Truck

For other meanings, see Truck (disambiguation).

A truck (lorry in British English, where a "truck" is what Americans would call a train-car) is a motor vehicle for transporting goods. The word "truck" comes from the Greek "trochos", meaning "wheel". In America, the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the gasoline engine-driven trucks came into fashion, these were called "motortrucks" and the Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV)). The British term is, however, only used for the medium and heavy types (see below), i.e. a van, a pickup or a SUV would never be regarded a "lorry" . Other languages have loanwords based on these terms, such as the Malay lori and the Mexican Spanish troca (or pickup in northern Mexico).

In Australia and New Zealand a small vehicle with an open back is called a ute (short for "utility vehicle") and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles.

History

Steam trucks

Trucks and cars have a common ancestor: the steam-powered "fardier" Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built in 1769. However, steam trucks were not common until the mid-1800s. The roads of the time, built for horse and carriages, limited these vehicles to very short hauls, usually from a factory to the nearest railway station. The first semi-trailer appeared in 1881, towed by a De Dion steam tractor. Steam-powered trucks were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World War I, and the beginning of World War II in the United Kingdom.

Internal combustion

a Benz truck modified by Netphener company (1895) as the first bus also

In 1895 Karl Benz designed and built the first truck in history using the internal combustion engine. Later that year some of Benz's trucks were modified to become the first buses by the Netphener, the first bus company in history. Three years later, in 1898, another internal combustion engine truck was built by Gottlieb Daimler. Other companies, such as Peugeot and Renault, also built their own versions. Trucks of the era mostly used two-cylinder engines and had a carrying capacity of 1500 to 2000 kg. In 1904, 700 heavy trucks were built in the United States, 1000 in 1907, 6000 in 1910, and 25000 in 1914.

After World War I, several advances were made: pneumatic tires replaced the previously common full rubber versions. Electric starters, power brakes, 4, 6, and 8 cylinder engines, closed cabs, and electric lighting followed. The first modern semi-trailer trucks also appeared. Touring car builders such as Ford and Renault entered the heavy truck market.

Diesel engines

Although it had been invented in 1890, the diesel engine was not common in trucks in Europe until the 1920s. In the United States, it took much longer for diesel engines be accepted: gasoline engines were still in use on heavy trucks in the 1970s, while in Europe they had been completely replaced 20 years earlier.

Legal issues

Commercial Trucks in the US pay higher road use taxes on a State level than other road vehicles, and are subject to extensive regulation. ^[1] Here are a few reasons Commercial Trucks pay higher road use taxes: bigger and heavier than most other vehicles, and cause more wear and tear per hour on roadways; and trucks and their drivers are on the road for more hours per day. UPS vehicles are called 'package cars' in the US, because that exempted them from certain tax-rates. Rules on use taxes differ among jurisdictions.

Most jurisdictions have rules for commercial vehicles, regulating how many hours a driver may be on the clock, how much rest and sleep time is required (e.g., 11hrs on/10hrs off, and 60hrs off over every 7 days), and many other rules. Violations are often subject to significant penalties. Instruments to track each driver's hours must often be fitted.

Trucks are subject to noise emission requirements (emanating from the U.S. Noise Control Act) in order to protect the public from noise health effects, since trucks contribute disproportionately to roadway noise due to elevated stacks and intense tire and aerodynamic noise characteristics.

The Bridge Law deals with the relation between the gross weight of the truck and the amount of axles and the spacing between axles wheel base the truck has. Each State determines the minimum and maximum permissible weight per axle.

Types of trucks by size

Light trucks

Light trucks are car-sized (in the US, no more than 6,300 kg (13,000 lb)) and are used by individuals and commercial entities alike. In the UK they may not weigh more than 3,500kg. They are comprised of:

Medium trucks

Medium (or medium-duty) trucks are bigger than light but smaller than heavy trucks. In the US, they are defined as weighing between 6,300 kg (13,000 lb) and 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). For the UK the cut-off is 7.5 tonnes. Local delivery and public service (dump trucks, garbage trucks) are normally around this size.

Heavy trucks

Heavy trucks are the largest trucks allowed on the road. They are mostly used for long-haul purposes, often in semi-trailer configuration.

Road damage and wear increase very rapidly with the axle weight (truck weight divided by the number of axles). In many countries with good roads a 6-axle truck may have a maximum weight over 50 tonnes (50,000 kg).

In Australia many trailers are linked to make what are called road trains.

Off-road trucks

Highway-legal trucks are sometimes outfitted with off-road features such as a front driving axle and special tires for applications such as logging and construction. Trucks that never use public roads, such as the biggest ever truck, the Liebherr T 282B off-road mining truck, are not constrained by weight limits.

Anatomy of a truck

Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a chassis, a cab, axles, suspension and wheels, an engine and a drivetrain. Pneumatic, hydraulic, water, and electrical systems may also be identified.

Chassis

The chassis or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two beams, and several crossmembers and fishplates. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight U-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, fishplates help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The term fishplate was derived from the old railroad. The "U-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable. The chassis is usually made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminium for a lighter weight. The integrity of the chemical composition (carbon, molybdenum, etc.) and structure of the beams is of uttermost importance to its strength, and to help prevent cracking or breaking of beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame, welding, drilling and other types of modifications must not be unnecessarily practiced on these. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends.

Cab

The cab is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A "sleeper" is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver can rest while not driving. They can range from a simple 2 to 4 foot (0.6 to 1.2 m) bunk to a 12 foot (3.7 m) apartment-on-wheels. Modern cabs usually feature air conditioning, a good sound system, and ergonomic seats (often air-suspended). There are a few possible cab configurations:

Cab over engine (COE) or flat nose, where the driver is seated on top of the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated. They were common in the United States, but lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. To access the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of tilt-cab.

A concrete transport truck, also referred to as a "cement mixer" or "transit mixer" in U.S. English.

Conventional cabs are the most common in North America. The driver is seated behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Conventionals are further divided into large car and aerodynamic designs. A "large car" or "long nose" is a conventional truck with a long (6 to 8 foot (1.8 to 2.4 m) or more) hood. With their very square shapes, these trucks offer a lot of wind resistance and can consume more fuel. They also offer poorer visibility than their aerodynamic or COE counterparts. By contrast, Aerodynamic cabs are very streamlined, with a sloped hood and other features to lower drag. Most owner-operators prefer the square-hooded conventionals.
Cab beside engine designs also exist, but are rather rare.
Slang terms
- "Tiltin' Hilton" or "flying coffin" - Cab-over with a sleeper berth.
- "Anteater" - Specifically refers to the Kenworth T600, an aerodynamically-designed tractor whose nose resembles an anteater.
- "Large car" - A conventional cab with a large square hood, such as the Peterbilt 379 or the Kenworth W900.

Engine

Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Small trucks such as SUVs or pickups, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America will use gasoline engines. Most heavier trucks use four stroke turbo intercooler diesel engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a V12 Detroit Diesel two stroke engine.

In the United States, highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as CAT, Cummins, or Detroit Diesel. The only exceptions to this are Volvo Trucks and Mack Trucks, which are available with Volvo and Mack diesel engines, respectively, and Freightliner, a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler, which are available with Mercedes-Benz and Detroit Diesel engines.

Drivetrain

Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as almost all cars which have either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with synchronisers. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronisors which are lighter weight although some synchronised transmissions have been used in larger trucks. Transmissions without synchronisors require either double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries,) or a technique known colloquially as "floating," a method of shifting which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops. Although widely used, due to the tiring nature of double clutching, floating is technically illegal. Common North American setups include 10, 13 and 18 speeds. Automatic and semi-automatic transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power.

The trend in Europe is that more new trucks are being bought with automatic transmissions. This may be due in part to lawsuits from drivers claiming that driving a manual transmission is damaging to their knees.

Quality and sales

Quality among all heavy truck manufacturers in general is improving, however industry insiders will testify that the industry has a long way to go before they achieve the quality levels reached by automobile manufacturers. Part of the reason for this is that 75% of all trucks are custom specified. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line.

Heavy trucks market worldwide

Production of trucks over 16 tonnes GVW in 2003 by the ten largest manufacturers [1]
Pos.	Make	Units	Main makes
1	DaimlerChrysler	147,200	Mercedes-Benz, Unimog, Freightliner, Western Star, Sterling
2	Volvo	123,800	Volvo, Renault, Mack
3	PACCAR	81,900	Kenworth, Peterbilt, DAF, Foden, Leyland
4	Scania	46,000	Scania
5	MAN	42,100	MAN, ERF, Steyr
6	Iveco	32,700	Iveco, Astra, Seddon Atkinson
7	Navistar	27,400	International
8	Hino Motors	21,400	Hino
9	Isuzu	20,900	Isuzu
10	Mitsubishi-Fuso	16,300	Fuso

DaimlerChrysler didn't hold majority in Mitsubishi Fuso in 2003, which is why the two companies are listed separately.

Europe

Iveco, MAN AG, Mercedes-Benz Trucks, PACCAR (DAF Trucks, Leyland Trucks), Scania, and Volvo Trucks (not to be confused with Volvo cars, which is now part of Ford Motor Company), are the leading truck manufacturers in Western Europe. In the Eastern Europe, Škoda, Tatra, Zastava and GAZ are common.

Asia

Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically):

Dongfeng Motor Corporation (China, joint ventures with Nissan and Cummins)
Eicher (India)
Hino (Japan, joint ventures with Scania and Renault)
Isuzu (Japan)
Iveco (Italy, but local divisions in Asia)
Mitsubishi (Japan)
Nissan Diesel (Japan)
Tata Motors (India, previously called Telco)

South America

Registrations of heavy trucks in South America (2002; % breakdown by manufacturer):

United States

Smaller fleet operators, specialized carriers, and owner operators tend to prefer Mack or Peterbilt and Kenworth products. Larger fleet operators and public agencies tend to prefer the lower cost Freightliners, Navistar, and Ford products. There are also regional preferences with truck drivers within the United States.

On the East Coast, where routes were traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. While on the West Coast, the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. White built a new factory in California in the early 1960s, with long-haul trucking company Consolidated Freightways. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter-aluminium cab and frame, and traveled longer-straighter distances without stopping. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel-economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, anticipated the need for these lighter long-distance trucks.

References

^ "Trucking Industry Operating Taxes State of Georgia". Retrieved 2006-08-18.

Conduire un véhicule lourd, Société de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec, 7e édition, 2002 ISBN 2-551-19567-5

External links

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[1] "Trucking Industry Operating Taxes State of Georgia". Retrieved 2006-08-18.

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