective action, trust, and cooperation in the management of common pool resources (CPR), her institutional approach to public policy, known as the Institutional analysis and development framework (IAD), has been considered sufficiently distinct to be thought of as a separate school of public choice theory.[15] She authored many books in the fields of organizational theory, political science, and public administration.

Research

Ostrom's early work emphasized the role of public choice on decisions influencing the production of public goods and services.[16] Among her better known works in this area is her study on the polycentricity of police functions in the Greater St. Louis areas.[17] Her later, and more famous, work focused on how humans interact with ecosystems to maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. Common pool resources include many forests, fisheries, oil fields, grazing lands, and irrigation systems. She conducted her field studies on the management of pasture by locals in Africa and irrigation systems management in villages of western Nepal (e.g., Dang). Her work has considered how societies have developed diverse institutional arrangements for managing natural resources and avoiding ecosystem collapse in many cases, even though some arrangements have failed to prevent resource exhaustion. Her work emphasized the multifaceted nature of human–ecosystem interaction and argues against any singular "panacea" for individual social-ecological system problems.[18]

Design principles for Common Pool Resource (CPR) institutions

Ostrom identified eight "design principles" of stable local common pool resource management:[19]

  1. Clearly defined boundaries (effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties);
  2. Rules regarding the appropriation and provision of common resources that are adapted to local conditions;
  3. Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process;
  4. Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators;
  5. A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules;
  6. Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access;
  7. Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level authorities; and
  8. In the case of larger common-pool resources, organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level.

These principles have since been slightly modified and expanded to include a number of additional variables believed to affect the success of self-organized governance systems, including effective communication, internal trust and reciprocity, and the nature of the resource system as a whole.[20]

Ostrom and her many co-researchers have developed a comprehensive "Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework", within which much of the still-evolving theory of common-pool resources and collective self-governance is now located.[21]

Environmental protection

According to the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, "Ostrom cautioned against single governmental units at global level to solve the collective action problem of coordinating work against environmental destruction. Partly, this is due to their complexity, and partly to the diversity of actors involved. Her proposal was that of a polycentric approach, where key management decisions should be made as close to the scene of events and the actors involved as possible."[22]

Awards

Ostrom was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences[1] and past president of the American Political Science Association and the Public Choice Society. In 1999, she became the first woman to receive the prestigious Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science.[23]

Ostrom was awarded the Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award for Political Economy in 1998. Her presented paper, on "The Comparative Study of Public Economies",[24] was followed by a discussion among Kenneth Arrow, Thomas Schelling and Amartya Sen. She was awarded the John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences in 2004,[25] and, in 2005, received the James Madison Award by the American Political Science Association. In 2008, she became the first woman to receive the William H. Riker Prize in political science; and, the following year, she received the Tisch Civic Engagement Research Prize from the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service at Tufts University. In 2010, the Utne Reader magazine included Ostrom as one of the "25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World".[26] She was named one of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2012.

The International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) awarded its Honorary Fellowship to her in 2002.

Nobel Prize in Economics

Telephone interview with Elinor Ostrom.

In 2009, Ostrom became the first woman to receive the prestigious Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited Ostrom "for her analysis of economic governance", saying her work had demonstrated how common property could be successfully managed by groups using it. Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson shared the 10-million Swedish kronor (£910,000; $1.44 million) prize for their separate work in economic governance.[27]

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Ostrom's "research brought this topic from the fringe to the forefront of scientific attention...by showing how common resources – forests, fisheries, oil fields or grazing lands – can be managed successfully by the people who use them rather than by governments or private companies". Ostrom's work in this regard challenged conventional wisdom, showing that common resources can be successfully managed without government regulation or privatization.[28]

Death

Ostrom was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in October 2011[29] and died of the disease[30] on June 12, 2012, at the age of 78.[31] She was survived by her husband, Vincent Ostrom, though he died later that same month.[10] On the day of her death, she published her last article, "Green from the Grassroots," in Project Syndicate.[32] Indiana University president Michael McRobbie wrote: "Indiana University has lost an irreplaceable and magnificent treasure with the passing of Elinor Ostrom".[33]

Selected publications

Books

  • Ostrom, Elinor (1990). Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521405997.
  • Ostrom, Elinor; Schroeder, Larry; Wynne, Susan (1993). Institutional incentives and sustainable development: infrastructure policies in perspective. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813316192.
  • Ostrom, Elinor; Walker, James; Gardner, Roy (1994). Rules, games, and common-pool resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472065462.
  • Ostrom, Elinor; Walker, James (2003). Trust and reciprocity: interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 9780871546470.
  • Ostrom, Elinor (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691122380.
  • Ostrom, Elinor; Kanbur, Ravi; Guha-Khasnobis, Basudeb (2007). Linking the formal and informal economy: concepts and policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199237296.
  • Ostrom, Elinor; Hess, Charlotte (2011). Understanding knowledge as a commons: from theory to practice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262516037.

Chapters in books

  • Ostrom, Elinor (2009), "Engaging with impossibilities and possibilities", in Kanbur, Ravi; Basu, Kaushik (eds.), Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume II: Society, institutions and development, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 522–541, ISBN 9780199239979. {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Journal articles

Ostrom's Law

Ostrom's Law is an adage that represents how Elinor Ostrom's works in economics challenges previous theoretical frameworks and assumptions about property, especially the commons. Ostrom's detailed analyses of functional examples of the commons create an alternative view of the arrangement of resources that are both practically and theoretically possible. This eponymous law is stated succinctly by Lee Anne Fennell as:

A resource arrangement that works in practice can work in theory.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 17164324, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=17164324 instead.
  2. ^ According to the State of California. California Birth Index, 1905–1995. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California. Searchable at http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461
  3. ^ "No Panaceas! Elinor Ostrom talks with Fran Korten". Shareable: Civic System. March 18, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
  4. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1038/487172a, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1038/487172a instead.
  5. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 22879496, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=22879496 instead.
  6. ^ Aligica, Paul Dragos, and Peter Boettke (2010). "Ostrom, Elinor The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Online Edition. Abstract.
  7. ^ Sveriges Riksbank's Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2009, Sveriges Riksbank, October 12, 2009, retrieved October 12, 2009
  8. ^ "Researcher for Virginia Tech program wins Nobel Prize". Virginia Tech. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
  9. ^ "Transnational Corporations Review".
  10. ^ a b c "Obituary". London: Telegraph.co.uk. June 13, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  11. ^ Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure ... – Elinor Ostrom, Larry D. Schroeder, Susan G. Wynne – Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  12. ^ "The story of non-economist Elinor Ostrom". The Swedish Wire. December 9, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2010.
  13. ^ "Elinor Ostrom". The Economist. June 30, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
  14. ^ "The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis". Indiana.edu. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
  15. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/BF00115751, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/BF00115751 instead.
  16. ^ "Polycentricity and Local Public Economies". Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  17. ^ http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/publications/materials/reprints/R73_4.pdf
  18. ^ "Beyond the tragedy of the commons". Stockholm Whiteboard Seminars. April 3, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  19. ^ Ostrom, Elinor (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40599-8.
  20. ^ Poteete, Janssen, and Elinor Ostrom (2010). Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice. Princeton University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1126/science.1172133, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1126/science.1172133 instead.
  22. ^ Vedeld, Trond. 2010, February 12. "A New Global Game – And How Best to Play It," The NIBR International Blog.
  23. ^ "The Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science – Prize Winners".
  24. ^ "Frank E. Seidman Award: Acceptance Paper". Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  25. ^ "John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  26. ^ "Elinor Ostrom: The Commoner". Utne Reader. Retrieved October 19, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ^ “First woman wins economics Nobel,” BBC News. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
  28. ^ New York Times. “Elinor Ostrom, Winner of Nobel in Economics, Dies at 78”. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  29. ^ Daniel Cole (June 13, 2012). "obituary". London: Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  30. ^ "NPR". Stateimpact.npr.org. June 13, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  31. ^ "Elinor Ostrom dies, Nobel-winning economist". Reuters. June 12, 2012.
  32. ^ Ostrom, Elinor. "Green from the Grassroots". Project Syndicate.
  33. ^ "Elinor Ostrom, Only Female Nobel Laureate in Economics, Dies". Wall Street Journal.
  34. ^ Fennell, Lee Anne (March 2011). "Ostrom's Law: Property rights in the commons". International Journal of the Commons. 5 (1): 9–27. ISSN 1875-0281. Retrieved February 16, 2015.

Further reading

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