Snow

Snow is precipitation in the form of crystalline water ice, consisting of a multitude of snowflakes. Since it is composed of small rough particles it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft structure, unless packed by external pressure.

Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less than 0°C, and then falls to the ground.

Animation of snowcover changing with the seasons.

Occurrence

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Snow capped trees in Afghanistan.

The probability of snowfall varies with season, location, and other geographic factors such as latitude and elevation. In the latitudinal area closer to the equator, there is a rather small chance of snowfall, 35° N and 40°S are often quoted as a rough delimiter. The western coasts of the major continents remain devoid of snow to much higher latitudes.

Permanent snow covering is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the force and nature of the winds. As temperature decreases with altitude, high mountains, even near the Equator, have permanent snow cover on their upper portions, around 5,300 m high. Examples include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the Tropical Andes in South America; however, the only snow actually to appear on the Equator is at 4,690 m altitude of the southern slope of Volcán Cayambe in Ecuador (Google Earth images).

Conversely, many regions of the Arctic and Antarctic receive very little precipitation and therefore experience little snowfall despite the bitter cold (cold air, unlike warm air, cannot take away much water vapor from the sea). Here, the snow does not melt at sea level. In addition to the dry, snowless regions of the poles, there are some mountains and volcanoes in Bolivia, Chile and Argentina that are high (4,500 m-6,900 m) and cold, but the lack of precipitation near the hyperarid Atacama Desert prevents snow from accumulating into glaciers.

Benefits and problems

Snow is used as a thermal insulator conserving the heat of the Earth and protecting crops from the freezing weather. While on the other hand, substantial snowfall can, at times, even disrupt the infrastructure and services of a region that is accustomed to such weather. Automotive traffic may be greatly inhibited or may be stifled entirely. Basic infrastructures such as electricity, telephone lines, and gas supply can also be shut down. This can lead to a "snow day", which is a day on which the school or other services are cancelled due to unusually heavy snowfall.

In areas that normally have very little snow, this may occur even with light accumulation, something often ridiculed by those people accustomed to colder climates, where streets would remain passable given the same amount of snow. Sometimes when snow is excessive on mountaintops and undergoes a sudden rapid change of temperature a: mudslide, flash flood, or Avalanche can occur, causing devastating water damage.

Superlatives

The highest seasonally cumulative precipitation of snow ever measured was on Mount Baker, Washington during the 1998–1999 season. Mount Baker received a staggering 29 m of snow, thus surpassing the previous record holder, Mount Rainier, Washington which during the 1971–1972 season received 28.5 m of snow.

Geometry

A snowflake always has six lines of symmetry, which arises from the hexagonal crystal structure of ordinary ice (known as ice I_h) along its 'basal' plane.

There are, broadly, two possible explanations for the symmetry of snowflakes. Firstly, there could be communication or information transfer between the arms, such that growth in each arm affects the growth in each other arm. Surface tension or phonons are among the ways that such communication could occur.

The other explanation, which appears to be the prevalent view, is that the arms of a snowflake grow independently in an environment that is believed to be rapidly varying in temperature, humidity and other atmospheric conditions. This environment is believed to be relatively spatially homogeneous on the scale of a single flake, leading to the arms growing to a high level of visual similarity by responding in identical ways to identical conditions, much in the same way that unrelated trees respond to environmental changes by growing near-identical sets of tree rings. The difference in the environment in scales larger than a snowflake leads to the observed lack of correlation between the shapes of different snowflakes.

However, the concept that no two snowflakes are alike is not necessarily true. Strictly speaking, it is extremely unlikely for any two objects in the universe to contain an identical molecular structure; but, there are, nonetheless, no known scientific laws which prevent it. In a more pragmatic sense, it's more likely, albeit not much more, that two snowflakes are visually identical if their environments were similar enough, either because they grew very near one another, or simply by chance. The American Meteorological Society has reported that matching snow crystals were discovered by Nancy Knight of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The crystals were not flakes in the usual sense but rather hollow hexagonal prisms.

Electron Microscope Gallery

Recreation

Some forms of recreation depend on snow

Many winter sports, such as skiing, snowmobiling, snowshoeing and snowboarding
Playing with a sled or riding in a sleigh
Building a snowman (or 'snowwoman') or snow fort
Throwing snowballs mutually in a snowball fight or at others to tease them. (Humans seem to be the only being that throw their snowballs. Pygmy chimpanzees have been known to carry snowballs around, but never to throw them.)
Making a snow angel

Where snow is scarce but the temperature is low enough, snow cannons may be used to produce an adequate amount for such sports.

Fox and Geese, a children's game which is a variant of tag conducted on a circular snow path with two lines cutting the circle into four quarters. Participants are not allowed to leave the lines.

The world's biggest snowcastle is built in Kemi, Finland, every winter.

Density

The water equivalent of a snow pack is the amount of water that it contains, regardless of its depth. For example, if the snow covering a given area has a water equivalent of 5 m, then it will melt into a pool of water 5 m deep covering the same area. This is a much more useful measurement to hydrologists than snow depth, as the density of even freshly fallen snow widely varies. New snow often has a density of around 12% of water, and even under cold conditions, the same snow will settle under its own weight until it is approximately 33% water. More snow on top of this will compress it even further. By late spring, snow densities often exceed 50% of water [1].

Water equivalent is of great interest to water managers wishing to predict spring runoff and the water supply of cities downstream. Measurements are made manually at marked locations known as snow courses, and remotely using special scales called snow pillows.

Types

Ice: Densely, packed material formed from snow that doesn't contain air bubbles. Depending on the snow accumulation rate, the air temperature, and the weight of the snow in the upper layers, it can take snow a few hours or a few decades to form into ice.
Corn: Coarse, granular wet snow. Most commonly used by skiers describing good spring snow. Corn is the result of diurnal cycle of melting and refreezing.
Snow Thunderstorm (Thundersnow): A thunderstorm with thunder, lightning and a lot of snow and wind.
Powder: Freshly fallen, uncompacted snow. The density and moisture content of powder snow can vary widely; snowfall in coastal regions and areas with higher humidity is usually heavier than a similary depth of snowfall in an arid or continental region. Light, dry (low moisture content) powder snow is prized by skiers and snowboarders. It is often found in the Rocky Mountains of North America.
Firn: Snow which has been lying for at least a year but which has not yet consolidated into glacier ice. It is granular.
Flurries: A period of light snow with usually little accumulation with occasional moderate snowfall.
Sleet: In Britain, rain mixed with snow; in America, ice pellets formed when snowflakes pass through a layer of warm air, thaw, then refreeze on further descent.
Soft hail: Granules of snow or ice pellets formed when supercooled water accretes on ice crystals or snowflakes.
Freezing rain: Rain that freezes on impact with a sufficiently cold surface. This can cover trees in a uniform layer of very clear, shiny ice, a beautiful phenomenon, though excessive accumulation can break tree limbs and utility lines, causing utility failures and possible property damage.
Snizzle: Extremely small snow/ice particles that fall lightly, almost like drizzle that is frozen. This kind of snow is very common in Michigan.
Snow storm: A long storm of relatively heavy snow.
Snow squall: A brief, very intense snowstorm.
Blizzard: A long-lasting snow storm with intense snowfall and usually high winds. Particularly severe storms can create whiteout conditions where visibility is reduced to less than 1 m.
Snowdrift: Large piles of snow which occur near walls and curbs, as the wind tends to push the snow up toward the vertical surfaces.
Ground blizzard: Occurs when a strong wind drives already fallen snow to create drifts and whiteouts.
Packing snow: Snow that is at or near the melting point, so that it can easily be packed into snowballs and hurled at other people or objects. This is perfect for snow fights and other winter fun, such as making a snowman, or a snow fort.

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Winter in Croatia

Slush: Snow which partially melts upon reaching the ground, to the point that it accumulates in puddles of partially-frozen water.
Hail: Many-layered ice balls, ranging from "pea" sized (0.25 in, 6 mm) to "golf ball" sized (1.75 in, 43 mm), to, in rare cases, "softball" sized or greater (>4.25 in, 108 mm).
Hailstorm: A storm of hail. If the hail is sufficiently large, it can cause damage to cars or even people.
Artificial snow: Snow can be also manufactured using snow cannons, which actually create tiny granules more like soft hail (this is sometimes called "grits" by those in the southern U.S. for its likeness to the texture of the food). In recent years, snow cannons have been produced that create more natural looking snow, but these machines are prohibitively expensive.
Watermelon snow: A reddish/pink colored snow that smells like watermelons, and is caused by a red colored green alga called chlamydomonas nivalis