Names of Kosovo: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
→Arnavudluk (Albania): making more precise, per given sources |
|||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
==Kosovo== |
==Kosovo== |
||
Kosovo ({{lang-sr-cyr|Косово}}) is the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] neuter possessive adjective of ''kos'' ({{lang|sr|кос}}), meaning "[[common blackbird|blackbird]]"; ''-ovo'' being an adjectival suffix – it is short for the region named the "field of the blackbirds" ({{lang-sr|Kosovo polje}}), the [[Kosovo field]], the site of the [[Battle of Kosovo|1389 battle]] between the army of Serbian Prince [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]] and the Ottoman Army, which ended in an Ottoman victory and Serbian decline.<ref name="Everett-Heath2000">{{cite book|author=J. Everett-Heath|title=Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=1 August 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-28673-3|pages=373–}}</ref> The name ''Kosovo'' [[Kos-|is found in]] hundreds of Slavic locations.<ref name=SANU2006>{{cite book|editor=Kosta Mihailović|title=Kosovo and Metohija: past, present, future : papers presented at the International Scholarly Meeting held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, March 16-18, 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W28tAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=SANU|pp=231–233}}</ref> The cognate of Proto-Slavic ''kosь'' is Ancient Greek ''kópsikhos''.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Ivana Vidović|title=Drugi hrvatski slavistički kongres: zbornik radova|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugoAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Hrvatsko filološko društvo|isbn=978-953-175-112-4|p=72}}</ref><ref name=SANU2006/> In Albanian, the name means nothing; the Albanian variant ''Kosova'' (definite ''Kosovë'') is a borrowing from Serbian. Due to this, in the 1990s Albanian nationalists suggested "[[Dardania]]" as a substitute. |
Kosovo ({{lang-sr-cyr|Косово}}) is the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] neuter possessive adjective of ''kos'' ({{lang|sr|кос}}), meaning "[[common blackbird|blackbird]]"; ''-ovo'' being an adjectival suffix – it is short for the region named the "field of the blackbirds" ({{lang-sr|Kosovo polje}}), the [[Kosovo field]], the site of the [[Battle of Kosovo|1389 battle]] between the army of Serbian Prince [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]] and the Ottoman Army, which ended in an Ottoman victory and Serbian decline.<ref name="Everett-Heath2000">{{cite book|author=J. Everett-Heath|title=Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373|date=1 August 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-28673-3|pages=373–}}</ref> The name ''Kosovo'' [[Kos-|is found in]] hundreds of Slavic locations.<ref name=SANU2006>{{cite book|editor=Kosta Mihailović|title=Kosovo and Metohija: past, present, future : papers presented at the International Scholarly Meeting held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, March 16-18, 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W28tAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=SANU|pp=231–233}}</ref> The cognate of Proto-Slavic ''kosь'' is Ancient Greek ''kópsikhos''.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Ivana Vidović|title=Drugi hrvatski slavistički kongres: zbornik radova|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ugoAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Hrvatsko filološko društvo|isbn=978-953-175-112-4|p=72}}</ref><ref name=SANU2006/> In Albanian, the name means nothing; the Albanian variant ''Kosova'' (definite ''Kosovë'') is a borrowing from Serbian. Due to this, in the 1990s Albanian nationalists suggested "[[Dardania]]" as a substitute. |
||
== Serbia == |
|||
Kosovo was part of the medieval Serbian state prior to the Ottoman conquests. The [[Vatican]] viewed Kosovo as part of Serbia and included the latter in documents of the [[Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]] and in the titles of [[Primate (bishop)|primates]] and [[apostolic visitor]]s for example. For Venetian and Latin travellers the [[Drin (river)|Drin]] ({{lang-sh|Drim}}) separated Albania from Serbia; for instance [[Giacomo Soranzo]] in 1575, [[Marino Bizzi]] (1570–1624) in 1610<ref>Relatione della visita fatta da me, Marino Bizzi, Arcivescovo d'Antivari, nelle parti della Turchia, Antivari, Albania et Servia alla santità di nostro Signore papa Paolo V. Published as: Franjo Racki (ed.): Izvještaj barskoga nadbiskupa Marina Bizzia o svojem putovanju god. 1610 po Arbanaskoj i Staroj Srbiji, in: Starine, na sviet izdaje Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, Zagreb, 20 (1888), pp. 50–156</ref> and [[Peter Masarechi]] in 1623 visited Kosovo, which they called Serbia ({{lang-it|Servia}}).<ref name=Bogdanovic>{{citation|last=Bogdanović|first=Dimitrije|chapter=Tursko doba|chapter-url=http://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/knjiga_o_kosovu/bogdanovic-kosovo_2.html|title=KNJIGA O KOSOVU|year=1986|origyear=1984|publisher=SANU; Rastko|url=http://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/knjiga_o_kosovu/index.html}}</ref> Giorgio Bianchi who visited Serbia in 1637–38 included all of modern-day Kosovo, [[Toplica (river)|Toplica]] and northern [[Macedonia]] in "Upper" and "Lower Serbia", and described Prizren as "the most beautiful place in all of Serbia".<ref name=Bogdanovic/><ref name=Balcanica>{{cite book|title=Balcanica|volume=1|year=1983|language=italian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYovAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Balcanica|pp=21–30}}</ref> In 1650, bishop Benlić called Prizren the capital of Serbia.<ref name=Balcanica/> [[Andrea Bogdani]] and [[Peter Bogdani]] also divided Albania and Serbia.<ref name=Bogdanovic/> [[Vicko Zmajević]] grouped the towns of Skopje, Prokuplje, Tetovo, Novi Pazar and several in what is now Kosovo as part of Serbia, and as earlier done divided Albania and Serbia at the Drin.<ref name=Bogdanovic/> |
|||
In the 19th century, the term "[[Old Serbia]]" ({{lang-sr|Stara Srbija}}) was used for the territory of [[Raška]], Kosovo and Metohija and the northwestern part of Macedonia, which were south of the borders of the [[Principality of Serbia]]. |
|||
== Arnavudluk (Albania) == |
== Arnavudluk (Albania) == |
||
{{See also|Names of the Albanians and Albania#Arnaut/Arnavut}} |
{{See also|Names of the Albanians and Albania#Arnaut/Arnavut}} |
||
During |
During Ottoman rule ''Arnavudluk'' (آرناوودلق) was used for parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia by the empire in its documents such as those dating from the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Anscombe |first=Frederick |chapter=Albanians and "mountain bandits" |pages=87–113 |editor1-last=Anscombe |editor1-first=Frederick |title=The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830 |year=2006 |location=Princeton |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=9781558763838 |url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578 |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125223702/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578 |archivedate=25 January 2016 }} p.88, 107 "In light of the recent violent troubles in Kosovo and Macedonia and the strong emotions tied to them, readers are urged most emphatically not to draw either of two unwarranted conclusions from this article: that Albanians are somehow inherently inclined to banditry, or that the extent of Ottoman "Albania" or ''Arnavudluk'' (which included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia) gives any historical "justification" for the creation of a "Greater Albania" today."; {{cite journal|last=Anscombe|first=Frederick|title=The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics – II: The Case of Kosovo|jstor=40109813|journal=The International History Review|volume=28|issue=4|year=2006b|ref=harv|url=http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/}} p.772. </ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kolovos|first=Elias|title=The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek lands: Toward a social and economic history: Studies in honor of John C. Alexander|year=2007|location=Istanbul|publisher=Isis Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QT8MAQAAMAAJ&dq=Arnavudluk+Albania&q=Arnavudluk+|isbn=9789754283464|ref=harv}} p. 41. "Anscombe (ibid., 107 n. 3) notes that Ottoman "Albania" or ''Arnavudluk''... included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia"; see also ''El2''. s.v. "Arnawutluk. 6. History" (H. İnalcık) and Arsh, ''He Alvania''. 31.33, 39–40."</ref> |
||
==Dardania== |
==Dardania== |
||
| ⚫ | Due to its Slavic (Serbian) name, Kosovo Albanian leader [[Ibrahim Rugova]] supported a name change to "[[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]]", after the ancient province.<ref name="Janssens2015">{{cite book|author=Jelle Janssens|title=State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YS15BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=5 February 2015|publisher=Maklu|isbn=978-90-466-0749-7|pages=51–}}</ref> There is a theory that the name is derived from Albanian word ''dardha'' meaning "pear".<ref>Albanian Etymological Dictionary, V.Orel, Koninklijke Brill ,Leiden Boston Köln 1998, p.56</ref> Albanian nationalists seek to [[Albanisation|remove Serbian]] terminology (and toponomy) in Kosovo.<ref name="Erić2006">{{cite book|author=Slobodan Erić|title=Косово и Метохија: аргументи за останак у Србији|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmM_AQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Геополитика|p=281}}</ref> It did however not enter general usage. |
||
Albanians refer to Kosovo as ''[[Dardani|Dardania]]'', the name of a Roman province located in Central [[Balkans]] that was formed in 284 AD which covered the territory of modern Kosovo. The name is derived from the Albanian word "dardha/dardā" which means pear, and for the country meaning "The land of pears".<ref>Albanian Etymological Dictionary, V.Orel, Koninklijke Brill ,Leiden Boston Köln 1998, p.56</ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | Due to its Slavic (Serbian) name, Kosovo Albanian leader [[Ibrahim Rugova]] supported a name change to "[[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]]", after the ancient province.<ref name="Janssens2015">{{cite book|author=Jelle Janssens|title=State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YS15BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=5 February 2015|publisher=Maklu|isbn=978-90-466-0749-7|pages=51–}}</ref> Albanian nationalists seek to [[Albanisation|remove Serbian]] terminology (and toponomy) in Kosovo.<ref name="Erić2006">{{cite book|author=Slobodan Erić|title=Косово и Метохија: аргументи за останак у Србији|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmM_AQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Геополитика|p=281}}</ref> It did however not enter general usage. |
||
==Kosovo and Metohija== |
==Kosovo and Metohija== |
||
Revision as of 01:01, 13 April 2018
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2013) |
The name Kosovo (as referred to in this spelling) is the most frequently used form in English when discussing the region in question. The Albanian spelling Kosova has lesser currency. The alternative spellings Cossovo and Kossovo were frequently used until the early 20th century[1]
Kosovo
Kosovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Косово) is the Serbian neuter possessive adjective of kos (кос), meaning "blackbird"; -ovo being an adjectival suffix – it is short for the region named the "field of the blackbirds" (Serbian: Kosovo polje), the Kosovo field, the site of the 1389 battle between the army of Serbian Prince Lazar and the Ottoman Army, which ended in an Ottoman victory and Serbian decline.[2] The name Kosovo is found in hundreds of Slavic locations.[3] The cognate of Proto-Slavic kosь is Ancient Greek kópsikhos.[4][3] In Albanian, the name means nothing; the Albanian variant Kosova (definite Kosovë) is a borrowing from Serbian. Due to this, in the 1990s Albanian nationalists suggested "Dardania" as a substitute.
Serbia
Kosovo was part of the medieval Serbian state prior to the Ottoman conquests. The Vatican viewed Kosovo as part of Serbia and included the latter in documents of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and in the titles of primates and apostolic visitors for example. For Venetian and Latin travellers the Drin (Serbo-Croatian: Drim) separated Albania from Serbia; for instance Giacomo Soranzo in 1575, Marino Bizzi (1570–1624) in 1610[5] and Peter Masarechi in 1623 visited Kosovo, which they called Serbia (Italian: Servia).[6] Giorgio Bianchi who visited Serbia in 1637–38 included all of modern-day Kosovo, Toplica and northern Macedonia in "Upper" and "Lower Serbia", and described Prizren as "the most beautiful place in all of Serbia".[6][7] In 1650, bishop Benlić called Prizren the capital of Serbia.[7] Andrea Bogdani and Peter Bogdani also divided Albania and Serbia.[6] Vicko Zmajević grouped the towns of Skopje, Prokuplje, Tetovo, Novi Pazar and several in what is now Kosovo as part of Serbia, and as earlier done divided Albania and Serbia at the Drin.[6]
In the 19th century, the term "Old Serbia" (Serbian: Stara Srbija) was used for the territory of Raška, Kosovo and Metohija and the northwestern part of Macedonia, which were south of the borders of the Principality of Serbia.
During Ottoman rule Arnavudluk (آرناوودلق) was used for parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia by the empire in its documents such as those dating from the 18th century.[8][9]
Dardania
Due to its Slavic (Serbian) name, Kosovo Albanian leader Ibrahim Rugova supported a name change to "Dardania", after the ancient province.[10] There is a theory that the name is derived from Albanian word dardha meaning "pear".[11] Albanian nationalists seek to remove Serbian terminology (and toponomy) in Kosovo.[12] It did however not enter general usage.
Kosovo and Metohija
The name "Kosovo and Metohija" was used for the autonomous province in Yugoslav Serbia since its creation in 1945 until 1968, when the term "Metohija" was dropped. In 1990, the name was reversed to "Kosovo and Metohija". After the Kosovo War, the United Nations mission used only "Kosovo" as the name of the province.
See also
References
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 916.
- ^ J. Everett-Heath (1 August 2000). Place Names of the World - Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 373–. ISBN 978-0-230-28673-3.
- ^ a b Kosta Mihailović, ed. (2006). Kosovo and Metohija: past, present, future : papers presented at the International Scholarly Meeting held at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, March 16-18, 2006. SANU. pp. 231–233.
- ^ Ivana Vidović, ed. (2001). Drugi hrvatski slavistički kongres: zbornik radova. Hrvatsko filološko društvo. p. 72. ISBN 978-953-175-112-4.
- ^ Relatione della visita fatta da me, Marino Bizzi, Arcivescovo d'Antivari, nelle parti della Turchia, Antivari, Albania et Servia alla santità di nostro Signore papa Paolo V. Published as: Franjo Racki (ed.): Izvještaj barskoga nadbiskupa Marina Bizzia o svojem putovanju god. 1610 po Arbanaskoj i Staroj Srbiji, in: Starine, na sviet izdaje Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, Zagreb, 20 (1888), pp. 50–156
- ^ a b c d Bogdanović, Dimitrije (1986) [1984], "Tursko doba", KNJIGA O KOSOVU, SANU; Rastko
- ^ a b Balcanica (in Italian). Vol. 1. Balcanica. 1983. pp. 21–30.
- ^ Anscombe, Frederick (2006). "Albanians and "mountain bandits"". In Anscombe, Frederick (ed.). The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 87–113. ISBN 9781558763838. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) p.88, 107 "In light of the recent violent troubles in Kosovo and Macedonia and the strong emotions tied to them, readers are urged most emphatically not to draw either of two unwarranted conclusions from this article: that Albanians are somehow inherently inclined to banditry, or that the extent of Ottoman "Albania" or Arnavudluk (which included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia) gives any historical "justification" for the creation of a "Greater Albania" today."; Anscombe, Frederick (2006b). "The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics – II: The Case of Kosovo". The International History Review. 28 (4). JSTOR 40109813.{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) p.772. - ^ Kolovos, Elias (2007). The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek lands: Toward a social and economic history: Studies in honor of John C. Alexander. Istanbul: Isis Press. ISBN 9789754283464.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) p. 41. "Anscombe (ibid., 107 n. 3) notes that Ottoman "Albania" or Arnavudluk... included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia"; see also El2. s.v. "Arnawutluk. 6. History" (H. İnalcık) and Arsh, He Alvania. 31.33, 39–40." - ^ Jelle Janssens (5 February 2015). State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective. Maklu. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-90-466-0749-7.
- ^ Albanian Etymological Dictionary, V.Orel, Koninklijke Brill ,Leiden Boston Köln 1998, p.56
- ^ Slobodan Erić (2006). Косово и Метохија: аргументи за останак у Србији. Геополитика. p. 281.