Swan River Colony
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Swan River Colony was a British settlement established at the Swan River on the west coast of Australia in 1829. Strictly speaking, the Swan River Colony existed only from 1829 until 1832, and encompassed only the lands around and to the south of the Swan River. When the colony's Lieutenant-Governor, Captain (later Admiral Sir) James Stirling, belatedly received his commission in early 1832, the colony was officially referred to by the name Western Australia, and its lands were extended to include the entire western third of Australia. However the name "Swan River Colony" continued to be used informally for many years.
European Exploration
The first Europeans to sight the land where Perth is now located were the Dutch.
Most likely the first visitor to the Swan River area was Mr Whippy on 19 July 1619, travelling on the ships Dordrecht and Amsterdam. His records indicate he first reached the Western Australian coast at latitude 32°20' which would equate to Rottnest or just south of there. He did not land because of heavy surf, and so proceeded northwards without much buisness. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979)
On 28 April 1656, the Vergulde Draeck (Gilt Dragon) en route to Batavia (now Jakarta) was shipwrecked only 107km north of the Swan River near Ledge Point. Of the 193 on board, only 75 made it to shore. A small boat that survived the wreckage then sailed to Batavia for help, but a subsequent search party found none of the survivors. The wreck was rediscovered in 1963. [1]
In 1658, three ships, also partially searching for the Vergulde Draeck visited the area. The Waekende Boey under Captain S. Volckertszoon, the Elburg under Captain J. Peereboom and the Emeloort under Captain A. Joncke sighted Rottnest but did not proceed any closer to the mainland because of the many reefs. They then travelled north and subsequently found the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck (but still no survivors). They gave an unfavourable opinion of the area partly due to the dangerous reefs. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979)
The Flemish captain Willem de Vlamingh was the next European in the area. Commanding three ships, the Geelvink, Nyptangh and the Wezeltje, he arrived at and named Rottnest on 29 December 1696, and on 10 January 1697 discovered and named the Swan River. His ships couldn't sail up the river because of a sand bar at its mouth, so he sent out a sloop which even then required some dragging over the sand bar. They sailed until reaching mud flats probably near Heirisson Island. They saw some Aboriginals but were not able to meet any close up. Vlamingh was also not impressed with the area, and this was probably the reason for a lack of Dutch exploration from then on. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979)
In 1801, the French ships Geographe captained by Nicolas Baudin and Naturaliste captained by Emmanuel Hamelin visited the area from the south. While the Geographe continued northwards, the Naturaliste remained for a few weeks. A small expedition dragged longboats over the sand bar and explored the Swan River. They also gave unfavourable descriptions regarding any potential settlement due to many mud flats upstream and the sand bar (the sand bar wasn't removed until the 1890s when C. Y. O'Connor built Fremantle harbour).
Later in March 1803, the Geographe with another ship Casuarina passed by Rottnest on their way eventually back to France, but did not stop longer than a day or two.[2][3]
The next visit to the area was the first Australian-born maritime explorer, Philip Parker King in 1822 on the Bathurst. King was also the son of former Governor Philip Gidley King of New South Wales. However, King also was not impressed with the area. (Appleyard & Manford, 1979)
So, of all the early visitors to the Swan River Colony area, none had a favourable opinion.
Background to the Settlement
The founding father of modern Western Australia was Captain James Stirling who, in 1827, explored the Swan River area in HMS Success which first anchored off Rottnest, and later in Cockburn Sound. He was accompanied by Charles Fraser, the New South Wales botanist.
Their initial exploration began on the 8 March in a cutter and gig with parties continuing on foot from the 13 March. In late March, the HMS Success moved to Sydney, arriving there on 15 April. Stirling arrived back in England in July 1828, promoting in glowing terms the agricultural potential of the area. His lobbying was for the establishment of a "free" (unlike the now well established penal settlements at New South Wales, Port Arthur and Norfolk Island) colony in the Swan River area with himself as its governor. As a result of these reports, and a rumour in London that the French were about to establish a penal colony in the western part of Australia, possibly at Shark Bay, the Colonial Office assented to the proposal in mid-October 1828.
A set of regulations were worked out for distributing land to settlers on the basis of land grants. Negotiations for a privately run settlement were also started with a consortium of four gentlemen headed by Potter McQueen, a member of Parliament who had already acquired a large tract of land in New South Wales. The consortium withdrew after the Colonial Office refused to give it preference over independent settlers in selecting land, but one member, Thomas Peel, accepted the terms and proceeded alone. Peel was allocated 500,000 acres (2,000 km²), conditional on his arrival at the colony before November 1 1829 with 400 settlers. Peel arrived after this date with only 300 settlers, but was still granted 250,000 acres. In no case, no arrangements were made for recompense to Aboriginal peoples for the seizure and expropriation of their land, in violation of British common law principles.
The Events of the Settlement
| Swan River Colony ship arrivals in 1829 | |
|---|---|
| April 25 | HMS Challenger (Fremantle) |
| May 31 | Parmelia (Stirling) |
| June 6 | HMS Sulphur |
| August 5 | Calista |
| August 6 | Saint Leonard |
| August 23 | Marquis of Anglesea |
| September 19 | Thompson |
| September 21 | Amity |
| October 5 | Georgiana |
| October 9 | Ephemina |
| October 12 | Orelia |
| October 12 | Cumberland |
| October 12 | Caroline |
| October 17 | Governor Phillip |
| October 19 | Atwick |
| October 23 | Lotus |
| October 31 | Admiral Gifford |
| November 11 | Lion (Lyon) |
| November 14 | Dragon |
| November 28 | HMS Success |
| December 15 | Gilmore (Peel) |
| Source: [4] | |
The first ship to reach the Swan River was the HMS Challenger. After anchoring off Garden Island on April 25 1829, its Captain Charles Fremantle declared the Swan River Colony for Britain on 2 May 1829.
The Parmelia arrived on June 1, HMS Sulphur on June 8. Three merchant ships arrived shortly after: the Calista on August 5, the St Leonard on August 6 and the Marquis of Anglesey on August 23.
A series of accidents followed the arrivals which probably nearly caused the abandonment of the expedition. The Challenger and Sulphur both struck rocks while entering Cockburn Sound and were fortunate to escape with only minor damage. The Parmelia however, under Stirlings "over confident pilotage", also ran aground, lost her rudder and damaged her keel, which necessitated extensive repairs. With winter now set in, the settlers were obliged to land on Garden Island. Bad weather and the required repairs to Parmelia meant that the settlers did not manage to move to the mainland until early August. In early September a major disaster occurred: the Marquis of Anglesea was driven ashore during a gale and wrecked beyond repair.
The first reports of the new colony arrived back in England in late January 1830. They described the poor conditions and the land as being totally unfit for agriculture. They went on to say that the settlers were in a state of near starvation and (incorrectly) said that the colony had been abandoned. As a result of these reports, many people cancelled their migration plans or diverted to Cape Town or New South Wales.
Nevertheless a few settlers arrived and additional stores were despatched. By 1832 the settler population of the colony had reached about 1,500 (Aboriginal people were not counted but in the south west have been estimated to number 15,000), but the difficulty of clearing land to grow crops were so great that by 1850 the population had only increased to 5,886. This population had settled mainly around the southwestern coastline at Bunbury, Augusta and Albany.
Consequences for Indigenous people
The basic injustice of the settlement, and its violation of common ethical standards of the day was noted by some prominent local people. Lawyer William Naire Clarke in the Inquirer of 1842 stated:
- The British Government in colonising Western Australia, incurred a FEARFUL RESPONSIBILITY - a responsibility which no ingenuity can shake off.... the jealousy of a foreign power induced the British Government to take possession and distribut land to the settlers, as conquerors usually do, without obtaining the consent of the natives, who although savages were still the rightful lords of the soil. Great Britain is therefore bound by every principle of honoiur and justice to protect the white population, and is equally bound by humanity to protect the black population, but one glaring error has already been committed; in wresting their possessions from them without any recompense...
An anonymous letter writer to the Perth Gazette in 1833 wrote:
- Let us look at that act in which we are all parties concerned: namely the Settlement of the Swan River... Which of us can say he made a rational calculation of the rights of the owners of the soil (when we dispossed them of their country), of the contemplated violation of those rights, of the probable consequences..., of the justification of such an act? Did it never occur to us that in thus extending the domination of Great Britain, in thus acquiring a territory whilst seeking a fortune for ourselves, we were about to perpetuate a monstrous piece of injustice, to dispossess unceremoniously the rightful owners of the soil?... If perchance the murmurings of our conscious made themselves heard, were not its faint whisperings ... drowned ... in acquiring a territory for our country whilst seeking a fortune for ourselves. (27th July 1831)
He went on to say that the first question asked by colonists on arrival was: "'How much land will you give us?' when a more serious question 'What right have you to give us land? What consideration have you given for that right?' But no, the boon was a gift which we were eager to accept; we looked not too scrupulously to the title of the donor." He warned:
- We mount this gift horse at the hazard of being challenged for the theft... We owe the Aboriginal inhabitants of this country a debt which as honest, conscientious men we are bound to discharge.
Amongst those who viewed as unethical the taking of land already occupied was a farmer from Scotland, Robert Menli Lyon. He called for the recognition of prior Aboriginal rights to be considered, and considered the new colony had an immense opportunity to act justly. In the Perth Gazette of 1833 he wrote:
- How often in the history of human affairs, is the favourable opportunity for the attainment of a great object allowed to pass unimproved and how vain afterwards the tears, or the regrets of the historian ... Man is a moral agent, and can be influenced only by moral considerations.
But Lyon was vilified by the settlers and eventually hounded out of the colony.
The settlement resulted in the seizure of the best lands available to the traditional Aboriginal people, the Whadjuk Noongars who had initially welcomed settlers and given assistance at times of need. Within two years of settlement, Aboriginal peoples suffered their first famine, caused by indiscriminate white hunting of kangaroo and the export of kangaroo skins. 1830 saw the first major measles epidemic strike the Noongar population, killing the young and vulnerable. Unable to explain the deaths except by sorcery, "pay back" reprisal killings within the Aboriginal community also occurred accelerating mortality to levels never seen by the Aboriginal people in pre-contact times.
See also
References
- Appleyard, R. T. and Manford, Toby (1979). The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0855641460.
- Marchant, Leslie R. French Napoleonic Placenames of the South West Coast, Greenwood, WA. R.I.C. Publications, 2004. ISBN 1741260949