1914 in science

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The year 1914 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

Sinope, the outermost known moon of Jupiter, is discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory.
A 76 cm refracting telescope is built at Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest refractor in the world.
Robert Goddard begins building rockets.
Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B.

Biology and medicine

March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.
August 1 – Swiss National Park (Parc Naziunal Svizzer) established in the Engadin region of Switzerland.
September 1 – Martha, the last known passenger pigeon, dies, in the Cincinnati Zoo.
November 6 – Jacques Loeb publishes a paper on artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins.^[1]
November 26 – Karl von Frisch publishes his first significant paper on honey bee behavior, "Der Farbensinn und Formensinn der Biene".^[2]
Julian Huxley publishes The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe, a key text in ethology.
John Joly develops a method of extracting radium and applying it in radiotherapy.^[3]
Edward Calvin Kendall isolates thyroxine.
Morris Simmonds first reports hypopituitarism.^[4]
Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.^[5]

Mathematics

In analysis of the Riemann hypothesis
- G. H. Hardy shows there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line.^[6] Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau show that for any positive ε, all but an infinitely small proportion of zeros lie within a distance ε of the critical line;^[7] and R. J. Backlund introduces a better method of checking the zeros.
- J. E. Littlewood shows that the prime number theorem underestimates the cumulative total of primes.^[8]

Mineralogy

Pascoite is first described.^[9]

Physics

April 24 – James Franck and Gustav Hertz's experiment on electron collisions showing internal quantum levels of atoms is presented to the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
October 1 – Edgar Buckingham introduces use of the symbol " $π$ _i" for the dimensionless variables (or parameters) in what becomes known as the Buckingham π theorem, significant to dimensional analysis.^[10]
Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons.

Technology

February 3 – Willis Carrier patents an air conditioner in the United States.
September 5 – British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder (1904) is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.
November 3 – Polly Jacob patents a backless bra in the United States.
Kodak introduce the Autographic system.

Other events

October 23 – Manifesto of the Ninety-Three proclaimed in Germany.

Awards

Nobel Prize
- Physics – Max von Laue
- Chemistry – Theodore William Richards
- Medicine – Robert Bárány

Births

February 5 – Alan Hodgkin (died 1998), English physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1963).
February 22 – Renato Dulbecco (died 2012), Italian-born virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975).
March 5 – He Zehui (died 2011), Chinese nuclear physicist.
March 8 – Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (died 1987), Russian astrophysicist.
March 25 – Norman Borlaug (died 2009), American agronomist, humanitarian and Nobel laureate.
May 19 – Max Perutz (died 2002), Austrian-born biologist.
June 3 – Ignacio Ponseti (died 2009), Menorcan-born pediatric orthopedist.
June 4 – Alec Skempton (died 2001), English pioneer of soil science and engineering historian.
July 15 – Gavin Maxwell (died 1969), Scottish naturalist.
July 24 – Frances Oldham Kelsey (died 2015), Canadian pharmacologist.
August 13 – Grace Bates (died 1996), American mathematician.
October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl (died 2002), Norwegian ethnographer and explorer, leader of the Kon-Tiki expedition.
October 14 – Raymond Davis, Jr. (died 2006), American chemist and physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2002).
October 21 – Martin Gardner (died 2010), American writer on recreational mathematics.
October 28 – Jonas Salk (died 1995), American medical researcher.
December 20 – Mary Helen Wright Greuter (died 1997), American historian of astronomy.
December 31 – Mary Logan Reddick (died 1966), African American neuroembryologist.

Deaths

January 24 – Sir David Gill (born 1843), Scottish astronomer.
March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli (born 1850), Italian volcanologist.
March 30 – John Henry Poynting (born 1852), English physicist, discovered the Poynting–Robertson effect and developed the Poynting vector.
April 16 – George William Hill (born 1838), American astronomer.
April 26 – Eduard Suess (born 1831), German geologist and ecologist.
May 27 – Joseph Swan (born 1828), English physicist.
November 5 – August Weismann (born 1834), German evolutionary biologist.
November 10 – Lydia Shackleton (born 1828), Irish botanical artist.
December 24 – John Muir (born 1838), Scottish American geologist and ecologist, founder of the Sierra Club.
Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova, Russian chemist.

References

^ Loeb, J. (1914-11-06). "Activation of the Unfertilized Egg by Ultra-Violet Rays". Science. 40 (1036): 680–681. Bibcode:1914Sci....40..680L. doi:10.1126/science.40.1036.680. PMID 17742992.
^ Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere (Jena) 35 (1914–15) pp. 1–182.
^ "Obituary". The Irish Times. 16 December 1933. p. 1.
^ Simmonds, M. (1914). "Über hypophysisschwund mit todlichem ausgang". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 40 (7): 322. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1190185.
^ Sinatra, Raymond (2010). The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0521144506.
^ Hardy, G. H. (1914). "Sur les zéros de la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 158. Paris: 1012–1014. JFM 45.0716.04. Reprinted in Borwein, Peter; Choi, Stephen; Rooney, Brendan; Weirathmueller, Andrea, eds. (2008). The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the Afficionado and Virtuoso Alike. CMS Books in Mathematics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-72125-5.
^ Bohr, H.; Landau, E. (1914). "Ein Satz über Dirichletsche Reihen mit Anwendung auf die ζ-Funktion und die L-Funktionen". Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo. 37 (1): 269–272. doi:10.1007/BF03014823.
^ Granville, Andrew; Martin, Greg (January 2006). "Prime Number Races" (PDF). American Mathematical Monthly. 113 (1): 1–33. doi:10.2307/27641834. JSTOR 27641834.
^ Hillebrand, W. F.; Merwin, H. E.; Wright, Fred E. (January–May 1914). "Hewettite, Metahewettite and Pascoite, Hydrous Calcium Vanadates". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 53 (213): 31–54. JSTOR 984129.
^ Buckingham, E. (1914). "On physically similar systems: illustrations of the use of dimensional equations". Physical Review. 4. American Physical Society: 345–376. Bibcode:1914PhRv....4..345B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.4.345.

[1] Loeb, J. (1914-11-06). "Activation of the Unfertilized Egg by Ultra-Violet Rays". Science. 40 (1036): 680–681. Bibcode:1914Sci....40..680L. doi:10.1126/science.40.1036.680. PMID 17742992.

[2] Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere (Jena) 35 (1914–15) pp. 1–182.

[3] "Obituary". The Irish Times. 16 December 1933. p. 1.

[4] Simmonds, M. (1914). "Über hypophysisschwund mit todlichem ausgang". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 40 (7): 322. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1190185.

[5] Sinatra, Raymond (2010). The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0521144506.

[6] Hardy, G. H. (1914). "Sur les zéros de la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 158. Paris: 1012–1014. JFM 45.0716.04. Reprinted in Borwein, Peter; Choi, Stephen; Rooney, Brendan; Weirathmueller, Andrea, eds. (2008). The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the Afficionado and Virtuoso Alike. CMS Books in Mathematics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-72125-5.

[7] Bohr, H.; Landau, E. (1914). "Ein Satz über Dirichletsche Reihen mit Anwendung auf die ζ-Funktion und die L-Funktionen". Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo. 37 (1): 269–272. doi:10.1007/BF03014823.

[8] Granville, Andrew; Martin, Greg (January 2006). "Prime Number Races" (PDF). American Mathematical Monthly. 113 (1): 1–33. doi:10.2307/27641834. JSTOR 27641834.

[9] Hillebrand, W. F.; Merwin, H. E.; Wright, Fred E. (January–May 1914). "Hewettite, Metahewettite and Pascoite, Hydrous Calcium Vanadates". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 53 (213): 31–54. JSTOR 984129.

[10] Buckingham, E. (1914). "On physically similar systems: illustrations of the use of dimensional equations". Physical Review. 4. American Physical Society: 345–376. Bibcode:1914PhRv....4..345B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.4.345.

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