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Template:Infobox England place with map Whitby is a historic town in North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. Nowadays it is a fishing port and tourist destination. It is situated 47 miles from York, at 54 deg. 29 min. 24 sec. north latitude, and 35 min. 59 sec. west longitude, at the mouth of the River Esk and spreads up the steep sides of the narrow valley carved out by the river's course. At this point the coast curves round, so the town faces more north than east.

History

Many interesting fossils have been found in the Whitby area including entire skeletons of pterodactyls.

Saxon Whitby

In about 657, Oswiu or Oswy, the Christian king of Northumbria, fulfilled a vow by founding a monastery there.

Faced in 655 with the mighty army of Penda, the pagan King of Mercia, which greatly outnumbered his own, Oswiu asked God to grant him victory, promising to consecrate his infant daughter Ælflæda to the service of God and to give land to found monasteries. Penda and most of his nobles were killed in the battle. Oswiu honoured his pledges by granting 12 small estates of 10 hides each in various places for monasteries to be built. One of them was at Streanæshealh, later known as Whitby Abbey. This was the house that Ælflæda herself entered as a pupil and of which she later became abbess.^[1]

The first abbess was Hilda, a remarkable figure, later venerated as a saint. Under her influence, Whitby became a centre of learning, and the poetry of Cædmon is amongst the earliest examples of Anglo-Saxon literature. It was the leading royal nunnery of Deira, and the burial-place of its royal family. The Synod of Whitby, in 664, established the Roman date of Easter in Northumbria at the expense of the Celtic one, an important and influential decision.^[2]

In 867, Danish Vikings landed two miles west of Whitby at Raven's Hill, and moved on to attack the settlement and to destroy the monastery. It was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066 that William de Percy ordered that the monastery be refounded (1078), dedicating it to St. Peter and St. Hilda. Later it became Presteby (meaning the habitation of Priests in Old Norse) then Hwytby; next Whiteby, (meaning the "white settlement" in Old Norse, probably from the colour of the houses) and finally Whitby.

Late Medieval and Tudor Period

According to Langdale's Yorkshire Dictionary (1822) and Baine's Directory of the County of York (1823), even up to the reign of Elizabeth I Whitby was little more than a small fishing port. In 1540, it had consisted of only around twenty to thirty houses and had a population of about two hundred inhabitants. In that year Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, including Whitby's Abbey.

At the end of the XVI. Century, Thomas Chaloner of York traveled to Italy and visited the alum works of his Holiness the Pope. He recognized that the rock from which the alum was made was identical to that abundant in several areas in and around his Guisborough estate in North Yorkshire. Alum was a very important product at that time, used internationally, in curing leather, fixing dyed cloths and for medicinal uses. Up to this period the Vatican had maintained a virtual monopoly on the production and sale of the product.

Chaloner secretly brought some of the Pope's workmen to England, and over the following years developed a thriving alum industry in Yorkshire. (It is said that this development significantly lowered the international price of alum, impacting the profitability of a traditional source of revenue for the Vatican, and that Chaloner was excommunicated).

Whitby Abbey and St Mary's Church

Over the centuries, the town spread both inland and onto the west cliff, whilst the east cliff (sometimes called the Haggerlythe) remains dominated by the ruins of Whitby Abbey and Saint Mary's Church. It is quite a distance to reach the east cliff by road, the alternative being to climb the 199 steps, which are famed enough that many who make the climb can be heard counting on the way up.

In St Mary's Church is a very fine memorial to General Peregrine Lascelles. He was a native of Whitby, died in 1772, and his epitaph in the St Mary's says he was " General of all and singular his majesty's forces, who served his country from the year 1706. In the reign of Queen Anne he served in Spain, and in the battles of Almanara, Saragossa, and Villa-Viciosæ, and performed the duty of a brave and gallant officer, In the rebellion of 1715 he served in Scotland; and in that of 1745, after a fruitless exertion of his spirit and ability at the disgraceful rout at Preston Pans, he remained forsaken on the field. In all his dealings he was just and disinterested, bountiful to his soldiers, a father to his officers, a man of truth and principle, in short An HONEST MAN he dyed March ye 26th 1772 in the 88th year of his age"

File:Peregrine Lascelles.jpg

Whitby, Yorkshire, England

The west cliff has its own landmarks - a statue of Captain James Cook, who sailed from the town, and an arch of whalebone, in commemoration of the once large whaling industry. The whalebone arch is the second to stand on this spot, the original (a larger version) is now preserved in Whitby Archives Heritage Centre. By the inner harbour, next to the tourist information office, there is also a statue commemmorating Captain Scoresby, inventor of the crow's nest.

Modern history (since 1605)

Among the resulting alum producing centres, several were established close to Whitby, including that near Sandsend (now Sandsend Ness), just three miles from the town, in 1615. With this, two new, rapidly growing activities were promoted in the port of Whitby, the transport of the alum itself and that of the coal necessary for its production.

With this, the town's wealth increased and Whitby began to grow, extending its activities to include shipbuilding, using the local oak as raw material. Taxes on imports entering via the port raised the necessary finance to improve and extend the town's twin piers, thereby improving the harbour and permitting further inceases in trade.

In 1753 the first whaling ship to set sail from Whitby to Greenland. This initiated a new phase in the town's development, and by 1795 Whitby had become a major centre for the whaling industry.

Whitby was the site of the Rohilla disaster of October 30 1914; when the hospital ship Rohilla was sunk (either by running aground, or hitting a mine; accounts differ) within sight of shore just off Whitby. Eighty-five people lost their lives in the disaster; most of them are buried in the churchyard at Whitby.

Also in 1914, Whitby was shelled by German Battlecruisers Von der Tann and Derfflinger, aiming for the signal post on the end of the headland. Scarborough and Hartlepool were also attacked. Whitby Abbey sustained considerable damage during the attack.

Whitby jet

The black mineral jet is found in the cliffs around Whitby, and has been used since the bronze age to make beads and other jewellery. The Romans mined jet extensively, and Whitby jet was at the peak of its popularity in the mid-19th century, especially after it was favoured as mourning jewellery by Queen Victoria. Whitby Museum holds a large collection on the archaeological and social history of jet.

Whitby and literature

One unusual feature of Whitby is the Dracula museum - a large portion of Bram Stoker's famous novel was set in Whitby, describing Dracula's arrival in Britain, on a ship washed ashore in the harbour, and how Lucy watched from the churchyard as the sun set over the nearby headland of Kettleness, but didn't know how many steps she climbed to get there. The novel Caedmon's Song by Peter Robinson plays in Whitby, too. Whitby also features heavily in the novel Possession, by A. S. Byatt.

The present day

The modern Port of Whitby, strategically placed for shipping to Europe, with very good proximity to the Scandinavian countries, is capable of handling a wide range of cargoes, including grain, steel products, timber and potash. Vessels of up to 3000 tonnes DWT are received on a routine basis the Wharf, which has the capability of loading/unloading two ships simultaneously. 5000 sq metres of dock space is currently (2004) allocated for storage of all-weather cargo and a further 1600 sq metres of warehouse space is reserved for weather-critical goods storage.

Each year, on the eve of Ascension Day the Penny Hedge ceremony is performed.

Whitby also hosts the twice-yearly Whitby Gothic Weekend, a festival for members of the goth subculture.

It was also hailed by the New York Times as one of the best places in Great Britain for rural life.

The town was awarded "Best Seaside Resort 2006", by Which Holiday ? magazine.

The town is served by Whitby railway station which forms the terminus of the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough, formerly the northern terminus of the Whitby, Pickering and York line.

Sister cities

External links

'History'

'Tourism'

Whitby Website with tourist information, views, history, accommodation

'Other'

Mapping the Town: the history of Whitby, presented by Julian Richards (BBC Radio 4) (RealAudio format)

^ Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. J.McClure and R. Collins (Oxford University Press 1994), pp. 150-151.
^ The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England ed. Michael Lapidge et al (Blackwell 1999), pp.155, 472.

[1] Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. J.McClure and R. Collins (Oxford University Press 1994), pp. 150-151.

[2] The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England ed. Michael Lapidge et al (Blackwell 1999), pp.155, 472.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 Chaloner secretly brought some of the Pope's workmen to England, and over the following years developed a thriving alum industry in Yorkshire. (It is said that this development significantly lowered the international price of alum, impacting the profitability of a traditional source of revenue for the Vatican, and that Chaloner was [[Excommunication|excommunicated]]).
+===Whitby Abbey and St Mary's Church===
+Over the centuries, the town spread both inland and onto the west cliff, whilst the east cliff (sometimes called the Haggerlythe) remains dominated by the ruins of [[Whitby Abbey]] and [[Saint Mary's Church]]. It is quite a distance to reach the east cliff by road, the alternative being to climb the 199 steps, which are famed enough that many who make the climb can be heard counting on the way up.
+In St Mary's Church is a very fine memorial to [[General Peregrine Lascelles]]. He was a native of Whitby, died in 1772, and his epitaph in the St Mary's says he was " General of all and singular his majesty's forces, who served his country from the year 1706. In the reign of Queen Anne he served in Spain, and in the battles of Almanara, Saragossa, and Villa-Viciosæ, and performed the duty of a brave and gallant officer, In the rebellion of 1715 he served in Scotland; and in that of 1745, after a fruitless exertion of his spirit and ability at the disgraceful rout at Preston Pans, he remained forsaken on the field. In all his dealings he was just and disinterested, bountiful to his soldiers, a father to his officers, a man of truth and principle, in short An HONEST MAN
+he dyed March ye 26th 1772 in the 88th year of his age"
+[[image:Peregrine Lascelles.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Whitby, Yorkshire, England]]
+The west cliff has its own landmarks - a statue of Captain [[James Cook]], who sailed from the town, and an arch of whalebone, in commemoration of the once large whaling industry. The whalebone arch is the second to stand on this spot, the original (a larger version) is now preserved in Whitby Archives Heritage Centre. By the inner harbour, next to the tourist information office, there is also a statue commemmorating Captain Scoresby, inventor of the crow's nest.
+[[image:Whitby.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Whitby, Yorkshire, England]]
 ===Modern history (since 1605)===
@@ Line 50: / Line 67: @@
 In [[1753]] the first [[whaling]] ship to set sail from Whitby to [[Greenland]]. This initiated a new phase in the town's development, and by [[1795]] Whitby had become a major centre for the [[whaling]] industry.
-Over the centuries, the town has spread both inland and onto the west cliff, whilst the east cliff (sometimes called the Haggerlythe) remains dominated by the ruins of [[Whitby Abbey]] and by Saint Mary's Church. It is quite a distance to reach the east cliff by road, the alternative being to climb the 199 steps, which are famed enough that many who make the climb can be heard counting on the way up. The west cliff has its own landmarks - a statue of Captain [[James Cook]], who sailed from the town, and an arch of whalebone, in commemoration of the once large whaling industry. The whalebone arch is the second to stand on this spot, the original (a larger version) is now preserved in Whitby Archives Heritage Centre. By the inner harbour, next to the tourist information office, there is also a statue commemmorating Captain Scoresby, inventor of the crow's nest.
-[[image:Whitby.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Whitby, Yorkshire, England]]
 Whitby was the site of the ''[[Rohilla Steamship|Rohilla]]'' disaster of [[October 30]] [[1914]]; when the hospital ship ''Rohilla'' was sunk (either by running aground, or hitting a mine; accounts differ) within sight of shore just off Whitby. Eighty-five people lost their lives in the disaster; most of them are buried in the churchyard at Whitby.