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Names of Kosovo

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The name Kosovo (as referred to in this spelling) is the most frequently used form in English when discussing the region in question. The Albanian spelling Kosova has lesser currency. The alternative spellings Cossovo and Kossovo were frequently used until the early 20th century[1]

Kosovo

Kosovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Косово) is the Serbian neuter possessive adjective of kos (кос), meaning "blackbird"; -ovo being an adjectival suffix – it is short for the region named the "field of the blackbirds" (Serbian: Kosovo polje), the Kosovo field, the site of the 1389 battle between the army of Serbian Prince Lazar and the Ottoman Army, which ended in an Ottoman victory and Serbian decline.[2] The name Kosovo is found in hundreds of Slavic locations.[3] The cognate of Proto-Slavic kosь is Ancient Greek kópsikhos.[4][3] In Albanian, the name means nothing; the Albanian variant Kosova (definite Kosovë) is a borrowing from Serbian. Due to this, in the 1990s Albanian nationalists suggested "Dardania" as a substitute.

Serbia

Kosovo was part of the medieval Serbian state prior to the Ottoman conquests. The Vatican viewed Kosovo as part of Serbia and included the latter in documents of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and in the titles of primates and apostolic visitors for example. For Venetian and Latin travellers the Drin (Serbo-Croatian: Drim) separated Albania from Serbia; for instance Giacomo Soranzo in 1575, Marino Bizzi (1570–1624) in 1610[5] and Peter Masarechi in 1623 visited Kosovo, which they called Serbia (Italian: Servia).[6] Giorgio Bianchi who visited Serbia in 1637–38 included all of modern-day Kosovo, Toplica and northern Macedonia in "Upper" and "Lower Serbia", and described Prizren as "the most beautiful place in all of Serbia".[6][7] In 1650, bishop Benlić called Prizren the capital of Serbia.[7] Andrea Bogdani and Peter Bogdani also divided Albania and Serbia.[6] Vicko Zmajević grouped the towns of Skopje, Prokuplje, Tetovo, Novi Pazar and several in what is now Kosovo as part of Serbia, and as earlier done divided Albania and Serbia at the Drin.[6]

In the 19th century, the term "Old Serbia" (Serbian: Stara Srbija) was used for the territory of Raška, Kosovo and Metohija and the northwestern part of Macedonia, which were south of the borders of the Principality of Serbia.

Arnavudluk (Albania)

See also: Names of the Albanians and Albania § Arnaut/Arnavut

Kosovo was part of the Ottoman state for 457 years.

Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi, who went to the area in 1660 referred to central Kosovo as Arnavud (آرناوود) and noted that in Vučitrn its inhabitants were speakers of Albanian or Turkish and few spoke "Boşnakca".[8] The highlands around the Tetovo, Peć and Prizren areas Çelebi considered as being the "mountains of Arnavudluk".[8] Çelebi referred to the "mountains of Peć" as being in Arnavudluk and considered the Ibar river that converged in Mitrovica as forming Kosovo's border with Bosnia.[8] He viewed the "Kılab" or Lab river as having its source in Arnavudluk and by extension the Sitnica as being part of that river.[8] Çelebi also included the central mountains of Kosovo within Arnavudluk.[8]

During Ottoman rule the area of Kosovo was referred to as Arnavudluk (آرناوودلق) meaning Albania by the empire in its documents such as those dating from the eighteenth century.[9][10][11]

Gegalik (Gegënia)

In the late Ottoman period Albanians claimed the sancaks of Yeni Pazar (Novi Pazar), Ipek (Peć/Peja), Prizren, Priștine (Pristina) and Üsküp (Skopje) which were all within Kosovo Vilayet as forming part of Gegalık or Land of the Gegs, a term named after Gheg Albanians who inhabited the area.[12]

Dardania

There is a theory within linguistics that the name Dardania used in ancient times for the area of Kosovo is derived from an Albanian word dardha meaning "pear".[13][14]

Due to its Slavic (Serbian) name, Kosovo Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova supported a name change to "Dardania", after the ancient province.[15] Albanian nationalists seek to remove Serbian terminology (and toponomy) in Kosovo.[16] It did however not enter general usage.

Kosovo and Metohija

See also: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija

The name "Kosovo and Metohija" was used for the autonomous province in Yugoslav Serbia since its creation in 1945 until 1968, when the term "Metohija" was dropped. In 1990, the name was reversed to "Kosovo and Metohija". After the Kosovo War, the United Nations mission used only "Kosovo" as the name of the province.

See also

References

  1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kossovo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 916.
  2. ^ J. Everett-Heath (1 August 2000). Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 373–. ISBN 978-0-230-28673-3.
  3. ^ a b Kosta Mihailović, ed. (2006). Kosovo and Metohija: past, present, future : papers presented at the International Scholarly Meeting held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, March 16-18, 2006. SANU. pp. 231–233.
  4. ^ Ivana Vidović, ed. (2001). Drugi hrvatski slavistički kongres: zbornik radova. Hrvatsko filološko društvo. p. 72. ISBN 978-953-175-112-4.
  5. ^ Relatione della visita fatta da me, Marino Bizzi, Arcivescovo d'Antivari, nelle parti della Turchia, Antivari, Albania et Servia alla santità di nostro Signore papa Paolo V. Published as: Franjo Racki (ed.): Izvještaj barskoga nadbiskupa Marina Bizzia o svojem putovanju god. 1610 po Arbanaskoj i Staroj Srbiji, in: Starine, na sviet izdaje Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, Zagreb, 20 (1888), pp. 50–156
  6. ^ a b c d Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1986) [1984], "Tursko doba", KNJIGA O KOSOVU, SANU; Rastko
  7. ^ a b Balcanica (in Italian). Vol. 1. Balcanica. 1983. pp. 21–30.
  8. ^ a b c d e Anscombe 2006b, p. 787.
  9. ^ Anscombe, Frederick (2006). "Albanians and "mountain bandits"". In Anscombe, Frederick (ed.). The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 87–113. ISBN 9781558763838. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) p.88, 107 "In light of the recent violent troubles in Kosovo and Macedonia and the strong emotions tied to them, readers are urged most emphatically not to draw either of two unwarranted conclusions from this article: that Albanians are somehow inherently inclined to banditry, or that the extent of Ottoman "Albania" or Arnavudluk (which included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia) gives any historical "justification" for the creation of a "Greater Albania" today."
  10. ^ Anscombe, Frederick (2006b). "The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics – II: The Case of Kosovo". The International History Review. 28 (4). JSTOR 40109813. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) p.772.
  11. ^ Kolovos, Elias (2007). The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek lands: Toward a social and economic history: Studies in honor of John C. Alexander. Istanbul: Isis Press. ISBN 9789754283464. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) p. 41. "Anscombe (ibid., 107 n. 3) notes that Ottoman "Albania" or Arnavudluk... included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia"; see also El2. s.v. "Arnawutluk. 6. History" (H. İnalcık) and Arsh, He Alvania. 31.33, 39–40. For the Byzantine period. see Psimouli, Souli. 28."
  12. ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. pp. 28-29. ISBN 9781845112875. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  13. ^ Albanian Etymological Dictionary, V.Orel, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden Boston Köln 1998, p.56
  14. ^ Wilkes, John (1992). The Illyrians. Wiley. p. 244. ISBN 9780631146711. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) "Names of individuals peoples may have been formed in a similar fashion, Taulantii from ‘swallow’ (cf. the Albanian tallandushe) or Erchelei the ‘eel-men’ and Chelidoni the ‘snail-men’. The name of the Delmatae appears connected with the Albanian word for ‘sheep’ delmë) and the Dardanians with for ‘pear’ (dardhë)."
  15. ^ Jelle Janssens (5 February 2015). State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective. Maklu. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-90-466-0749-7.
  16. ^ Slobodan Erić (2006). Косово и Метохија: аргументи за останак у Србији. Геополитика. p. 281.
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