Or Yehuda: Difference between revisions

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==History==
==History==
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{{Main article|Kafr 'Ana|Saqiya}}
===Bronze Age through Roman period===
===Bronze Age through Roman period===
Or Yehuda is located on the site of the biblical town of [[Ono, Benjamin|Ono]].<ref>''Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land'' (3rd edition 1993), Jerusalem, Carta, s.v. Or Yehuda</ref> A bit confusingly, the name of biblical Ono was wrongly inherited by another modern town located not far from Or Yehuda, namely [[Kiryat Ono]].
Or Yehuda is located on the site of the biblical town of [[Ono, Benjamin|Ono]].<ref>''Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land'' (3rd edition 1993), Jerusalem, Carta, s.v. Or Yehuda</ref>


Both the [[Canaan]]ites and [[Israelites]] referred to the town as ''[[Ono, Benjamin|Ono]]'' ({{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|8:12|HE}}), which name continued all throughout the [[Solomon's Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple period]]s.
Both the [[Canaan]]ites and [[Israelites]] referred to the town as ''[[Ono, Benjamin|Ono]]'' ({{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|8:12|HE}}), which name continued all throughout the [[Solomon's Temple|First]] and [[Second Temple period]]s.
⚫
Jewish classical writings mention the city as being formerly enclosed by a wall.<ref>Mishnah (''Arakhin'' 9:6).</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

===Byzantine period===
⚫
Jewish classical writings mention the city as being formerly enclosed by a wall.<ref>Mishnah (''Arakhin'' 9:6).</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Kafr 'Ana was known as Onous in the [[Byzantine empire|Byzantine]] period.<ref name=Khalidi247>Khalidi, 1992, p 247</ref>

===Ottoman period===
⚫
{{Main article|Kafr 'Ana|Saqiya}}
During early [[Palestine (region)#Ottoman rule (1516–1831 CE)|Ottoman rule in Palestine]], the revenues of the village of Kafr 'Ana were in 1557 designated for the new [[waqf]] of [[Hasseki Sultan Imaret]] in Jerusalem, established by Hasseki Hurrem Sultan ([[Roxelana]]), the wife of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Singer, 2002, p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zHBHBTNwBQoC&pg=PA52 52]</ref> In 1596, Kafr 'Ana was a village in the ''[[nahiya]]'' ("subdistrict") of Jerusalem ( ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa']]'' ("district") of Jerusalem), with a population of 116. Villagers paid taxes to the authorities for the crops that they cultivated, which included [[wheat]], [[barley]], olives, and fruit, as well as on other types of property, such as [[goat]]s and [[beehive]]s and vineyards.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119. Quoted in {{Harvnb|Khalidi|1992|p=247}}</ref>

In 1596, Saqiya was a village in the ''[[nahiya]]'' of Ramla (''[[Liwa (Arabic)|liwa]]´'' of Gaza), with a population of 270. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including [[wheat]], [[barley]], fruit and sesame, as well as on other types of property, such as [[goat]]s, [[beehive]]s and vineyards.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 154. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 257.</ref>

The Syrian [[Sufi]] traveller al-Bakri al-Siddiqi, who toured the region in the mid-eighteenth century, wrote that he passed through Saqiya while he was on his way to Jaffa.<ref>Stated in [[Khalidi]] 1968: 145. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.257-258.</ref>{{dubious|Mistake? Not Mustafa al-Bakri al-Siddiqi in mid-C18, a Sufi of this name died already in 1709, but maybe Mustafa ibn Kamal al-Din al-Bakri (d. 1748), Syrian Sufi teacher active in Jerusalem, short stay in Cairo; then likely time: "first third C18" – see Khalidi p. XXII!|date=July 2015}}

French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited Kafr 'Ana in 1863 and noted that "near the village are two shallow basins hollowed in rock, not built up, which receive the winter rains. Several [[Water well|wells]] are here as well, which permit the gardens to be irrigated. By the side of one of these wells I observed trunks of [[columns]] which seemed ancient."<ref>Guérin, 1868, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog01gu#page/320/mode/1up 320], as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/265/mode/1up 265]</ref> In 1882, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described Kafr 'Ana as a village built of [[adobe]] bricks and surrounded by palm trees.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/251/mode/1up 251]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 247</ref>

===British Mandate period===
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], "Kufr Ana" had a population of 1,374, all [[Muslim]]s, while "Sakieh" had a population of 427, also all [[Muslim]]s.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/PalestineCensus1922/p20.pdf 20]</ref>

In the end of April 1948, The villages of Kafr 'Ana, Saqiya and [[Khayriya]] were depopulated either as part of [[Operation Hametz]], or in the days before the operation, in the final phases of [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine]].


===State of Israel===
===State of Israel===
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 11308 Cities in Israel.JPG|thumb|Or Yehuda residential towers]]
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 11308 Cities in Israel.JPG|thumb|Or Yehuda residential towers]]
In 1949, immigrants from [[Libya]] and [[Turkey]] settled in the ruins of Saqiya and Kafr 'Ana, which did not have water or sewage infrastructure.
In 1949, immigrants from [[Libya]] and [[Turkey]] settled in the ruins of depopulated [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] villages of [[Saqiya]] and [[Kafr 'Ana]], which did not have water or sewage infrastructure.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}


In 1950-1953 the [[Ma'abarot]] Saqiya A, Saqiya B, Kafr 'Ana A, and Kafr 'Ana B were established on the previous village lands. These Ma'abarot housed mainly immigrants from [[Iraq]] who arrived as part of [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]].<ref>[http://jpress.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI_Heb/SharedView.Article.aspx?parm=o9Sbi1WIsHdoejWFtHsh3UmycoHt7L0cOyYzDFSi85cYCu6axwlcoAgaQsy%2FYvvZYw%3D%3D&mode=image&href=DAV%2f1950%2f11%2f24&page=13&rtl=true Ma'Abara next to Tel-Aviv], [[Davar]], November 1950</ref> Ma'abarot at the time were treated by authorities as temporary accommodations until permanent resettlement could occur on-site or elsewhere. Attempts to induce neighboring [[Tel-Aviv]] and [[Ramat Gan]] to extend their muncipal borders to cover these Ma'abarot failed, and the the Ma'abarot residents resisted relocation to [[development town]]s in the north and south.<ref>[Gathering of the Exiles: It Became a Movie], YNET, July 2008</ref>In 1952 the religious settlement of Ramat Pinkas (also known as Givat Hemed, and Givat Mordechi) was established for some of the Ma'abarot residents.
In 1950-1953 the [[Ma'abarot]] Saqiya A, Saqiya B, Kafr 'Ana A, and Kafr 'Ana B were established on the previous village lands. These Ma'abarot housed mainly immigrants from [[Iraq]] who arrived as part of [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]].<ref>[http://jpress.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI_Heb/SharedView.Article.aspx?parm=o9Sbi1WIsHdoejWFtHsh3UmycoHt7L0cOyYzDFSi85cYCu6axwlcoAgaQsy%2FYvvZYw%3D%3D&mode=image&href=DAV%2f1950%2f11%2f24&page=13&rtl=true Ma'Abara next to Tel-Aviv], [[Davar]], November 1950</ref> Ma'abarot at the time were treated by authorities as temporary accommodations until permanent resettlement could occur on-site or elsewhere. Attempts to induce neighboring [[Tel-Aviv]] and [[Ramat Gan]] to extend their muncipal borders to cover these Ma'abarot failed, and the the Ma'abarot residents resisted relocation to [[development town]]s in the north and south.<ref>[Gathering of the Exiles: It Became a Movie], YNET, July 2008</ref>In 1952 the religious settlement of Ramat Pinkas (also known as Givat Hemed, and Givat Mordechi) was established for some of the Ma'abarot residents.

Revision as of 20:22, 13 July 2017

Template:Infobox Israel municipality Or Yehuda (Template:Lang-he-n, Arabic: أور یهودا) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel. In 2022 it had a population of 38,854.[1]

History

Main articles: Kafr 'Ana and Saqiya

Bronze Age through Roman period

Or Yehuda is located on the site of the biblical town of Ono.[2]

Both the Canaanites and Israelites referred to the town as Ono (1 Chronicles 8:12), which name continued all throughout the First and Second Temple periods. Jewish classical writings mention the city as being formerly enclosed by a wall.[3][citation needed]

State of Israel

Or Yehuda residential towers

In 1949, immigrants from Libya and Turkey settled in the ruins of depopulated Palestinian villages of Saqiya and Kafr 'Ana, which did not have water or sewage infrastructure.[citation needed]

In 1950-1953 the Ma'abarot Saqiya A, Saqiya B, Kafr 'Ana A, and Kafr 'Ana B were established on the previous village lands. These Ma'abarot housed mainly immigrants from Iraq who arrived as part of Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.[4] Ma'abarot at the time were treated by authorities as temporary accommodations until permanent resettlement could occur on-site or elsewhere. Attempts to induce neighboring Tel-Aviv and Ramat Gan to extend their muncipal borders to cover these Ma'abarot failed, and the the Ma'abarot residents resisted relocation to development towns in the north and south.[5]In 1952 the religious settlement of Ramat Pinkas (also known as Givat Hemed, and Givat Mordechi) was established for some of the Ma'abarot residents.

The modern town of Or Yehuda was declared by the state of Israel in 1955, and in 1962 Or Yehuda was recognized as a municipal planning authority which led to increased development. In 1988, Or Yehuda was declared a city, due to the increase in the number of residents.

On April 2001, Hamas suicide bombers blew up a car in Or Yehuda, injuring eight people.[6]

In 2008, the Ef'al Regional Council was liquidated, and lands belonging to the council south of route 461, including Ramat Pinkas, were annexed to Or Yehuda.

Demographics

According to the CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 100.0% Jewish. In 2001 there were 13,900 males and 14,000 females. The population of the city was spread out with 34.6% 19 years of age or younger, 17.7% between 20 and 29, 20.5% between 30 and 44, 15.8% from 45 to 59, 3.1% from 60 to 64, and 8.2% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.4%.

Economy

National Roads Company of Israel, Or Yehuda

Babylon Ltd., a developer of online translation programs that holds the Guinness World Record for the highest number of downloads of a language solution software, is based in Or Yehuda.[7]The headquarters of the National Roads Company of Israel is located in Or Yehuda.


Education and culture

In 2000, Or Yehuda had 14 schools and a student enrollment of 5,147 students (10 elementary schools with 2,894 students, and 6 high schools with 2,253 students). 55.7% of 12th graders were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.

In 1982, Or Yehuda was one of the first few cities to take part in the Program for Talented Youth in Mathematics, established by Professor Zvi Arad and Bernark Pinchuk, at Bar-Ilan University. Among the high-school students of Or Yehuda participating in this program was Boaz Tsaban, who proceeded to win national prizes for his achievements, and is now a Professor of mathematics at Bar-Ilan University.

The Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center, a museum documenting the history of the Iraqi Jewish community, was established in Or Yehuda in 1988.[8]

In 1996, the city's mayor Yitzhak Bokovza barred 50 children of Ethiopian Jewish families (Beta Israel) from registering in local schools.[9]

Gallery

Twin towns — Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Or Yehuda is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land (3rd edition 1993), Jerusalem, Carta, s.v. Or Yehuda
  3. ^ Mishnah (Arakhin 9:6).
  4. ^ Ma'Abara next to Tel-Aviv, Davar, November 1950
  5. ^ [Gathering of the Exiles: It Became a Movie], YNET, July 2008
  6. ^ "Suicide and car bomb attacks in Israel since the 'Declaration of Principles' in September 1993". Likud.nl. 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
  7. ^ Translation co Babylon sets new Guinness record for downloads, Globes, 14 July 11
  8. ^ Iraq's Last Jews: Stories of Daily Life, Upheaval and Escape from Modern Babylon, T. Morad and D. Shasha
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ "Project Renewal: Or Yehuda". Jewishmuseummilwaukee.org. Retrieved 2013-04-30.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Or Yehuda.
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