Sigma Nu
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Sigma Nu (ΣΝ) is an undergraduate college fraternity with chapters in the United States and Canada. Sigma Nu was founded in 1869 by three cadets at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, Virginia. Founders James Frank Hopkins, Judge Greenfield Quarles and James McIlvaine Riley formed Sigma Nu shortly after Hopkins witnessed what he considered a hazing ritual by upperclassmen at the Virginia Military Institute. Sigma Nu's existence remained secret until the founders publicly announced their new society on the first day of January 1869, the accepted birth date of Sigma Nu Fraternity.
The Fraternity's values are summarized as an adherence to the principles of brotherly Love, Truth, and Honor. Because of its military heritage, Sigma Nu retains many military trappings in its chapter ranks and traditions, and places much importance on the concept of personal honor. Today, Sigma Nu honors its founders' integrity as the basis of its strictly enforced ban on hazing. Sigma Nu is one third of the Lexington Triad along with Kappa Alpha Order and Alpha Tau Omega, all of which were founded in Lexington.
History
Sigma Nu's history began in the period following the American Civil War, when a Confederate veteran from Arkansas enrolled at the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington Virginia. That cadet was James Frank Hopkins, and it is to him and two of his classmates that Sigma Nu owes its existence. When Hopkins enrolled at VMI, the South was in a state of turmoil, only beginning to recover from its devastating military defeat. VMI was recognized for its civil engineering program at a time when the South needed engineers to repair its bridges, railroads and general infrastructure. At the Institute, cadets suffered from the aftermath of war and its disruption of 19th Century home life. No less insufferable was the institutional system of physical harassment imposed on lower classmen by their own upper classmen.
Hopkins had experienced military subservience during the war, and was willing to tolerate a reasonable amount of constraint intended to induce discipline. However, Hopkins was unwilling to accept any amount of hazing, as then tolerated at VMI, in the name of his Christian faith. "Not one ounce of hazing" was he willing to suffer and he was doggedly adamant to eliminate it.
Two classmates and close friends who were also unhappy with the hazing situation soon joined Hopkins. They were Greenfield Quarles, from Mississippi, a Kentuckian by birth, and James McIlvaine Riley from St. Louis, Missouri. These three men began a movement to completely abolish the hazing system at VMI. Their efforts climaxed on a moonlit October night in 1868, presumably following Bible study at the superintendent's home, when the three met at a limestone outcropping on the edge of the VMI parade ground. Hopkins, Quarles and Riley clasped hands on the Bible and made a solemn pledge to form a new brotherhood.
The vows taken by these three Founders bound them together to oppose hazing at VMI and encouraged the application of the Principle of Honor in all their relationships. That the founders should adopt Honor as a guiding principle was a natural move since a rigid code of Honor was already an established tradition of the VMI Corps of Cadets. The Honor system at VMI required each cadet to conform to the duty imposed by his conscience that each act be governed by a high sense of honor.
The Founders of Sigma Nu
- James Frank Hopkins (1845–1913)
- Judge Greenfield Quarles (1847–1921)
- James McIlvaine Riley (1849–1911)
Announcement
Although the Sigma Nu Fraternity began in October 1868, its existence was kept secret until the founders publicly announced their new society on the first day of January 1869, the accepted birth date of Sigma Nu. In those days the Institute did not close for "breaks" as we know them. It suspended classes only for the day on such occasions as Christmas and New Year's Day.
The fraternity's spiritual birth, however, actually occurred in 1866, the year the Founders entered VMI, when Hopkins first rebelled against hazing at the Institute. Still, the Founders did not create Sigma Nu with any feeling of animosity toward others; rather they were prompted by the impulses of sympathy and affection for all people, which underlie abiding peace and contentment. They had experienced enough hate and destruction all during and after the War. They wanted to end all abuses, and they knew it would not come easily. It was never an issue of who won or lost the War. It was only an issue of winning the peace.
The new fraternity needed an identifying symbol, and Founder Hopkins designed a badge for the members to wear on their uniforms. That badge was patterned after the White Cross of the French Légion d'honneur, which was worn on the uniform of a favorite professor of Hopkins. The badge was first introduced in the spring of 1869. Keeping with the Founders' decree, the Badge has remained unchanged ever since, except in size and the raised center. Even today, the collegiate Commander's Badge, and the Badge of the Grand Officers remain identical to Hopkins' original badge. When the first slate of Officers was chosen, Riley, the most popular, was elected Commander and Hopkins the Lieutenant Commander. Typically, Hopkins, the epitome of humbleness, was delighted that "Mac" Riley was chosen leader. It gave Hopkins "the doer", thinker, planner, along with Quarles who had similar talent, more of an opportunity to concentrate on solidifying Alpha before he graduated in 1870. By the 1869 commencement, the group had grown to fifty-one members.[3]
Expansion
Expansion began for Sigma Nu in 1870 after the graduation of the Founders, when the mother chapter at VMI, known as Alpha Chapter, approved the establishment of the beta chapter at the University of Virginia. In addition, many of the graduating Brothers from VMI were given charters that they could grant to collegiate chapters near where they settled. Many of these chapters would not survive, as a number of states passed anti-fraternity laws during the decade.
Sigma Nu established a chapter at North Georgia Agricultural College in 1881, soon after Georgia's law was repealed. One of the men instrumental in the chartering of the North Georgia chapter was John Alexander Howard, who had graduated two years previously but nonetheless took an interest in the new society. A journalist by trade, Howard read widely and in his reading discovered Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, which prompted him to examine shortcomings in Sigma Nu. At this time Sigma Nu was still using the Roman numeral designation for chapters. Howard felt that the fraternity should adopt a Greek-letter designation according to the founding date of the chapter. Thus, his own chapter at North Georgia became Kappa, while VMI's chapter would be known as Alpha. Another contribution was the founding of The Delta, the fraternity's international magazine. He selected the magazine's title to symbolize the geographic relationship of the three existing chapters of the fraternity at that time, Alpha, Lambda (at Washington and Lee University) and Kappa. The first edition of The Delta was published in April 1883 and contained sixteen pages.[4]
First National Convention
The year following the publication of The Delta witnessed another important milestone for Sigma Nu. That event was the First National Convention, which met at the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee, July 9 to July 10, 1884. The person responsible for the First National Convention was Isaac P. Robinson (Lambda, Washington and Lee). Robinson felt that a meeting of alumni and collegiate representatives was imperative because of a need to update the constitution, revise procedures and coordinate efforts. The Sigma Nu convention later became known as Grand Chapter. It is held every two years and serves as the legislative body of the General Fraternity.
Another event in 1884 which had a major impact upon the Fraternity was the establishment of Nu Chapter at the University of Kansas. During the first fifteen years of its existence, Sigma Nu was primarily a Southern fraternity, and the decision to establish Nu Chapter was to be the first step in a radical expansion program. Nu chapter was to open the west and north for Sigma Nu. Eugene L. Alford of Lambda was instrumental in the founding of Nu Chapter.
Two charter initiates of Nu who became very influential in Sigma Nu in later years were Perlee Rawson Bennett and Grant Woodbury Harrington. Bennett served the fraternity as Grand Recorder for many years and in 1890 was elected Regent. He presided over the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Tenth Grand Chapters. Harrington became editor of The Delta and Grand Recorder. For eight years (1886–1894) he had almost total responsibility for the administration of the fraternity. Other early members of Nu Chapter were the Sears brothers, William H. Sears, Clarence H. Sears and Walter James Sears, who also became influential in Sigma Nu affairs. Their brother, Lorin Beecher Sears, attended Ohio State University where no chapter of Sigma Nu existed at the time. Walter was so interested in having Lorin initiated into the Fraternity that he entered Ohio State University, founded Beta Nu and became its first initiate; Lorin became its second. Walter Sears devoted much of his lifetime to Sigma Nu, but his name will be remembered best for his beautiful prose work, "The Creed of Sigma Nu."[5]
The Move West
Leland Stanford University opened in 1891. Among its first students was Carl Lane Clemans, who had founded Chi Chapter at Cornell College in Iowa. Clemans was determined to open a chapter on the West Coast, and he recruited enough men to charter Beta Chi Chapter at Stanford in November 1891 (Clemans went on to be the victory scoring halfback of the Stanford football team in the first 'Big Game' with the University of California). Beta Chi's fame soon spread to Berkeley, and Clemans went there to help organize Beta Psi in February 1892.
Sigma Nu opened the Northwest to Greek letter organizations when Gamma Chi was chartered at the University of Washington in 1895, earning the Fraternity kudos throughout the Greek community for its "Northwest conquest." For almost four years Sigma Nu was the only college fraternity in the Northwest, having been the first to establish a chapter not only in the State of Washington, but also Montana and Oregon.
Beta Iota at Mount Union was chartered by Walter James Sears in 1892. Three years later Beta Iota initiated Albert Hughes Wilson, to whom Sigma Nu owes a great debt. "Bert" Wilson served as Regent, but his most noteworthy achievement was in expansion. Wilson established more chapters than any other member of the Fraternity, thirty-two in all, and he is generally credited with helping develop Sigma Nu into a geographically representative organization. Brother Wilson was the exemplar of inter-fraternity spirit. As an aside, it should be noted that Brother Wilson C. Morris (Beta Iota, Mt. Union) is given credit by Sigma Tau Gamma men's fraternity as being the driving force behind its founding, while the collegiate Brothers of Delta Theta Chapter at Lombard College (now at Knox College) assisted greatly with the founding of Alpha Xi Delta women's fraternity.[6]
Headquarters established
Having active chapters in each section of the country, Sigma Nu was now in every sense a national fraternity. Expansion proceeded at an orderly rate, and by 1915 there was a need for centrally located administrative offices with full-time officers. Heretofore, the various Sigma Nu officers maintained their files and records at their own homes or places of business. Fire had once destroyed many of the fraternity's records, and there was a lack of coordination in general.
Following the Denver Grand Chapter in 1915, the High Council approved the establishment of the central administrative system first proposed by Regent Francis V. Keesling (Beta Chi, Stanford). The plan, adapted by Walter J. Sears, converted the High Council into a board of directors elected by the Grand Chapter; all executive and administrative duties previously exercised by members of the High Council and committees were lodged in a single official – the General Secretary (now Executive Director) – appointed by the High Council and subordinate to its direction.
Indianapolis was selected as the location of the fraternity's headquarters, and on November 1, 1915 the General Offices were opened there temporarily in the Lemcke Annex before moving into the main building. Bixby Willis (Lambda, Washington and Lee), a past Grand Treasurer of Sigma Nu, was employed as the first General Secretary. In 1926 the central office was moved to the Illinois Building in Indianapolis. Indianapolis served as the fraternity's headquarters for forty-two years, during which time fifty-five new chapters were added to the roster.[7]
Deaths of the Founders
Founder James Riley, who had served ten years (1869–1879) as the fraternity's first Regent, died (entered "chapter eternal," as members of the fraternity refer to it) on May 6, 1911, in St. Louis, Missouri. Members of the Fraternity carried his remains to a burial plot purchased in Bellefontaine Cemetery by the St. Louis Alumni Chapter in fraternal affection for the Founder.
James Frank Hopkins died on December 15, 1913, and he was buried in the village cemetery at Mabelvale, Arkansas beside his wife, Jennie Barclay Hopkins, a native Lexingtonian. In 1920 a memorial was dedicated at the gravesite. Greenfield Quarles, the only Founder still living at the time, offered a tribute to Alpha 1:
- "The love of our Brother for his fellow man was only excelled by his love of God. His example has instilled into the hearts of us all the principles which guide us now, and these principles will go down in future generations for all time. His life has been an inspiration to all youth. All that was mortal of Brother Hopkins lies buried here; but his immortal spirit will live forever."
Six months later, the last of the three Founders, Judge Greenfield Quarles, died at his home in Helena, Arkansas, January 14, 1921.[8]
Return to Lexington
Even before Sigma Nu's first central office was organized in Indianapolis, some dreamed of the day when the Fraternity would have an appropriate shrine at Sigma Nu's birthplace, but it took nearly four decades before the first step was taken. That step was the appointment of a Headquarters Committee in 1954. It compared rent with ownership and ultimately recommended the latter in a college town where a Sigma Nu chapter thrived. Inevitably Sigma Nu history and tradition pointed to Lexington.
Regent James W. Bradley (Epsilon Epsilon, Oklahoma State) and his High Council took the historic step in 1957, purchasing without mortgage or lien a singularly appropriate property, a large home ideally suited for conversion and development. The land, conveniently located on the highest hill in the corporate limits of Lexington, Virginia, and on a seven-and-a-half-acre tract overlooking VMI and Washington and Lee University, enjoys the Blue Ridge Mountains as a backdrop to the east and the Allegheny Mountains to the west. The land was originally owned by the son of General Frances H. Smith, the first superintendent of VMI, who inspired Hopkins in the founding of Sigma Nu; the house, built by the grandson of Superintendent Smith, came to Sigma Nu directly from the Smith family. Milton L. Grigg, a renowned Virginia architect and participant in the famous Williamsburg Restoration, was contracted to restore the building. The headquarters facility was occupied in 1958 and officially dedicated June 9, 1960.
Civil Rights era
Despite the progress, the 1950s and 1960s proved to be as tumultuous for the fraternity as they were for the United States as a whole. With many Sigma Nu chapters requesting to admit members who were not Christians or Caucasians, the fraternity faced a dilemma. As with most national fraternities, Sigma Nu's founding documents and policies (including the charters it granted to individual chapters) had traditionally and explicitly barred non-white members, Muslims and Jews. However, in recognition of the changing racial climate, some universities began to pressure the various fraternities to excise their racial qualifications. [citation needed]
When the issue was raised at the Grand Chapter (national convention) in 1962, many southern chapters threatened to leave the gathering if the racial language were changed; the fraternity voted 215 to 76 against the proposal, 'Ole Miss' undergraduate and later US Senator Trent Lott helped lead the defeat of the amendments. As a consequence, some chapters, e.g., Beta Chi, Stanford, left the national organization in protest.[1]. (Beta Chi would return in 1987.) (Sigma Nu had offered a "waiver with honor," proposing to allow individual chapters to avoid compliance with certain specific clauses that prohibited them from admitting members of certain groups, but not all chapters found that option satisfactory. Delta Beta chapter at Dartmouth College, for example, seceded in 1961 and became the local fraternity Sigma Nu Delta; although it returned for a few months under a "waiver with honor," it soon departed again and did not return until 1985. Sigma Nu eventually adopted the reforms suggested, and now counts members of many different backgrounds among its ranks. [citation needed] In 1967 a national convention was held in Lexington, Virginia. At this convention there was a heated debate about the inclusion of potential members who are minorities. There was a clear division between northern and southern chapters. Civil rights won the day and Sigma Nu was changed to be more inclusive.
Sigma Nu centennial
On January 1, 1969, Sigma Nu reached its one-hundredth anniversary. In the year that followed, it marked that event with a series of Centennial dinners at thirty-six locations throughout the country and with pilgrimages to the gravesites of the three Founders and the first editor of The Delta. Then on Sunday, June 15, a Centennial Convocation was held in Lexington. Two new wings of the Headquarters building were dedicated, one housing the Sigma Nu Museum and the other the Fraternity's Honor Library, later to be dedicated in tribute to former Executive Secretary Richard R. "Dick" Fletcher, who had long since earned the moniker "Mr. Sigma Nu".
Sigma Nu in its 100th year had come a long way from its founding. At the century mark it had issued 164 charters of which 143 chapters were alive and flourishing. Of the nine other truly national fraternities older than Sigma Nu, only three had more initiates. Sigma Nu owned 110 chapter houses providing living accommodations for more than 3,500 students. All this had been accomplished solely through the appeal of its principles without merger or honorary members. Every chapter had earned its own way by applying integrity in both purpose and method.
Sigma Nu celebrates its 125th year
Well into the fraternity's second century, Sigma Nu continued its growth. Today, the number of initiates is roughly 219,000 ; the number of chapters approaching 300. Many of the fraternity's chapters have initiated more than a 1,000 members, with a large number topping 1,500 and several exceeding 2,000. Most recent recharterings and new charters include University of Arkansas - Fort Smith (Nu Alpha), University of Arkansas (Gamma Upsilon), University of Central Florida (Mu Psi), Auburn University, among others.
Among the many significant achievements during the past decade has been the addition of adjacent properties in Lexington, Virginia, known as the Ethical Leadership Center, owned by the Sigma Nu Educational Foundation, Inc. Particularly noteworthy is Sigma Nu's inter fraternity leadership in risk reduction and risk management matters followed by the introduction of its unique LEAD Program, one of the most meaningful educational initiatives ever undertaken by a college fraternity. In addition the transfer of ownership of the Fraternity's Headquarters property, known as the Sigma Nu Headquarters Shrine, to the Sigma Nu Educational Foundation, Inc. [2]has enabled alumni gifts to assist in its restoration and preservation, so as to relieve the burden of upkeep on future generations of collegians.
Finally, in celebration of the fraternity's 125th anniversary, the foundation undertook construction of a third wing to the Headquarters Shrine as well as a Pathway of Honor of engraved bricks, which provides an opportunity to celebrate the life of each Sigma Nu. The Pathway of Honor will meander throughout the Lexington properties. A special "Pilgrimage to the Rock" was held at the 56th Grand Chapter held in Washington, DC, in August 1994.
Sigma Nu Educational Foundation, Inc.
In 1945, Brother William P. Yates (Beta Rho, Pennsylvania), inspired the formation of the "Sigma Nu Inc., Educational Foundation" with a handsome bequest. Its name was changed in recent times to the "Sigma Nu Educational Foundation, Inc." The foundation has been instrumental in assisting collegiate members with financial aid supplements, and the General Fraternity in the development of the LEAD Program, (LEAD is an acronym for leadership, ethics, achievement, development). The Foundation continues to support the exclusively educational programs of the Fraternity.[9]
Alumni
Famous Sigma Nu alumni have included men of note in the arts, media, politics, sports, and numerous other fields.
References
- ^ Sigma Nu
- ^ Sigma Nu
- ^ Announced:http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#announced
- ^ Expands:http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#expands
- ^ National Convention:http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#convention
- ^ Move West:http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#west
- ^ Headquarters:http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#established
- ^ Founders Death:http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#eternal
- ^ Education:http://www.sigmanu.org/fraternity/ourhistory/#foundation