United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war

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U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant in the city of Tel Aviv, Israel, 13 October 2023

Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the United States began to send warships and military aircraft into the Eastern Mediterranean, stating that Israel would receive "whatever it needs" to support a counteroffensive against the Hamas-ruled Gaza Strip.[1] It also promised more military aid to Israel. On 20 October, President Biden announced that he had asked Congress for $14 billion in additional aid.[2]

On 27 October, the United States sided with Israel in rejecting the non-binding resolution passed by the United Nations General Assembly, which called for a humanitarian ceasefire in the ongoing Israel–Hamas war to allow aid to reach Gaza. A week prior to the General Assembly's resolution, the United States exercised its United Nations Security Council veto power to strike down a similar resolution.[3] On 8 December, the US vetoed another UN Security Council ceasefire resolution.[4] The United States has come under fire from international leaders, human rights organisations, and UN officials for vetoing the resolution and for not putting an end to the fighting that has killed over 17,400 Palestinians and roughly 1,200 Israelis since October 7.[5]

Background

Further information: 2023 Israel–Hamas war and Israel–United States military relations § Military aid and procurement
Graph showing recipients of U.S. foreign aid, 1946–2022[6]

After Hamas gunmen attacked Israel on October 7, killing 1,200 people, Israel began an air campaign against Gaza.[7][8] More than 14,000 Palestinians, mostly children and women, have been killed in this area since the start of Israeli bombing, according to the Gaza Health Ministry.[9][10] Israel has placed a complete blockade on Gaza to prevent fuel and water from entering the Gaza Strip, as the IDF appears to be preparing for a ground invasion on the narrow, heavily populated coastal strip.[11][12][13][14][15] The United States described Hamas' preemptive attack as "unprovoked",[16] and started sending warships and warplanes into the region, prepared to give Israel whatever it needs.[1] The United States Commission on Civil Rights called on the government to address the underlying issues that have led to the recent violence, such Israel's 56-year illegal possession of the Palestinian lands and its 16-year blockade of Gaza, "and the apartheid regime throughout historic Palestine."[17]

Since Israel's founding in 1948, it has received $158 billion in military aid from the United States, making it the greatest recipient in history.[17][18] Following Israel's victory over surrounding Arab forces in 1967 and its subsequent occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza, military assistance to the country surged significantly. Iron Dome, which became operational in 2011, was created with the help of the United States, which is responsible for providing components for the system, including allocating more than $1.5 billion for missile defense for Israel in 2022.[19] As part of a record $38 billion agreement over ten years negotiated under former US President Barack Obama in 2016, US military aid to Israel exceeded $3.8 billion in 2023. Of the $3.8 billion in military aid given to Israel this year, half a billion was for Israel's missile defense. Washington has announced that it will replenish Israel's ammunition used in the recent war against Hamas.[19]

Timeline

Hours after the 2023 Israel–Hamas war on October 7, the United States started sending warships and warplanes into the region, prepared to give Israel whatever it needs.[1] US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin ordered the deployment of United States Navy's Carrier Strike Group 12, led by the USS Gerald R. Ford.[20][21][1] Israel asked the United States for Iron Dome interceptors, and President Joe Biden said Washington would quickly provide additional equipment and resources, including ammunition, which are going to reach Israel within days. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said Washington would provide its "full support" to Israel, with guided missile launchers and F-35 fighter jets among the equipment being sent.[1]

U.S. President Joe Biden, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Israeli President Isaac Herzog in Tel Aviv, Israel, 18 October 2023

By October 10, more ships and troops were on their way to Israel, and additional troops in the United States were being prepared to deploy if requested. One US aircraft carrier and its strike group were already in the eastern Mediterranean, and a second US carrier had left and was underway. In addition, three naval warships were sent to the area. A large number of aircraft were sent to US military bases throughout the Middle East, and US special operations forces cooperated with the Israeli military in planning and intelligence.[1]

As Israel prepares for a possible ground attack on Gaza, the Biden administration and prominent members of Congress are preparing an aid package from the United States with about $2 billion in additional funding to support Israel, Time reported.[22]

On October 12, Secretary of State Antony Blinken reiterated America's commitment to Israel's security during a news conference with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[11]

On October 14, Defence Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III announced that he had dispatched a second aircraft carrier to the eastern Mediterranean “to deter hostile actions against Israel or any efforts towards widening this war”. In addition, the Air Force was sending twice as many F-16, A-10, and F-15E squadrons as before to the Persian Gulf region in order to intensify its land-based assault aircraft presence there. According to officials, the United States would have an aerial armada of more than 100 attack planes when combined with the four squadrons of F/A-18 jets that were stationed onboard each carrier. Additionally, to help with intelligence gathering and preparation for any operations aimed at locating and rescuing the 150 hostages—among them, some Americans—that Hamas is allegedly keeping, the Pentagon had dispatched a small team of Special Operations personnel to Israel.[23]

On October 15, the White House declared that it would attempt this week to get congressional approval of a fresh $2 billion weaponry aid package for Israel and Ukraine.[24] Also US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin ordered about 2,000 troops to be prepared for possible deployment to Israel, several defense officials said.[25][1]

The USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and the USS Gerald R. Ford carrier strike groups in November 2023

According to three American officials and one Israeli official, the Biden administration was discussing about the possibility of using military force if Hezbollah joins the Gaza war.[26] The United States was prepared to send more forces as a deterrent to the Middle East if necessary.[27]

By October 17, five shipments of American weapons and equipment had arrived in Israel.[1]The United States has put 2,000 troops on high alert and extended the deployment of an aircraft carrier in the Middle East.[28]

On October 19, one day after travelling to Israel, US President urged Congress to increase military aid to the Jewish state and Ukraine.[29] Biden claimed that Hamas aimed to "annihilate" democracy in Israel.[7]

On October 20, Biden announced that the additional fund he asked Congress to authorize would come to a total of $14 billion, as part of a $105 billion military aid package.[2][7]

On October 21 the Pentagon declared that two of its most potent missile defence systems—a THAAD battery and extra Patriot batteries—would be deployed to the Middle East.[2][30]

The Republican plan, approved by the United States House of Representatives, allocates $14.5bn in military aid for Israel. Also, Israel has received the highest amount of military assistance from the US compared to any other nation since World War II, with aid exceeding $124bn.[31]

A Wall Street Journal report says that the United States has given Israel a range of munitions, including so-called "bunker buster" bombs, for its war in Gaza. The WSJ report stated that US arms shipments to Israel since the start of the war included 15,000 bombs and 57,000 155mm artillery shells, mostly carried on C-17 military cargo planes. U.S. has also sent more than 5,000 unguided Mk82 bombs, more than 5,400 Mk84 bombs, about 1,000 small diameter GBU-39 bombs, and almost 3,000 JDAMs. The Wall Street Journal says that some of the bloodiest Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip have involved the use of big US-made bombs, such as the one that destroyed an apartment complex in the Jabalia refugee camp and killed over a hundred people.[32]

The United States vetoed another UN Security Council resolution calling for a humanitarian ceasefire on December 8.[5]

On December 9, the Pentagon said that on the prior day, Biden used emergency authority to skip congressional review to sell ~14,000 tank shells worth $106.5 million for immediate delivery to Israel.[33]

Analysis

U.S. lawmakers have long viewed Israel as an ally to help protect U.S. strategic interests in the Middle East. Maintaining Israel's regional military hegemony, according to Al-Jazeera, is a central element of U.S. Middle East policy. This has been achieved with U.S. financial aid and an increase in Israel's military arsenal.[19] Josh Paul, who resigned over sending arms to Israel, has described Biden policy in favor of "the status quo of the occupation" and a "shortsighted, destructive, unjust" policy that "will only lead to more and deeper suffering for both the Israeli and the Palestinian people — and is not in the long term American interest."[34]

Some scholars believe that America is complicit in an alleged genocide committed by Israel against the Palestinians.[35][36][37]

Although the U.S. has asked Israel to protect civilians and allow humanitarian aid, State Secretary Antony Blinken acknowledged that there is "a gap" between these appeals and "the actual results that we’re seeing on the ground". The United States has not used its leverage over Israel—its weapons transfers and diplomatic support—to ensure civilian safety, leading the Washington Post to describe American rhetoric as a "good cop-bad cop approach". Aaron David Miller of the CEIP said that the Biden administration deserved credit for the humanitarian pause negotiations, but that it had "tethered" itself to Israeli war aims that cannot be achieved without bringing "grievous harm to the civilian population".[38]

American political scientist Ian Bremmer stated the Biden administration's position unconditionally supporting Israel had left Joe Biden as isolated on the world stage as Russia president Vladimir Putin.[39]

Human rights issues

The United Nations General Assembly on October 27 voted a non-binding resolution calling for a humanitarian ceasefire to enable relief to enter Gaza; the United States stood with Israel in rejecting the proposal. The previous week, Washington had vetoed a resolution similar to this one at the more powerful UN Security Council.[3]

Progressive Democrats argue that the $14.3 billion package the White House has promised Israel violates the Leahy Act because most of the victims of Israel's retaliatory attack on Gaza are civilians. The act forbids the US State and Defence departments from providing security support to foreign governments that are suspected of violating human rights. The act's proponents refer to the increasing number of Gaza residents losing their lives as a result of military operations, the forced relocation of over a million people, and the escalating humanitarian situation following Israeli authorities' cuts to the region's supplies of fuel, food, water, and electricity. Congressman Andre Carson of Indiana wrote to the Guardian, accusing Israel of "war crimes" and citing the Israeli Defence Forces' (IDF) alleged use of white phosphorus and this week's deadly bombing of the Jabalia refugee camp. "I am very concerned that our taxpayer dollars may be used for violations of human rights," Carson wrote. The Biden administration declared earlier this week that it was not imposing any restrictions on Israel's use of the US-supplied weapons. According to Pentagon spokesman Sabrina Singh, "That is really up to the Israel Defense Force to use in how they are going to conduct their operations... But we’re not putting any constraints on that." Usamah Andrabi, Justice Democrats' director of communications – said “I think the Leahy Act should absolutely be looked into right now, when we are seeing gross violations of human rights,” he said. “[The Israelis] are targeting refugee camps, hospitals, mosques all under the guise of self-defense or that one or other member of Hamas is hiding there. It doesn’t matter whether Hamas is there or not, because you are targeting civilians. No amount of tax dollars should be justified for that.” Like Carson, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, particularly mentioned the alleged use of white phosphorus, as asserted by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch (HRW), as a violation that should bar Israel from getting aid from the US. ‘Deployment of white phosphorus near populated civilian areas is a war crime.’ She said.[40]

Following the veto of another resolution in the UN Council on Dec 8, international human rights organizations issued the following statement: "By continuing to provide Israel with weapons [and] diplomatic cover as it commits atrocities, including collectively punishing the Palestinian civilian population in Gaza, the US risks complicity in war crimes."[5]

Pro-Israel lobby

See also: Israel lobby in the United States

On October 30, AIPAC, a leading pro-Israel lobbying group, issued a public critique of the members of Congress who voted against House Resolution 771, which expressed support for Israel. In response, Republican Thomas Massie defended his vote by saying he objected to a broad "open-ended promise of military support", while Democrats Cori Bush, Mark Pocan and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez accused AIPAC of harming US democracy.[41][42][43]

On November 1, Ilhan Omar accused AIPAC of running Islamophobic ads against her.[44] On November 2, the congresswoman Rashida Tlaib, who is of Palestinian descent, was target in a $100,000 TV ad campaign by the Democratic Majority for Israel.[45]

Unlike the United States' military support for Ukraine, details of weapons sent to Israel have been vague.[46] Leaked details have shown that the U.S. has sent laser-guided missiles, 155mm shells, new army vehicles, among others, at Israel's request.[47]

The Republican-controlled House of Representatives on December 5 passed a resolution that included language that said the House "clearly and firmly states that anti-Zionism is antisemitism." The organization also condemned the slogan "From the river to the sea".[48]

Reactions

Inside the U.S.

See also: 2023 Israel–Hamas war protests in the United States
Pro-Palestinian protester in Columbus, Ohio, United States, 18 October 2023
  • Eva Borgwardt, the political director of IfNotNow, a progressive Jewish organization, stated: "The White House and many in the US government are clear as they should be that 1,000 Israelis killed is too many, Our question for them is: How many Palestinian deaths are too many?"[49]
  • Alexandra Rojas, the executive director of Justice Democrats, begged the president to take immediate action to stop a ground invasion that would "ensure thousands more civilian casualties, bring us closer to an all-out regional conflict in the Middle East, and thrust the United States into another endless war" in a statement released on Friday amid increasing bombing and a communications blackout in Gaza.[49]
  • A Quinnipiac study done following the Israel-Hamas war revealed that 76 percent of voters believed supporting Israel is in the national interest of the United States, and 64 percent approved of sending weapons and military equipment to Israel. This support was more pronounced among older age groups, with 51% of those under 35 disapproving of this action.[49][50]
  • An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll showed that 48% of millennials and members of Generation Z think that the US should voice support for Israel.[51]
  • Democrats' opinion of Biden's job has dropped by 11 percent during October 2023. According to Gallup, Biden has alienated some members of his own party with his swift and decisive show of support for Israel.[51]
  • A team of legal experts alerted the Biden administration and the ICC prosecutor that the U.S. government might be legally implicated in Israel's ongoing war against the Palestinians.[17]
  • The executive director of DAWN, Sarah Leah Whitson, stated that Biden's funding request "isn't just giving a green light for ethnic cleansing—it's bankrolling it."[52]
  • The only Palestinian-American in Congress, Rashida Tlaib, addressed supporters saying "President Biden, not all America is with you on this one, and you need to wake up and understand. We are literally watching people commit genocide."[51]
  • Barack Obama in an interview emphasized "nobody’s hands are clean."[53]
  • The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) sued Joe Biden and two of his cabinet colleagues (On behalf of Palestinian human rights organisations, Palestinians living in Gaza, and US citizens with family in the besieged region) for their failure to stop and aiding and abetting "genocide" in Gaza. US citizen Laila al-Haddad, one of the case's plaintiffs (who has lost five relatives in Gaza as a result of Israel's attacks) said: "I paid for Israel to kill my cousins and my aunt, there's no two ways around it, It was my tax dollars that did that".[54]
  • In November 2023, Bin Laden's "Letter to the American people", published in 2002, went viral on TikTok and other social media. In the letter, Bin Laden denounced numerous acts of American aggression such as U.S. support for Israel, and supported al-Qaeda's war against the U.S. as a defensive struggle. Numerous social media users, including Americans, expressed their opposition to US foreign policy by widely sharing the letter and its contents. The letter was removed from The Guardian website after more than 20 years of being present online in the news outlet's webpage, and TikTok began issuing takedowns of videos featuring the letter.[55][56][57] Reporting in The Washington Post suggested that the virality of the letter had been limited prior to media coverage, having never trended on TikTok, that many of the TikTok videos covering the letter were critical of bin Laden, and that the media coverage had exaggerated its significance and elevated the virality of the letter.[58]

Outside the U.S.

  • Iranian officials claimed on October 30 that attacks against U.S. forces in Iraq and other parts of the region were the consequence of "wrong American policies," which included Washington's backing of Israel in its war against Hamas.[59]
  • Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, the commander of the Houthi movement in Yemen, declared on October 10 that his organisation would retaliate by using missiles and drones in addition to other military measures if the United States got involved in the Gaza conflict.[60]
  • According to Agnès Callamard, Secretary-General of Amnesty International, in the face of a staggering death toll, the US vetoing another UN Security Council ceasefire resolution "displays a callous disregard for civilian suffering." In addition, Washington "has brazenly wielded and weaponized its veto to strongarm the UN Security Council, further undermining its credibility and ability to live up to its mandate to maintain international peace and security," according to the statement.[5]
  • The executive director of Doctors Without Borders, Avril Benoit, states: "By vetoing this resolution, the US stands alone in casting its vote against humanity. The US veto stands in sharp contrast to the values it professes to uphold. By continuing to provide diplomatic cover for the ongoing atrocities in Gaza, the US is signaling that international humanitarian law can be applied selectively — and that the lives of some people matter less than the lives of others …. The US veto makes it complicit in the carnage in Gaza."[5]
  • The international rights groups said in a statement:"By continuing to provide military and diplomatic support to Israel as it commits atrocities, including the collective punishment of Palestinian civilians in Gaza, the US is complicit in war crimes".[61][62]

See also

References

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