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Rolls-Royce Avon

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Avon / Westinghouse J54
Rolls-Royce Avon
Type Turbojet
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer Rolls-Royce
First run Spring Template:Avyear
Major applications English Electric Canberra
English Electric Lightning
Vickers Valiant
Hawker Hunter
Saab 35 Draken
Number built >11,000

The Rolls-Royce Avon was the first axial flow jet engine designed and produced by Rolls-Royce. Intended as a jet successor to the Merlin, introduced in 1950 it went on to become one of their most successful post-World War II engine designs. It was used in a wide variety of aircraft, both military and civilian, as well as versions for stationary and maritime power.

An English Electric Canberra powered by two Avons made the first nonrefueled nonstop transatlantic flight by a jet, and a BOAC de Havilland Comet 4 powered by four Avons made the first scheduled transatlantic crossing by a jet airliner.

Production of the Avon aeronautical engine version ended after 24 years in the year 1974.[1]

The current version of the Avon, the Avon 200, is an industrial gas generator that is rated at 21-22,000shp. As of 2011, 1200 Industrial Avons have been sold, and the type has established a 60,000,000 hour record for its class.[2]

Design and development

The engine was initially a private venture put forward for the English Electric Canberra.[3] Originally known as the AJ.65 for Axial Jet, 6,500 lbf the engine was based on an initial project concept by Alan Arnold Griffith.[4] which combined an axial compressor with a combustion system and single stage turbine using principles proven in the Nene engine. The Avon design team was initially headed by Stanley Hooker until development of the engine was moved from Barnoldswick to Derby in 1948[4] and Hooker subsequently left the company, moving to Bristol Engines. Design had started in 1945 and the first engine ran on March 25, 1947 with a 12-stage compressor. The engine was difficult to start, would not accelerate and broke first-stage blades.[4] 2-position inlet guide vanes and compressor bleed were among the design changes which allowed the engine, as the RA.2, to run a 25-hour test[3] and fly in the two outboard positions on the converted Lancastrian military serial VM732, from Hucknall on August 15, 1948.

The first production engine, which needed a two-stage turbine, was the RA.3, or Avon Mk 101.

The Avon 200 series was a complete redesign with very little in common with earlier Marks. Differences included a completely new combustion section and a 15-stage compressor based on that of the Armstrong-Siddeley Sapphire.[1] The first application was the Vickers Valiant.

Operational history

A Mark 122 - The rear fuselage of the Hawker Hunter can be removed for engine maintenance

The engine entered production in 1950 as the RA.3/Mk.101 with 6,500 lbf (29 kN) thrust in the English Electric Canberra B.2.[1] Similar versions were used in the Canberra B.6, Hawker Hunter and Supermarine Swift. Uprated versions followed, the RA.7/Mk.114 with 7,350 lbf (32,700 N) thrust in the de Havilland Comet C.2, the RA.14/Mk.201, 9,500 lbf (42 kN) in the Vickers Valiant and the RA.26, 10,000 lbf (44 kN) used in the Comet C.3 and Hawker Hunter F.6. An Avon-powered de Havilland Comet 4 flew the first scheduled transatlantic jet service in 1958. The highest thrust version was the RA.29 Mk.301/2 (RB.146) used in later versions of the English Electric Lightning. It produced 12,690 lbf (56,450 N) and 17,110 lbf (72,770 N) [5] with afterburning. Other aircraft to use the Avon included the de Havilland Sea Vixen, Supermarine Scimitar and Fairey Delta2.

The RA.3/Mk.109 was produced under licence by Svenska Flygmotor as the RM5, and an uprated RA.29 as the RM6 with 17,110 lbf (76,110 N) thrust. The RM5 powered the Saab Lansen and the RM6 powered the SAAB Draken and night fighter version of the Lansen.

300 Avon 113s, and a larger number of Avon 203s[6] were produced under license in Belgium by Fabrique Nationale.

In the US the RA.28-49 was used in the VTOL Ryan X-13 Vertijet aircraft.

In Australia, the Avon was used by Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation in the CA-27 Avon-Sabre.

The Avon continued in production for the Sud Aviation Caravelle and English Electric (BAC) Lightning until 1974, by which time over 11,000 had been built. It remained in operational service with the RAF until 23 June 2006 in the English Electric Canberra PR.9.

Initial design work was done on the 2-spool RB.106/RB.128 as an Avon successor for large supersonic fighters.[4]

Variants

Rolls Royce Avon RA.3 Mk.101 at RAF Museum Cosford
AJ65
The original designation, standing for Axial Jet 6,500 lbs thrust
RA.1
Prototype engines for testing and development.
RA.2
Pre-production engines for testing. 6,000 lbf (26.69 kN)
RA.3
Civil designation for the first Avon production mark - 6,500 lbf (28.91 kN).
RA.7
Civil designation for the uprated version of the Avon. - 7,350 lbf (32.69 kN).
RA.7R
The RA.7 with reheat
RA.14
Civil designation for the uprated version of the Avon with can-annular combustion chamber and Sapphire style compressor - 9,500 lbf (42.26 kN).
RA.21
8,050 lbf (35.81 kN) Production engine developed from the RA.7.
RA.24
RA.25
Civil Mk.503
RA.26
Further improvements to the Avon 200 series - Civil Mk.521
RA.28
Second generation variant 10,000 lbf (44.48 kN)
RA.29
Civil designation for the Mk.300 series (used by the Sud Aviation Caravelle)
RA.29/1
RA.29/3
RA.29/6
Mk.100 series
Military designation for the RA.3 Avon - 6,500 lbf (28.91 kN).
Mk.114
Military designation for the RA.7 Avon - 7,350 lbf (32.69 kN).
Mk.200 series
Military designation for the uprated version of the Avon with can-annular combustion chamber and Sapphire style compressor - 9,500 lbf (42.26 kN).
Mk.300 series
Developed after-burning engines for the English Electric Lightning.
RB.146 Mk.301:The ultimate Military Avon for the English Electric Lightning - 12,690 lbf (56.45 kN) dry, 17,110 lbf (76.11 kN) wet.[5]
RB.146 Mk.302:Essentially similar to the Mk.301
Avon 504
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 506
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 522
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 524
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 524B
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 525
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 525B
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 527
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 527B
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 531
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 531B
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 532R
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 532R-B
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 533R
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Avon 533R-11A
Civilian equivalent to military Mk.200 variants.
Svenska Flygmotor RM5
Licence production of the RA.3/Mk.109 for the Saab 32 Lansen
Svenska Flygmotor RM6
Uprated RA.29/Mk.300 for the Saab Draken
Westinghouse XJ54
Avon 300-series scaled-down by Westinghouse to 105 lb/sec airflow to produce 6,200 lb thrust.[7]

Applications

Military aviation

Civil aviation

Other uses

  • The Avon is also currently marketed as a compact, high reliability, stationary power source. As the AVON 1533, it has a maximum continuous output of 21,480 shp (16.02 MW) at 7,900 rpm and a thermal efficiency of 30%. In 1982, an Avon engine on gas pumping duty in a Canadian installation ran for 53,000 hours before requiring a major overhaul.[citation needed] In 1994, another industrial Avon engine ran non-stop for 476 days (11,424 hours).
  • As a compact electrical generator, the type EAS1 Avon based generator can generate a continuous output of 14.9 MW.
  • On 4 October 1983, Richard Noble's Thrust2 vehicle, powered by a single Rolls-Royce Avon 302 jet engine, set a new land-speed record of 1,019.46 km/h (633.46 mph) at the Black Rock Desert in Nevada.

Survivors

Engines on display

Specifications (Avon 301R)

Data from [14]

General characteristics

  • Type: Turbojet
  • Length: 126 in (3,200 mm)
  • Diameter: 35.7 in (907 mm)
  • Dry weight: 2,890 lb (1,310 kg)

Components

  • Compressor: 15-stage axial flow
  • Combustors: Cannular, 150 lb/s (68 kg/s)
  • Turbine: Two-stage axial flow
  • Fuel type: Kerosene

Performance

See also

Comparable engines

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Gunston 1989, p. 149.
  2. ^ "Avon 200". Rolls-Royce. 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
  3. ^ a b https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201777.html
  4. ^ a b c d "Rolls-Royce Aero Engines" Gunston, Bill, Patrick Stephens Limited 1989, ISBN 1-85260-037-3, p.131,132,133
  5. ^ a b "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, p.195
  6. ^ "hispano suiza | canadian pratt | flight international | 1962 | 1011 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 1962-06-28. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
  7. ^ "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006
  8. ^ G-INFO www.caa.co.uk Retrieved:27 January 2010
  9. ^ Thunder City - Aircraft www.thundercity.com Retrieved:27 January 2010
  10. ^ USAF Museum www.nationalmuseum.af.mil Retrieved: 27 January 2010
  11. ^ Midland Air Museum - Aircraft www.midlandairmuseum.co.uk Retrieved: 27 January 2010
  12. ^ RAF Museum - Rolls-Royce Avon rafmuseum.org Retrieved: 27 January 2010
  13. ^ RAF Museum - Rolls-Royce Avon rafmuseum.org Retrieved: 27 January 2010
  14. ^ "Lightning F.6 Avon 301R Specs". www.lightning.org.uk.
  15. ^ Avon RB.146 Mk.301

Bibliography

  • Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9
  • "Rolls-Royce Avon", Flight, 1955
  • Kay, Anthony L. (2007). Turbojet History and Development 1930-1960. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-912-6.
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