Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover
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| Ernest Augustus | |||||
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| Crown Prince of Hanover | |||||
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| Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale | |||||
| Predecessor | George V | ||||
| Successor | Titles revoked | ||||
| Head of the House of Hanover | |||||
| Pretence | 12 June 1878 – 14 November 1923 | ||||
| Predecessor | George V | ||||
| Successor | Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick | ||||
| Born | 21 September 1845 Hanover | ||||
| Died | 14 November 1923 (aged 78) Gmunden | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | |||||
| Issue | |||||
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| House | Hanover | ||||
| Father | George V of Hanover | ||||
| Mother | Marie of Saxe-Altenburg | ||||
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick; 21 September 1845 – 14 November 1923), was the eldest child and only son of George V of Hanover and his wife, Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. Ernst August was deprived of the thrones of Hanover upon its annexation by Prussia in 1866 and later the Duchy of Brunswick in 1884. Although he was the senior male-line great-grandson of George III, the Duke of Cumberland was deprived of his British peerages and honours for having sided with Germany in World War I. Ernst August was the last Hanoverian prince to hold a British royal title and the Order of the Garter. His descendants are in the line of succession to the British throne.
Early life
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Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was born at Hanover during the reign of his paternal grandfather, Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover. He became the crown prince of Hanover upon his father's accession as George V in November 1851. William I of Prussia and his minister-president Otto von Bismarck deposed George V and annexed Hanover after George sided with the defeated Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. During that war, the Crown Prince saw action at the Battle of Langensalza.
Exile
After the war, the exiled Hanoverian royal family took up residence in Hietzing, near Vienna, but spent a good deal of time in Paris. George V never abandoned his claim to the Hanoverian throne and maintained the Guelphic Legion at his own expense. The former Crown Prince traveled during this early period of exile, and ultimately accepted a commission in the Imperial and Royal Army of Austria-Hungary.
Succession
When King George V died in Paris on 12 June 1878, Prince Ernst August succeeded him as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale in the Peerage of Great Britain and Earl of Armagh in the Peerage of Ireland. Queen Victoria created him a Knight of the Garter on 1 August 1878. Kaiser Franz Joseph I of Austria appointed him to succeed his father as colonel and proprietor of the Austrian 42nd Regiment of Infantry. The regiment's name was changed to honor him, and he served as its honorary colonel from 1879 to the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1918.
Marriage
While visiting his second cousin Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) at Sandringham in 1875, he met Princess Thyra of Denmark (29 September 1853 – 26 February 1933), the youngest daughter of King Christian IX and a sister of the Princess of Wales (later Queen Alexandra). Due to an Act of Parliament that forbade descendants of George II of Great Britain from marrying without the British Sovereign's consent or else risk losing their titles and place in the succession, Ernest Augustus asked his first cousin once removed, Queen Victoria, for permission to marry. She gave it in an official document in letters patent.[1]
On 21/22 December 1878, he and Princess Thyra married at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen.
Duchy of Brunswick
Queen Victoria appointed the Duke of Cumberland a colonel in the British Army in 1876[2] and promoted him to major general in 1886, lieutenant general in 1892 and general in 1898. Although he was a British peer and a prince of Great Britain and Ireland, he continued to consider himself an exiled monarch of a German realm and refused to disclaim his succession rights to Hanover, making his home in Gmunden, Upper Austria.
The Duke of Cumberland was also first in the line of succession to the Duchy of Brunswick after his distant cousin, Duke William. In 1879, when it became apparent that the senior line of the House of Welf would die with William, the Brunswick parliament created a council of regency to take over administration of the duchy upon William's death. This council would appoint a regent if the Duke of Cumberland could not ascend the throne. When William died in 1884, the Duke of Cumberland proclaimed himself Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick. However, since he still claimed to be the legitimate King of Hanover as well, the German Reichsrat declared that he would disturb the peace of the empire if he ascended the ducal throne. Under Prussian pressure, the council of regency ignored his claim and appointed Prince Albert of Prussia as regent.
Negotiations between Ernest Augustus and the German government continued for almost three decades, to no avail. During this time, Regent Albert died and Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg was appointed as regent.
Reconciliation
The Duke of Cumberland was partially reconciled with the Hohenzollern dynasty in 1913, when his surviving son, Prince Ernst August, married the only daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the grandson of the Prussian king who had deposed his father. On 24 October 1913, he renounced his succession rights to the Brunswick duchy (which had belonged to the Guelph dynasty since 1235) in favour of his son. The younger Ernst August thus became the reigning Duke of Brunswick on 1 November 1913 and married the Kaiser's daughter. As a mark of regard for his daughter's father-in-law, Kaiser Wilhelm II created the elder Ernst August a Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle.
In 1918, the younger Duke Ernst August abdicated his throne along with the other German princes when all the German dynasties were disestablished by the successor German provisional Government which was established when the Emperor himself abdicated and fled Germany in exile to the Netherlands.
War
The outbreak of World War I created a breach between the British Royal Family and its Hanoverian cousins. On 13 May 1915, King George V of the United Kingdom ordered the removal of the Duke of Cumberland from the Roll of the Order of the Garter. According to the letters patent on 30 November 1917, he lost the status of a British prince and the style of Highness. Under the terms of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917, on 28 March 1919 his name was removed from the roll of Peers of Great Britain and of Ireland by Order of the King in Council for "bearing arms against Great Britain."
Later life
Prince Ernst August, the former Crown Prince of Hanover and former Duke of Cumberland, died of a stroke on his estate at Gmunden in November 1923. He is interred, next to his wife and his mother, in a mausoleum which he had built adjacent to Cumberland Castle.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 21 September 1845 – 18 November 1851: His Royal Highness Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- 18 November 1851 – 12 June 1878: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- 12 June 1878 – 28 March 1919: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
- 28 March 1919 – 14 November 1923: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- in pretense 12 June 1878 – 14 November 1923: His Majesty The King of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Honours
Orders and Medals
Hanover: Knight of the Order of St. George, after 1845 (Grand Master from June 12, 1878)[3]- Hanover: Knight, Grand Cross, Royal Guelphic Order, after 1845
- Hanover: Knight, Grand Cross, Order of Ernst August, circa 1865
- Hanover: Langensalza Medal, July 27, 1866 (as a veteran of the battle, June 27, 1866)
Austria: Knight's Cross, Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1866[4]- Austria: Knight, Grand Cross, Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen, 1892
United Kingdom: Knight of the Order of the Garter, 20 July 1878[5]
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 16 November 1878[6]
Spain: Knight, Order of the Golden Fleece, July 9, 1902[7]
Prussia: Knight, Order of the Black Eagle, 1913[8]
Russia: Knight, Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First Called[9]
Bavaria: Knight, Order of St. Hubert[10]
Saxony: Knight, Order of the Rue Crown[11]
Baden: Knight, Grand Cross, House Order of Fidelity[12]
Hesse: Knight, Grand Cross, Order of Philip the Magnanimous[13]- Austria: Jubilee Medal of 1898 (on the 50th anniversary of Franz Joseph I.'s reign)
- Austria: Jubilee Cross of 1908 (on the 60th anniversary of Franz Joseph I.'s reign)
- Austria: 1912/1913 Mobilization Cross
- Austria: Officer's Long Service Cross (for 40 years service)
- Denmark: Knight, 1st Class, Order of the Dannebrog
Military Appointments
In Germany:
- Bavaria December 9, 1912 (ca.): Generalmajor à la Suite, Royal Bavarian Schweren Reiter-regiment " Prinz Karl von Bayern" Nr. 1[14]
In Austria:
- 1879: Oberstinhaber (Colonel and Proprietor), K.u.K. Infanterieregiment "Ernst August, Herzog von Cumberland und Herzog zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg" Nr. 42
- 1914 (ca.): Generalmajor, K.u.K. Armee
In the United Kingdom:
May 27, 1876: Colonel, British Army- 1886: Major General, British Army
- 1892: Lieutenant General, British Army
- 1898: General, British Army
Arms
Until his father's death in 1878, Ernest Augustus' arms in right of the United Kingdom were those of his father (being the arms of the Kingdom of Hanover differenced by a label gules bearing a horse courant argent). Upon his father's death, he inherited his arms.[15]
Issue
The Duke and Duchess of Cumberland had six children:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Princess Marie Louise of Hanover | 11 October 1879 | 31 January 1948 | married Prince Maximilian of Baden (10 July 1867 – 6 November 1929); had issue |
| Prince George William of Hanover | 28 October 1880 | 20 May 1912 | |
| Princess Alexandra of Hanover | 29 September 1882 | 30 August 1963 | married Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (9 April 1882 – 17 November 1945); had issue |
| Princess Olga of Hanover | 11 July 1884 | 21 September 1958 | |
| Prince Christian of Hanover | 4 July 1885 | 3 September 1901 | |
| Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick | 17 November 1887 | 30 January 1953 | married Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia (13 September 1892 – 11 December 1980); had issue |
Ancestry
| Patrilineal descent |
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Patrilineal descent, descent from father to son, is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that the historically accurate royal house of monarchs of the House of Hanover was the House of Lucca (or Este, or Welf). This is the descent of the primary male heir. For the complete expanded family tree, see List of members of the House of Hanover.
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Notes
- ^ [Letters patent https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/prince_highness_docs.htm#1906]
- ^ "No. 24330". The London Gazette. 26 May 1876. p. 3186.
- ^ Ruvigny, Melville Henry Massue, 9th Marquis of. Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, London: Harrison & Sons, 1914. p. 52-53
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 52
- ^ Wm. A. Shaw, The Knights of England, Volume I (London, 1906) page 65
- ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 464. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 53
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 53
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 53
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 53
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 53
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 53
- ^ Ruvigny, p. 53
- ^ Helmut Weitze Military Antiques Auction House. “Bavarian Uniform Ensemble of Duke Ernst August (II) of Brunshwick and Lunenburg as General Major à la Suite in the Royal Bavarian 1st Schweren Reiter Regiment “Prinz Karl von Bayern” (Auction Number 272415)." Retrieved from: https://www.weitze.net/militaria/14/Bayern_Uniform_Ensemble_aus_dem_Besitz_von_Herzog_Ernst_August_von_Braunschweig_Lueneburg_als_Generalmajor_agrave_la_Suite_des_Kgl_Bayerischen_1_Schweren_Reiter_Regiments_Prinz_Karl_von_Bayern_ZU_NR_272415__272414.html.
- ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
External links
Heads of the Hanoverian royal family since 1866 | ||
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See also House of Hanover Potential claimants of the Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale since 1917 and the Duchy of Brunswick since 1918 1 also a British prince; 2 also Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale and Earl of Armagh; 3 also Duke of Brunswick until 1913; 4 also Duke of Brunswick until 1918 | ||
Generations are numbered by descent from George III, first king of Hanover | ||
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| International | |
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| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- Princes of the United Kingdom
- Hanoverian princes
- House of Hanover
- Dukes of Cumberland and Teviotdale
- Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order
- People from Hanover
- People from the Kingdom of Hanover
- Knights of the Golden Fleece
- Heirs apparent who never acceded
- 1845 births
- 1923 deaths
- Crown Princes of Hanover
- Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle
- Recipients of the House Order of the Wendish Crown
- Burials at the Schloss Cumberland Mausoleum