James Fetzer

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James H. Fetzer
Born
James Henry Fetzer

(1940-12-06) December 6, 1940 (age 83)
Pasadena, California, USA
NationalityAmerican

James Henry Fetzer (Dec 6, 1940–) is a philosopher of science and conspiracy theorist. Since the late 1970s, Fetzer has worked on assessing and clarifying the forms and foundations of scientific explanation, probability in science, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of cognitive science, especially artificial intelligence and computer science.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

In the early 1990s, suspecting government conspiracies, Fetzer began investigating the 1963 Kennedy assassination,[7][8] and then likewise the 2002 death of Senator Paul Wellstone,[9][10] and the 9/11 attacks.[7][11] Having cofounded Scholars for 9/11 Truth in 2005,[7] Fetzer has alleged involvement by the United States government and Israeli government in these and other alleged government conspiracies. Fetzer's allegations and speculations have drawn strong controversy.[7][12][13][14][15][16]

Childhood and family

Fetzer was born in Pasadena, California, on December 6, 1940, to a father who worked as an accountant in a welfare office in Los Angeles County,[17] and grew up in a neighboring city, Altadena.[18]

After his parents' divorce, Fetzer moved to La Habra Heights, California, with his brother, mother, and stepfather.[18] His mother died when he was 11, and he went to live with his father and stepmother.[18][19]

During military service in the 1960s Fetzer married, and divorced four years later, after having a son.[19] He remarried in the 1970s while teaching at the University of Kentucky.[19]

Education and career

Having graduated from South Pasadena High School, he studied philosophy at Princeton University and graduated magna cum laude in 1962,[7] while his undergraduate thesis, done under Carl G Hempel, won The Dickinson Prize.[1] He then joined the United States Marine Corps, and was second lieutenant in an artillery unit.[7] In the early 1960s he was stationed at Okinawa, Japan.[17][19]

In 1966, soon after promotion to captain, he resigned to enter graduate school.[7] Having attained a master's degree from Indiana University, he studied at Columbia University for a year, then returned to Indiana University and in 1970 attained PhD in history of science and philosophy of science.[7][17][19]

He became an assistant professor at University of Kentucky in 1970, and received the UK Student Government's first Distinguished Teaching Award in 1973. He left Kentucky in 1977, then taught at University of Virginia, University of Cincinnati, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and University of South Florida.[7] In 1987, he became full professor at University of Minnesota Duluth, was appointed Distinguished McKnight University Professor in 1996, and remained until retirement in June 2006.[7]

In the late 1970s, Fetzer received a National Science Foundation fellowship,[20] and contributed a chapter to a book on Hans Reichenbach.[21] In 1990, Fetzer received the Medal of the University of Helsinki.[1] He assisted theorists in computer science,[22][23] and joined debate over proper types of inference in computing.[5] In the late 1990s, Fetzer was called to organize a symposium on philosophy of mind,[24] and authored textbooks on cognitive science and artificial intelligence.[3][4] He is an expert on philosopher Carl G Hempel.[1][25]

Fetzer published over 100 articles and 20 books on philosophy of science and philosophy of cognitive science, especially of artificial intelligence and computer science.[6][26] He founded the international journal Minds and Machines, which for 11 years he edited, and founded the academic library Studies in Cognitive Systems,[7] of which he was series editor.[1] He founded the Society for Machines & Mentality. Near and after retirement, Fetzer remained a contributor to as well as cited or republished in philosophy of science and cognitive science volumes and encyclopedias.[2][25][27][28][29]

Conspiracy claims

Interested in alleged government conspiracies since the 1963 assassination of US President John F Kennedy,[7] Fetzer researched extensively,[8] published dozens of articles against the Warren Commission's report, became "a familiar and controversial figure in the JFK research community",[19] and has edited three collections of expert assessments.[30] Don "Four Arrows" Jacobs and Fetzer investigated the 2002 airplane crash that killed US Senator Paul Wellstone and alleged it an assassination.[31] Fetzer edited the first book from Scholars for 9/11 Truth, cofounded by Fetzer in 2005, though its other cofounder left in 2006 to found a similar organization less radically speculative.[32][33] Alleging treason and oath violations, Fetzer called for military overthrow of the US President G W Bush's administration,[34] a position that hurt Fetzer's mainstream credibility.[7]

In America, Fetzer has appeared on radio and television,[18] airing his views nationally, as on Jesse Ventura's America,[35] on Hannity & Colmes, and, where Fetzer claimed that CIA influence on American news media has restricted his audience, on The O'Reilly Factor.[36][37] Fetzer has also appeared on The Truthseeker via RT television network, based in Russia.[38] Claiming that America news media is under "massive control", he is esteemed in Iranian news media,[16][39] where he asserted "that the US Constitution has been tattered, torn and shredded", while "the United States has become the laughing stock for every serious student of international affairs".[40] Against US government and Hollywood, too, he has sided with Iran.[39][41] Fetzer is an editor of the online magazine Veterans Today, apparently focused on conspiracy theories.

Fetzer alleged Israeli role in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the 1992 attack on its Israeli embassy and the 1994 AMIA bombing of that Jewish community center.[42] Atop backing allegations that the 7/7 London bombings in 2005, the Sandy Hook school shooting in 2012, and the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013 were governments' covert terrorism,[43][44] he initially suggested for Sandy Hook a role by Israel's Mossad or in any case, via claimed inconsistencies, a governmental stratagem, perhaps to frighten Americans into further gun restrictions.[45] He later claimed that the Sandy Hook massacre was a sham.[46] He asserted that Osama Bin Laden died some nine years before his reported death in May 2011,[47] and that US government contrived Al-Qaeda.[48] Fetzer has claimed evidence that all six lunar landings were faked.[49] In 2013, the University of Minnesota alerted that Fetzer had been suggesting a false association between the university and his conspiracy interests by exhibiting his title as professor emeritus and his university email address.[50]

JFK assassination

In 1992, at a televised press conference, JAMA chief editor George Lundberg denounced Oliver Stone's 1991 film JFK as "docu-fiction".[51][52] In a letter to the editor, AMA member David Mantik criticized AMA politicization.[52] Fetzer then contacted Mantik, they collaborated to research, and others joined.[52] The 1998 book Assassination Science, edited by Fetzer, resulted with Mantik's putative "discoveries that the autopsy X-rays had been altered and the determination by Bob Livingston, MD, a world authority on the human brain, that the brain shown in diagrams and photos could not be that of JFK".[52]

Holding that at least six gunmen fired,[53][54] Fetzer has claimed that driver William Greer halted the presidential limousine, "such an obvious indication of Secret Service complicity in the assassination" that it "had to be edited out" the Zapruder film,[30] allegedly "massively edited" while further forensic evidence was tampered with or withheld.[19][35] According to Fetzer, the CIA, the American Mafia, anti-Castro Cubans, Texas oil industry, the military–industrial complex, as well as Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and J. Edgar Hoover, may have been involved in the assassination plot.[30] In the 2007 book The 9/11 Conspiracy, Fetzer alongside Peter Dale Scott claimed explanatory insights through finding parallels between the JFK assassination and 9/11 attacks.[11]

Josiah Thompson, author of Six Seconds in Dallas, called Fetzer's claims "off the wall", including an alleged personal comment from Fetzer to Thompson whereby Fetzer claimed to have seen, in watching the Zapruder film, Kennedy's driver turn around and shoot Kennedy.[55] Although seeking to debunk Kennedy conspiracy theories, Vincent Bugliosi found Fetzer "good and sincere," even "the editor of the only exclusively scientific books (three) on the assassination".[30] Still, Bugliosi explains that Fetzer infers editing of the Zapruder film since some 40 among many eyewitnesses—such testimony as Bugliosi points out is often unreliable—claimed that the presidential limousine slowed or halted after the first shot, but that Fetzer lacks other evidence that the film was edited.[30] Bugliosi claims to so present evidence as to establish near certainty—the closest possible to proof—that the Zapruder film was not edited.[30]

Senator Wellstone

On October 25, 2002, just a couple of hours before Fetzer was to be interviewed as a researcher of the Kennedy assassination, news broke of Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone's death in a crash of a small airplane.[56] As it was but a week before election day in very close race, and there was no apparent explanation for the crash, conspiracy theories about it abounded.[9][57] Fetzer wrote articles in an alternative newspaper incriminating top members of the Republican Party, allegedly seeking control of the United States Senate,[9][58] who perhaps used an electromagnetic pulse to mediate the plane crash.[57]

To publicly combat Fetzer's claims, a former prosecutor, Republican, formed a chat room, where his own lost privilege to practice law and past charges of sexual harassment was aired by Fetzer, sued for defamation in Bieter v Fetzer.[9] An appeals court found Fetzer's statements legitimately relevant to the conspiracy debate, a genuine controversy.[9] In 2004, with Don "Four Arrows" Jacobs, Fetzer coauthored a book on it.[31][59] They incriminated mainly Dick Cheney, Karl Rove, and Donald Rumsfeld, but failed to merit legal prosecution, which Fetzer and Jacobs disavowed as their own aim that was, they claimed, identifying causes.[31] Though not compelling, the evidence for an intra-government role is noteworthy,[60] circumstantial evidence included in a book on the allegedly Hidden History of 9/11.[10]

9/11 attacks on WTC

On December 15, 2005, James Fetzer along with Steven Jones, a physics professor at Brigham Young University, founded Scholars for 9/11 Truth, which would reject the public conclusions of the 9/11 Commission and of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).[32] In 2006, vowing to debunk 9/11 conspiracy theories, to expose their failing beside the facts, Dunbar and Reagan dismissed Scholars for 9/11 Truth by claiming that "not one of the leading conspiracy theorists has a background in engineering, construction, or related fields", and asserting that "the collapses of the three World Trade Center buildings are among the most extensively studied structural failures in American history".[61] The experts had concluded that the collapses of the Twin Towers—WTC 1 and WTC 2—ejected debris that struck WTC 7, which collapsed by ensuing fires.[61] In the official account, the Twin Towers each collapsed after about an hour[62] by only three factors: structural damage via airplane impacts, ensuing fires fed by jet fuel, and gravitation.[63] The NIST's 2005 report noted that each building collapsed in "essentially a free fall", and explained that the lower floors "could not resist the tremendous energy released" once the upper section collapsed.[63] According the NIST's report, "The potential energy released by the downward movement of the large building mass far exceeded the capacity of the intact structure below to absorb that energy", whereupon "the falling mass increased, further increasing the demand on the floors below, which were unable to arrest the moving mass", how "the momentum" had "so greatly exceeded the strength capacity of the structure below", altogether "unable to stop or even to slow the falling mass".[63]

Interviewed by Bill O'Reilly in October 2006, Fetzer claimed to have "created an organization consisting of experts and scholars, pilots, aeronautical engineers, mechanical engineers, structural engineers, physicists".[36] Amid asserting that the collapse of the building WTC 7, struck by no airplane, was obviously staged, Fetzer concluded, "None of the major claims made by the government can be sustained".[36] O'Reilly argued that an American 9/11 conspiracy would require "thousands of Americans" either being deceived by it or knowing yet staying silent about it, and concluded, "That's never going to happen".[36] He called Fetzer "a nut", alike "the guys who think that the space aliens kidnapped Elvis".[36] Noting American news media's eagerness to criticize US President G W Bush, but that Fetzer, despite insinuating that Bush was guilty for some 3000 Americans' deaths, had never appeared on a New York Times front page, O'Reilly condemned Fetzer's allegations as "grossly irresponsible because it's based on nothing", just "a harebrained theory".[36] O'Reilly asked why Fetzer had not appeared on the front page even of lesser "papers that despise the Bush administration?" Fetzer demanded, "You've got to look at our findings. We've conducted objective scientific study". Fetzer asserted that they "have hundreds of studies", "have documents, "have records", and "have photographs", but "have no funding", "have no money", and yet were "doing this because we believe in our country". O'Reilly declared, "You hate your country. You're accusing a man of murder, the president of the United States, of murder without any evidence. If you had the evidence, somebody somewhere would take the evidence".

Late in 2006, Jones claimed that the NIST's 2005 report overlooked that the Twin Towers' collapse by virtually a free fall violated conservation of momentum, unless the steel support columns[64] had been suddenly demolished.[33][65] Fetzer's speculation of miniature nuclear weapons, then, was found by Jones to be wild.[32] In December 2006, seeking to be conservatively "scientific" with "discretion and discipline",[33] Jones left Scholars for 9/11 Truth, and soon founded Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice, which would gain more members than Fetzer's group.[32] Jones's group also alleged controlled demolitions,[32] but Jones inferred that conventional explosives were sufficient.[65] Fetzer asserted his own group had "established beyond reasonable doubt that the Twin Towers were destroyed by a novel form of controlled demolition".[33] By 2011, a number of prominent Americans had concluded that covert explosives had collapsed the Twin Towers,[66] whereas the NIST stood by its 2005 report that, finding no role for either explosives or incendiaries, identified only the "tremendous energy" released once each Tower's upper section collapsed.[63] Although many 9/11 conspiracy theorists "have been educated, professional people" and "from differing fields of expertise, some distinguished, some even prominent",[67] sociopolitical analyst Phillip Wegner notes that an attack like 9/11 was already forecast by political analysts as imminent and inevitable, while American neoconservatives were well prepared to advance their own agenda via major attack on America and did not need to conspire with the 9/11 attackers to launch War on Terror.[68] Thus, "the real dangers of conspiracy theorists such as those making up the movement Scholars for 9/11 Truth", finds Wegner, are the fixation on details of 9/11 preempting more relevant dialog in America.[68]

Middle Eastern affairs

In 2010, Fetzer espoused Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's UN General Assembly call in 2010 for a "U.N. fact finding group to investigate 9/11".[69] For Iran's third International Conference on Hollywoodism, held in 2013 in Tehran, Fetzer was listed as a partner.[41] In Iran, Fetzer was sought by news media.[16] Interviewed by Iran Review, Fetzer called United States foreign policy toward Iran "a form of collective punishment that was ruled to be a violation of international law by the Nuremberg Tribunals after World War II".[16] Fetzer claimed confusion at how the Obama "administration can disregard the findings of its own intelligence agencies in dealing with a foreign power", for "the fact is that in 2007, 16 American intelligence agencies concluded that Iran was not pursuing a nuclear weapons program. The findings were reaffirmed in 2011".[16]

Back in America, Fetzer has been interviewed remotely by Press TV,[39] a news agency sponsored by Iran's government. On it, Fetzer alleged that US President G W Bush's administration helped Israel destabilize the Middle East.[70] Fetzer has asserted that US government hypocritically stockpiles nuclear weapons and permits Israel to do so secretly, but threatens Iran by alleging that Iran has a secret nuclear weapons program, which Fetzer claimed that Iran lacks, but further claimed it would help stabilize the Middle East if Iran got nuclear weapons.[39] In 2013, He alleged that US government was trying to help overthrow Syria's government.[48] Fetzer claimed that the Syrian "troops are routing the rebels" and had "no reason to use" the gas employed the day before a United Nations inspection team arrived, "a preposterous time for Assad to use chemical weapons, which he doesn't need".[40] Fetzer claimed that the "rebels on the other hand appear to have been supplied with the gas by Saudi Arabia in promotion of an Israeli agenda".[40]

Antisemitic controversy

In late 2006, Steven Jones who with Fetzer had in 2005 cofounded Scholars for 9/11 Truth became uncomfortable with Fetzer's speculation that advanced, secret weaponry had been used in 9/11.[32][33] Inferring conventional explosives sufficient,[65] Jones left and founded Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice.[32] Fetzer's group became the more radical.[32] In 2007, Fetzer asserted that "if it turns out that only unconventional methods" explain the Towers' collapse, the American military–industrial complex was the only entity besides Israeli government with that capability.[12] Fetzer soon identified the two entities as effectively inseparable.[12] Writing on the culture of conspiracy theorists, Jovan Byford took Fetzer's comments made even during 9/11's early aftermath to have been less crude and overtly racist than but "not dissimilar" to those made by David Duke, the Neo-Nazi activist.[12] Suggested that Jews in US government bore dual loyalty, Fetzer had effectively rehashed olden antisemitism, Byford concluded.[12] The Anti-Defamation League has grouped Fetzer among antisemitic individuals exploiting 9/11 conspiracy theories to scapegoat "American government officials of Jewish background".[71]

Fetzer has rebuked the allegations of antisemitism as a ploy to neutralize criticism of 9/11's official account.[71] As to Palestine's territories occupied by Israel since 1967, Fetzer asserted, "It is not anti-Semitic to object to the expansion of illegal settlements, the starvation and killing of the Palestinian people, or the butchering of a peace activist with a bulldozer!".[71] In 2008, Richard Anderson Falk began a term of six years as United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights in Palestine's occupied territories.[67] Casting support for an American role in 9/11 via G W Bush's administration, Falk has written, "It is not paranoid to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide, and much to explain".[67] In April 2012, Islamic Post called Fetzer "just one of many Americans who have questioned the teeming inconsistencies surrounding 9/11", and praised him as an "American patriot".[72] Yet by then, he was an oddity even within the 9/11 Truth movement, whose members largely would probably seek to distance themselves from Fetzer.[12] In August 2012, Fetzer interviewed neo-Nazi activist and Ernst Zündel, whose sole public fame is infamy for Holocaust denialism,[73] and posed Zündel as "persecuted & imprisoned for research on WWII".[74] Not a scholar, but a self-styled researcher amateur, Zündel has publicly declared an agenda to strike at Jews.[73]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e James H Fetzer, ed, Science, Explanation, and Rationality: Aspects of the Philosophy of Carl G Hempel (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p xi.
  2. ^ a b Ellery Eells & James H Fetzer, eds, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, Volume 284: The Place of Probability in Science: In Honor of Ellery Eells (1953–2006) (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer, 2010), pp ix–x, 321.
  3. ^ a b Jan Woleński, "Books received: Philosophy, Mind and Cognitive Inquiry by David J Cole, James H Fetzer, Terry L Rankin; Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits by James H Fetzer", Studia Logica: An International Journal for Symbolic Logic, 1992;51(2):341–43, p 341: "I start with Fetzer's monograph because it provides a general paranorama of AI and its foundational problems. ... The book touches many foundational problems of AI belonging to epistemology, psychology, philosophy of language, philosophy of science and computer science. Fetzer's discussions vary from very elementary...to quite advanced...".
  4. ^ a b Justin Leiber, "James H Fetzer, Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Second Edition: Revised and Expanded, Paragon Issues in Philosophy", Minds and Machines, 1999 Aug;9(3):435–37, p 435: "It is a delight to see this revised edition of what is possibly the best short introduction to 'philosophy and cognitive science' around today, one fully accessible to undergraduates".
    John Heil, Philosophy of Mind: A Contemporary Introduction, 2nd edn (New York: Routledge, 2004), ch 1 "Introduction", subch 1.5 "A look ahead", § "Suggested reading", p 14, recommends Fetzer's Philosophy and Cognitive Science.
  5. ^ a b Donald Angus MacKenzie, Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2001), pp 18, 205, 244 & 323 discusses Fetzer's contributions, and on pp 388 & 421 identifies citations of Fetzer.
    Donald MacKenzie, "A view from Sonnelbichl: On the historical sociology of software and system dependability", in Ulf Hashagen, Reinhard Keil-Slawik, Arthur L Norberg & Heinz Nixdorf, eds, History of Computing: Software Issues (Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002), p 112: "Conversely, the claims of the formalizers have been fiercely contested by computer scientists Richard DeMillo, Richard Lipton and Alan Perlis, as well as by philosopher James H Fetzer".
  6. ^ a b James H Fetzer, ed, Consciousness Evolving (Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2002), p ix.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stephen E Atkins, "Fetzer, James H (1940–)" pp 181–83, in S E Atkins, ed, The 9/11 Encyclopedia, 2nd edn (Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011).
  8. ^ a b Jim Richardson & Allen Richardson, Gonzo Science: Anomalies, Heresies, and Conspiracies (New York: Paraview Press, 2004), ch 37 "Interview with assassination researcher Jim Fetzer", p 272: "Fetzer's knowledge of the JFK assassination is truly encyclopedic. He has read every book, seen every scrap of film, worked closely with other experts, edited books on the topic, conducted symposiums, and interviewed assassination insiders. From all of this he has come to the conclusion that JFK was killed as the result of a massive government conspiracy".
  9. ^ a b c d e Karl K Glower, Legal and Ethical Considerations for Public Relations, 2nd edn (Long Grove IL: Waveland Press, 2008), p 72: "The case of Bieter v Fetzer illustrates the process used by the courts. The case arose after the 2002 death of US Senator Paul Wellstone in an airplane crash. There was no immediate explanation for the crash of the small plane, but because the crash occurred a week before an election (in which Wellstone was involved in a tight race for his senatorial seat), conspiracy theories abounded. One of the conspiracy theorists was James Fetzer, a university professor. Fetzer published articles in an alternative newspaper in which he suggested that high-ranking Republicans in the George W Bush administration were behind Wellstone's death. Bieter, a former prosecutor and Republican, started an Internet chat group to refute Fetzer's claims. In response, Fetzer alleged in the chat group that Bieter had been deprived of his right to practice law and had been charged with sexual harassment. Bieter sued Fetzer for defamation. The court of appeals found that the conspiracy debate was a real controversy and that by forming the chat room to discuss and refute Fetzer's claims, and by holding himself up as an authority in the debate, Bieter became a limited purpose public figure. The defamatory statements to the effect that Bieter had been deprived of his ability to practice law were related to the controversy because they called into question his credibility as an expert".
  10. ^ a b Four Arrows, aka Don T Jacobs, "The military drills on 9-11: 'Bizarre coincidence' or something else?" pp 119–143, in Paul Zarembka, ed, The Hidden History of 9/11, 2nd edn (New York, Toronto, London, Melbourne: Seven Stories Press, 2008), p 134.
  11. ^ a b "The 9/11 Conspiracy: The Scamming of America", Open Court Publishing Co website, 2013.
    James Fetzer, ch 2 "Thinking about 'conspiracy theories': 9/11 and JFK", pp 43–74, & Peter Dale Scott, ch 8 "JFK and 9/11: Insights gained from understanding both", pp 195–220, in J H Fetzer, ed, The 9/11 Conspiracy: The Scamming of America (Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co, 2007).
    Peter Dale Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1996).
    Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2008).
  12. ^ a b c d e f Jovan Byford, Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp 109–110, notes on p 162.
  13. ^ Jaya Narain (February 16, 2007). "We're all conspiracy theorists at heart". BBC News. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  14. ^ Justin Pope (August 7, 2006). "Scholars join ranks of Sept 11 conspiracy theorists". Bangor Daily News. Bangor ME. Associated Press. p. A3. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  15. ^ Mike Mosedale (June 28, 2006). "The man who thought he knew too much". City Pages. Minneapolis. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  16. ^ a b c d e Kourosh Ziabari, "Anti-Iran sanctions (no 5) James H Fetzer: Anti-Iran sanctions violate international law" (exclusive interview with James H Fetzer), Iran Review, March 6, 2013.
  17. ^ a b c Sarah Lederer (February 2009). "James Fetzer's home page". James H Fetzer at University of Minnesota Duluth. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  18. ^ a b c d Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 2.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 3.
  20. ^ James H Fetzer, The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals with Minds? (Peru IL: Open Court Publishing, 2005), back cover.
  21. ^ James H Fetzer, "Reichenbach, reference cases, and single case 'probabilities' ", in Wesley C Salmon, ed, Synthese Library, Volume 132: Hans Reichenbach: Logical Empircist (Dordrecht: D Reidel Publishing, 1979).
  22. ^ Subrata Dasgupta, Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science 15: Design Theory and Computer Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), "Acknowledgements", p xix: "Quite apart from the many hundreds of authors cited in the text, I owe a massive debt of gratitude to many individuals and organizations who, in one way or another, have influenced the final shape of this work. In particular, I thank the following: ... Bimal Matilal (Oxford University) and James Fetzer (University of Minnesota)—two philosophers—for discussions or correspondences regarding matters philosophical.
  23. ^ Allen Kent & James G Williams, eds, Encyclopedia of Microcomputers, Volume 14: Productivity and Software (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1994), p v.
  24. ^ Selmer Bringsjord & Michael John Zenzen, Superminds: People Harness Hypercomputation, and More (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp xx–xxi: "In connection with Chapter 1, we're grateful to Michael Costa for inviting Jim Fetzer to organize a symposium on whether minds are computational systems for the annual meeting of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, in Nashville, Tennessee, April 4–7, 1996".
  25. ^ a b Erich H Reck, ch 15 "Hempel, Carnap, and the covering law model" pp 311–24, in Nikolay Milkov & Volker Peckhaus, eds, Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 273: The Berlin Group and the Philosophy of Logical Empiricism (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London: Springer, 2013), pp 312 & 323.
  26. ^ Philosophy of Science:
    • James H. Fetzer. (December 31, 1981). Scientific Knowledge: Causation, Explanation, and Corroboration. Springer. ISBN 90-277-1335-9.
    • Principles of Philosophical Reasoning. Rowman & Littlefield. June 1984. ISBN 0-8476-7341-3.
    • edited by James H. Fetzer. (August 1985). Sociobiology and Epistemology. Springer. ISBN 90-277-2005-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    • Definitions and Definability: Philosophical Perspectives. 1991. ASIN B000IBICGK.
    • James H. Fetzer (October 1992). Philosophy of Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 1-55778-481-7.
    • ed. by James H. Fetzer (January 1993). Foundations of Philosophy of Science: Recent Developments (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 1-55778-480-9. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    • Charles E. M. Dunlop; James H. Fetzer. (March 1993). Glossary of Cognitive Science (A Paragon House Glossary for Research, Reading, and Writing). Paragon. ISBN 1-55778-567-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    • James H. Fetzer. (January 1997). Philosophy and Cognitive Science (Paragon Issues in Philosophy). Paragon. ISBN 1-55778-739-5.
    • Minds and Machines: Journal for Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science, Vol. 7, No. 4. Kluwer. November 1997. ASIN B000KEV460.
    • edited by James H. Fetzer. (December 2000). Science, Explanation, and Rationality: The Philosophy of Carl G. Hempel. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-512137-6. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    • James H. Fetzer. (January 2001). Artificial Intelligence: Its Scope and Limits. Springer. ISBN 0-7923-0548-5.
    • Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are Not Machines. Springer. January 8, 2002. ISBN 1-4020-0243-2.
    • ed. by James H. Fetzer (May 2002). Consciousness Evolving (Advances in Consciousness Research). John Benjamins. ISBN 1-58811-108-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    • James H. Fetzer (2005). The Evolution of Intelligence: Are Humans the Only Animals With Minds?. Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9459-7.
    • James H. Fetzer (December 28, 2006). Render Unto Darwin: Philosophical Aspects of the Christian Right's Crusade Against Science. Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9605-0.
    Conspiracy Theories:
    • edited by James H. Fetzer. (October 1997). Assassination Science: Experts Speak Out on the Death of JFK. Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9366-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    • ed. by James H. Fetzer. (August 2000). Murder in Dealey Plaza: What We Know Now that We Didn't Know Then. Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9422-8. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    • ed. by James H. Fetzer (September 2003). The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK. Catfeet Press. ISBN 0-8126-9547-X. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
    • Four Arrows (aka Don Trent Jacobs) & James H. Fetzer. (November 2004). American Assassination: The Strange Death Of Senator Paul Wellstone. Vox Pop. ISBN 0-9752763-0-1.
  27. ^ James H Fetzer , "Corroboration" pp 178–79, in Sahotra Sarkar & Jessica Pfeifer, eds, The Philosophy of Science, Volume One: A–M (New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006).
  28. ^ James Fetzer, "Carl Hempel", in Edward N Zalta, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013).
  29. ^ James H Fetzer, ed, Epistemology and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1990 / New York: Springer-Verlag, 2012).
  30. ^ a b c d e f Vincent Bugliosi (2007). Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 506, 508, 974, 986, 1498. ISBN 9780393045253. Retrieved July 15, 2012. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  31. ^ a b c Four Arrows & James H Fetzer, American Assassination: The Strange Death of Senator Paul Wellstone (Brooklyn NY: Vox Pop, 2004), p 148.
    "Book description", AssassinationScience.com, 2013.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Stephen E Atkins, "Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice" pp 385–87, in S E Atkins, ed, The 9/11 Encyclopedia, 2nd edn (Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011).
  33. ^ a b c d e Anthony Summers & Robbyn Swan, The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 (New York: Ballantine Books, 2011), pp 98–101: Griffin discussed on p 98; Falk discussed on pp 98–99; 9/11 groups including those of Fetzer and Jones discussed on p 99; various experts and officials discussed on pp 99–101.
  34. ^ John Gravois, "Professors of paranoia?: Academics give a scholarly stamp to 9/11 conspiracy theories", The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2006 June 23;52(42).
  35. ^ a b "Jess Ventura's America for November 22, 2003". MSNBC. November 22, 2003. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  36. ^ a b c d e f Partial transcript from 2 Oct 2006 episode of The O'Reilly Factor, "O'Reilly takes on 9/11 conspiracy theorist!", Fox News, 13 Oct 2006, including following excerpt directly quoted: "JIM FETZER, BELIEVES BUSH ORCHESTRATED 9/11: Well, you are wrong, Bill, because you haven't studied the case. We've created an organization consisting of experts and scholars, pilots, aeronautical engineers, mechanical engineers, structural engineers, physicists. We've been examining what the government's been telling us. And, frankly, Bill, it's a fantasy. None of the major claims made by the government can be sustained. We've been looking at this from every point of view. The government has a story it wants to sell us? We're not buying it. O'REILLY: OK, you don't have to buy anything. You're American. You want to be a nut? You can be a nut. And you are a nut, because in order for any conspiracy of this magnitude to take place, thousands of Americans would have to buy into it, would have to know about it, and would have to keep their mouth shut about it. That's never going to happen. You're like the guys who think that the space aliens kidnapped Elvis or something like that; that's where you are, in my opinion. So your opinion is that Bush murdered everybody on 9/11 to seize control and make him the dictator of America, or whatever the crazy thing is. And my opinion is, you're nuts".
  37. ^ "Scholars for 9/11 Truth—past events"[self-published source]
  38. ^ Search results: "Fetzer", RT website.
  39. ^ a b c d
  40. ^ a b c According to SC/HGH, "US attack on Syria violation of international law: James Fetzer", Press TV (Iran), Sep 2, 2013, Fetzer alleged that Syrian rebels were supplied with gas weaponry by Saudi Arabia via American/Israeli false flag activity to attribute the chemical warfare to Syrian government; Fetzer speculated that the Obama administration might combine this with blackmail of US Congresspersons, via secrets culled by National Security Administration's illegal buggings of French Foreign Ministry's New York offices, to override National Security Council's refusal to authorize a US war with France against Syria; Fetzer expressed "hope that the French are going to display enough awareness and intelligence to not be taken in by this obvious gambit even though the American people may still succumb because of their gullibility and the massive control of the American press".
  41. ^ a b Others included Kevin Barrett as well as former U.S. Senator Mike Gravel.
  42. ^ James Fetzer, "False flag attacks in Argentina: 1992 and 1994", Voltaire Network website, 13 Oct 2009.
  43. ^ Nick Kollerstrom w/Jim Fetzer, "Sandy Hook: Analogies with the London 7/7 bombings", Veterans Today, January 6, 2013.
  44. ^ Jim Fetzer, "Some 'hard lessons' from the Boston bombing", James Fetzer blog, April 20, 2013.
  45. ^
  46. ^ The Real Deal with Jim Fetzer Podcast, (Where???).
  47. ^ "9/11 conspiracy theories", BBC News, 29 Aug 2011, quoting Fetzer: "It is utterly astonishing that we should be able to kill a man who actually died nine years earlier in this fantasy event in Pakistan".
  48. ^ a b MSK/HJL, "West unsuccessful in toppling Syria's Assad: James Fetzer", Press TV (Iran), March 14, 2013.
  49. ^ James H Fetzer (May 2, 2013). "Did America land men on the moon?: The moon landing hoax" (MP3) (Interview). Interviewed by Sterling Harwood. Retrieved May 3, 2013. {{cite interview}}: Unknown parameter |callsign= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (help)
  50. ^ Jana Hollingsworth, "Retired UMD professor theorizes that government behind Newtown massacre", Duluth News Tribune, 5 Jan 2013.
  51. ^ Times-Post News Service, "Anger prompts doctors to speak on JFK findings", The Blade (Toledo OH), pp 1 & 4, May 20, 1992.
  52. ^ a b c d Christof Lehmann & Jim Fetzer, "Interview with philosopher of science Dr James Henry Fetzer", Veterans Today, November 7, 2012.
  53. ^ Jim Richardson & Allen Richardson, Gonzo Science (Paraview, 2004), p 272, quoting Fetzer: "There appear to have been at least six shooters—six who actually shot—and there were nine, ten, or 11 shots. Essentially, you've got the limo coming up Houston turning onto Elm. If Oswald had been located in the alleged assassin's lair, these would have been the best possible shots. You've got the president getting closer and closer to him; his chest is exposed, his head is exposed".
  54. ^ Penny Cockerell (November 22, 2003). "JFK 40 years later: America still has questions; assassination theories don't fade away". Spartanburg Herald. Spartanburg SC. Associated Press. p. A6. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  55. ^ Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 4.
  56. ^ Jim Richardson & Allen Richardson, Gonzo Science (Paraview, 2004), p 272: "Gonzo Science interviewed JFK assassination researcher Jim Fetzer in his office at University of Minnesota-Duluth on October 25, 2002. The news about Senator Paul Wellstone's fatal crash had just broken a couple of hours previously. The coincidence was oppressive and terrible and we nearly put off the interview".
  57. ^ a b Kevin Diaz (June 3, 2003). "Conspiracy theories thrive after Wellstone plane crash". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
  58. ^ Mike Mosedale 2006, p. 5.
  59. ^ Eva Dameron (October 31, 2005). "Author makes case for murder". New Mexico Daily Lobo.
  60. ^ Lance deHaven-Smith, Conspiracy Theory in America (Austin TX: University of Texas Press, 2013), pp 138, 237.
  61. ^ a b David Dunbar & Brad Reagan, eds, Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts (New York: Hearst Books, 2006), pp 28–29.
  62. ^ The North Tower, WTC 1, fell after 102 minutes, and the South Tower, WTC 2, after 56 minutes. See Griffin, 9/11 Ten Years Later (Olive Branch Press, 2011), p 37.
  63. ^ a b c d David Ray Griffin, 9/11 Ten Years Later: When State Crimes Against Democracy Succeed (Northampton MA: Olive Branch Press, 2011), pp 37–39.
  64. ^ According to Griffin, 9/11 Ten Years Later (Olive Branch Press, 2011), p 37: Each building had 287 steel support columns, while 240 were perimeter, whereas 47 massive ones were at the core.
  65. ^ a b c Peter Phillips & Mickey Huff w/ Project Censored, eds, Media Democracy in Action: Censored 2010: The Top 25 Censored Stories of 2008–09 (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2009), "Censored 2007 #18", pp 140–41.
  66. ^ Summers & Swan, The Eleventh Day (Ballantine Books, 2011), pp 98–101; Griffin, 9/11 Ten Years Later (Olive Branch Press, 2011), pp 37–39: A number of American professors and independent experts—in physics, engineering, construction, architecture, and planning—as well as onetime US government officials and employees, including at least seven "CIA veterans", had publicly concluded that that only controlled demolition could explain the collapses of the Twin Towers.
  67. ^ a b c According to Anthony Summers & Robbyn Swan, The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 (New York: Ballantine Books, 2011), pp 98–99, many 9/11 conspiracy theorists "have been educated, professional people", including David Ray Griffin, while "Richard Falk, Princeton University's Milbank professor emeritus of international law—and currently the United Nations' special rapporteur on human rights in the occupied territories of Palestine—lent credibility to Griffin's first book with a glowing foreword. Falk has written, 'It is not paranoid to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide, and much to explain'. "Professionals with ideas like Griffin's have associated themselves with Internet groups reflecting their expertise—Scholars for 9/11 Truth, the Scientific Panel Investigating 9/11, Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth, Veterans for 9/11 Truth, Pilots for 9/11 Truth, Medical Professionals for 9/11 Truth, and so on. Such skeptics include men and women from differing fields of expertise, some distinguished, some even prominent.
  68. ^ a b Derek Rubin & Jaap Verheul, "Introduction", pp 7–20, & Philip E Wegner, " 'The dead are our redeemers': Culture, belief, and United 93", pp 81–92, in Derek Rubin & Jaap Verheul, eds, American Multiculturalism After 9/11: Transatlantic Perspectives (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009). Rubin & Verheul, p 13, summarize Wegner's thesis: neoconservatives and their superficially liberal, multicultural allies in America's federal government and corporate sector shared great preparedness to exploit 9/11 news and entertainment media to subvert American multiculturalism and promote American unity and sacrifice to expand American hegemony, advancing American expansionism. Wegner's note #7 adds, "I'd like to take this opportunity to offer a brief aside on the real dangers of conspiracy theorists such as those making up the movement Scholars for 9/11 Truth. It wasn't as if neoconservatives needed to stage the events of 9/11—its inevitability was widely recognized by political analysts and popular cultural texts.... Rather, the real lesson of these events was that the neoconservatives were prepared for its occurrence, and ready to hegemonize it in particular directions, in a way that any left opposition was not" p 90.
  69. ^ Jerry Mazza, "Even your best friends won't tell you: Ahmadinejad's UN General Assembly speech", James Fetzer blog, September 25, 2010.
  70. ^ SC/HGH, "Bush aided Israel in destabilizing ME: James Fetzer", Press TV (Iran), October 6, 2013.
  71. ^ a b c "Decade of deceit: Anti-semitic 9/11 conspiracy theories 10 years later", ADL Archive, August 30, 2011.
  72. ^ IP, "Dr Jasser betrays American muslims, promotes Islamophobia", Islamic Post, April 4, 2012.
  73. ^ a b Michael Shermer, Why People Believe Weird Things (New York: Henry Holt and Co, 2002), pp 199–200, briefly summarizes Zündel's public stances.
  74. ^ "Ernst Zündel: Persecuted & imprisoned for research on WWII", The Real Deal with Jim Fetzer Podcast, Aug 2012.

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