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List of hill stations in Malaysia

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Map of hill stations in Malaysia

There are ten hill stations in Malaysia that are built in Malaysia’s mountainous area. Of the ten, four are in Pahang, two are in Perak and the rest are in Kedah, Negeri Sembilan, Penang, and Selangor. Cameron Highlands is the largest hill station, covering 71,220 hectares (175,988 acres) of land, as well as the highest elevation at 1,830 metres (6,004 ft) above sea level.

The concept of a hill station in Malaysia began during the colonial period. The British were not used to the environment in Malaysia, especially the hot tropical weather, the endemic illness, and mosquito breeding areas. As a result, the British started planning to find alternative ways to allow their people to stay in the tropical countries for a longer period as the distance and the British Government's leave policy prevented any British people settled in tropical countries from returning to their homeland on a regular basis. Due to Malaysia’s geographical factors and abundant natural beauty, the British government built these hill stations in Malaysia.[1] The first hill station, Penang Hill, was founded in 1787 at Penang Island. It was soon followed by Bukit Larut (1884) and Mount Kledang (1892) in Perak; Treacher Hill (1893) in Selangor; Fraser’s Hill (1919) and Cameron Highlands (1925) in Pahang; Mount Angsi (year unknown) in Negeri Sembilan. Plans were initially made to build another hill station, on Mount Tahan, but it was never built due to the northern part of Mount Tahan being in Kelantan and not under British control. If it was constructed, it would have been the highest hill station in Malaysia, with an elevation of 2,187 m (7,175 ft) above sea level.[1]

Following the independence of Malaysia (1957), another three hill stations were built: Genting Highlands (1971) in Pahang; Mount Jerai (1986) in Kedah; and Bukit Tinggi (1994) in Pahang. Unlike the previous colonial hill stations, they were established by the local people rather than by the British.[2][3] The idea of Genting Highlands was inspired by founder Lim Goh Tong's business trip in the Cameron Highlands, where the fresh and cold climate of the hill station inspired him to build an entertainment center on top of the hill. It includes hotels, amusement parks, cable cars, a golf course,[2] the only operating casino in Malaysia,[4] and the upcoming Genting SkyWorlds, which contains attractions with licensing agreements from 20th Century Studios and the Walt Disney Company.[5][6] However, the development of the hill station, including the renovation and uplifting of the hill station built by British government, has brought concern over environmental effects, including deforestation, water pollution, and visual pollution.[7][8]

List of hill stations

The list below shows the hill stations in Malaysia. According to Samuel Robert Aiken, geography professor at Concordia University, the hill stations built before the independence of Malaysia (1957) were categorized into two categories, principal hill station and minor hill station. Principal hill stations are those which were developed in locations that are more integrated with social and cultural interaction. Minor hill stations are the hill stations which were less developed due to limited growth and low elevations, where the hill station elevation was not high enough to satisfy people's needs for a place with a cool climate compared to the lowlands, and lack of flatlands to accommodate more government officials.[1] Other hill stations which were not categorized by Aiken include Genting Highlands, Mount Jerai and Bukit Tinggi. These hill stations were developed after the independence of Malaysia, but received significant coverage from organizations including the University of California, Berkeley, the New Straits Times and the World Wide Fund for Nature for strong economic and tourism development, or for potential risk to environments due to recent developments.[9][10][11]

†
 Principal hill station
‡
 Minor hill station
Hill station name State Year established Size Elevation Coordinates Image Ref
Bukit Kutu‡
(Treacher Hill) 		Selangor 1893 Unknown 1,053 m (3,455 ft) 3°32′34.4″N 101°43′12.6″E / 3.542889°N 101.720167°E / 3.542889; 101.720167 (Bukit Kutu)
Bukit Kutu
[12][13]
Bukit Larut†[note 1] Perak 1884 690 ha (1,705 acres) 1,250 m (4,101 ft) 4°51′44.28″N 100°47′34.8″E / 4.8623000°N 100.793000°E / 4.8623000; 100.793000 (Bukit Larut)
Mist at Bukit Larut
[1][15]
Bukit Tinggi Pahang 1994 2,000 ha (4,942 acres) 820 m (2,690 ft) 3°24′0.70″N 101°50′23.7″E / 3.4001944°N 101.839917°E / 3.4001944; 101.839917 (Bukit Tinggi)
Inside the Colmar Tropicale
[3][16]
Cameron Highlands† Pahang 1925 71,220 ha (175,988 acres) 1,830 m (6,004 ft) 4°29′11.6″N 101°22′46.8″E / 4.486556°N 101.379667°E / 4.486556; 101.379667 (Cameron Highlands)
Cameron Highlands tea plantation
[1][17]
Fraser's Hill† Pahang 1919[note 2] 2,829 ha (6,991 acres) 1,456 m (4,777 ft) 3°42′50.4″N 101°44′6″E / 3.714000°N 101.73500°E / 3.714000; 101.73500 (Fraser's Hill)
Fraser's Hill clock tower
[14][19]
Genting Highlands Pahang 1971 3,965 ha (9,798 acres) 1,828 m (5,997 ft) 3°25′15.1″N 101°47′35.4″E / 3.420861°N 101.793167°E / 3.420861; 101.793167 (Genting Highlands)
Genting Highlands
[20][21]
Mount Angsi‡ Negeri Sembilan Unknown Unknown 825 m (2,707 ft) 2°41′55.4″N 102°02′52.7″E / 2.698722°N 102.047972°E / 2.698722; 102.047972 (Mount Angsi)
Mount Angsi entrance gate
[1]
Mount Jerai Kedah 1986 8,560 ha (21,152 acres) 1,217 m (3,993 ft) 5°47′16.9″N 100°26′03.2″E / 5.788028°N 100.434222°E / 5.788028; 100.434222 (Mount Jerai)
Mount Jerai
[22]
Mount Kledang‡ Perak 1892 Unknown 808 m (2,651 ft) 4°35′38.3″N 101°00′53.3″E / 4.593972°N 101.014806°E / 4.593972; 101.014806 (Mount Kledang)
Mount Kledang view from Ipoh
[1][12]
Penang Hill† Penang 1787 468 ha (1,156 acres) 833 m (2,733 ft) 5°25′26.3″N 100°16′08.3″E / 5.423972°N 100.268972°E / 5.423972; 100.268972 (Penang Hill)
Penang Hill
[1][23]

Notes

  1. ^ Originally established as Maxwell Hill. The place was renamed to Bukit Larut in 1979.[14]
  2. ^ Fraser’s Hill was originally founded in 1890 as a tin mining community known as Pamah Lebar and was renamed as Fraser’s Hill in 1922 after the conversion from former tin mining area into a hill station.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Farrah Zaini, Siti; Md Ali, Zuraini; Anak Kayan, Brit (November 16, 2017). "Site Selection Criteria for British Colonial Hill Stations in Malaya" (PDF). International Symposium of Nusantara Cultural Heritage. 2: 3–4. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Salim, Nurbaidura; Sukiman, Mohd Fauzi; Mohamed, Bairuddin (December 2011). "Sustainable development on highland areas: A case study of Genting Highlands, Pahang". International Conference on Sustainable Development 2011: 2–3. ISSN 1923-6654. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  3. ^ a b Nurani, Norsiah (August 24, 1992). "BTR to spend $600m on resort project over next 10-15 years". New Straits Times. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  4. ^ Ali, Martiza (June 17, 2014). "Pahang Exco wants Federal Government to reject Berjaya's casino application". New Straits Times. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  5. ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 26, 2019). "Legal Fight Over Fox Theme Park In Malaysia Ends In Settlement". Deadline.com. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  6. ^ "Genting Malaysia to rightsize workforce, management offered pay cut". New Straits Times. May 22, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  7. ^ Abdullah, Ashraf; Mahadhir Nordin, Saif (July 31, 1994). "Taking the brunt of development". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  8. ^ "Hill projects to be spread out to prevent degradation". New Straits Times. September 7, 1994. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  9. ^ R. Reed, Robert (October 1979). "The Colonial Genesis of Hill Stations: The Genting Exception". Geographical Review. 69 (4): 465–467. doi:10.2307/214809. JSTOR 214809. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  10. ^ "Enforce environment laws strictly, says Reach". New Straits Times. March 11, 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  11. ^ Study on the Development of Hill Stations (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature. October 2000. p. 20.
  12. ^ a b Harun, Hairudin (2017). "6.4 The "Malayan Head", Hill Sanitariums and European Health". Medicine and imperialism II: A History of Colonial Health Policy in British Malaya. Self-published.
  13. ^ Christine, Michelle (August 12, 2017). "What? Where?". The Star. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  14. ^ a b Bahauddin, Azizi; Mohamed, Badaruddin; Mat Som, Ahmad Puad; Irwana, Shida; Ghapar Othman, Abdul (November 2010). "The British Colonial Architectural Heritage of Fraser's Hill and Cameron Highlands, Malaysia". Transformation and Modernisation in Tourism, Hospitality and Gastronomy: 4. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  15. ^ Anbalagan, V. (December 15, 2002). "Residents welcome Bukit Larut move". New Straits Times. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  16. ^ Hussein, Hanna (December 5, 2019). "#JOM GO: Escape to Bukit Tinggi". New Straits Times. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  17. ^ Shirasaka, Shigeru (1988). "The Agricultural Development of Hill Stations in Tropical Asia - A Case Study in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia" (PDF). Geographical Review of Japan. 61 (2): 191–211. doi:10.4157/grj1984b.61.191. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  18. ^ Cheong 2013, p. 6.
  19. ^ Cheong 2013, p. 5.
  20. ^ WWF Malaysia 2001, p. 137.
  21. ^ Hussein, Hanna (June 21, 2019). "#JOM! STAY: High-altitude vacation spot for family". New Straits Times. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  22. ^ Study on the Development of Hill Stations: Final Report Volume 2 (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature. November 2001. p. 102.
  23. ^ Aiken 1987, p. 426.

Bibliography

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