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Haunted house

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This article is about houses that are allegedly haunted. For attractions that simulate haunted locations, see Haunted attraction (simulated). For other uses, see Haunted house (disambiguation).
"Ghosthouse" redirects here. For other uses, see Ghost House (disambiguation). For simulated haunted houses, see Haunted attraction (simulated). For other uses of "Haunted house", see Haunted house (disambiguation).
"Haunted homes" redirects here. For the British reality television series, see Haunted Homes.
The house featured by the movie The Amityville Horror and made famous by demonologists Ed and Loraine Warren, built circa 1924. By the time this photograph was taken, the address had been changed to discourage ghost hunters.
Casa Loma, Toronto
The Winchester Mystery House, San Jose.
The Wukang Mansion, Shanghai.

A haunted house, spook house or ghost house in ghostlore is a house or other building often perceived as being inhabited by disembodied spirits of the deceased who may have been former residents or were otherwise connected with the property. Parapsychologists often attribute haunting to the spirits of the dead who have suffered from violent or tragic events in the building's past such as murder, accidental death, or suicide.[1]

In a majority of cases, upon scientific investigation, alternative causes to supernatural phenomenon are found to be at fault, such as hoaxes, environmental effects, hallucinations or confirmation biases. Common symptoms of hauntings, like cold spots and creaking or knocking sounds, can be found in most homes regardless of suspected paranormal presences. People are more likely to experience a haunting when they are about to fall asleep, when waking, if they are intoxicated or sleep deprived. Carbon monoxide poisoning has been cited as a cause of suspected hauntings. If there is an expectation of a preternatural encounter, it is more likely that one will be perceived or reported.

History

According to Owen Davies, a paranormal historian, hauntings in the British Isles were usually attributed to fairies, but today hauntings are usually associated with ghostly or supernatural encounters.[2] In other cultures around the world, various spirits are said to haunt vacant homes and locations. In Middle Eastern countries, for example, jinn are said to haunt such areas.[3] Historically, since most people died in their homes, whether they were mansions or hovels, these homes became natural places for ghosts to haunt, with bedrooms being the most common rooms to be haunted. Many houses gained a reputation for being haunted after they were empty or derelict.[4] Davies explains that "...if people were to fail to occupy a human space, then external forces would move in."[5]

Cultural attitudes on haunted houses

Haunting is one of the most common paranormal beliefs around the world, according to Benjamin Radford, in his book, Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits. He says that almost every town and city has at least one haunted place.[6] He states that, despite over 100 years of investigation, there has not been a "...single verifiable fact about ghosts having been established."[7]

In a 2005 Gallup poll, 37 percent of Americans, 28 percent of Canadians, and 40 percent of Britons expressed the belief that houses could be "haunted".[8][9] In a 2009 Pew Research Center survey, about 29% of Americans believed they had been in touch with someone who has died.[10] According to results from a Research Co. poll released in 2020, 40% of Canadian women and 25% of Canadian men stated they believe in haunted houses.[11]

In Japan, there is a tradition, linked to Buddhism, of creating obakeyashiki (ghost houses) in August, when it is believed that ancestral spirits may visit. People will go to ghost houses to listen to frightening stories or seek elaborate decorations and costumes to experience shivers as a way to feel cooler in the hot summer temperatures.[12]

The Shanghai Disneyland Park planners decided against building The Haunted Mansion because of the local cultural beliefs about ghosts and hauntings. Building the house would have been considered a mockery of their fear.[13]

In Wuhan, China, the police have built a haunted house to train their police force by testing their nerves. They filled a dilapidated house with faked severed limbs, bones, skulls and a frightening atmosphere that includes lightning and rain. The house is also open to the public.[14]

Proposed causes

According to Owen Davies' book, The Haunted, a Social History of Ghosts, "Even the most devout believers in ghosts over the centuries recognized that many hauntings were frauds."[15] In an interview with USA today, Davies states, "For skeptics in the past and present, the house was obviously the center of hauntings because it was where people slept and dreamed of the dead, or where people lay drunk, drugged or hallucinating in their sickbeds."[5] Such basic poltergeist phenomena as rapping or knocking were very easy to orchestrate with the help of accomplices or a variety of ploys. According to science writer Terence Hines, cold spots, creaking sounds, and odd noises are typically present in any home, especially older ones, and "such noises can easily be mistaken for the sound of footsteps by those inclined to imagine the presence of a deceased tenant in their home."[16]

A sensed-presence effect, the feeling that there is someone else present in a room, is known to happen when people experience monotony, darkness, cold, hunger, fatigue, fear, and sleep deprivation.[17]

Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell writes that in most cases he investigated, he found plausible explanations for haunting phenomena, such as physical illusions, waking dreams, and the effects of memory. According to Nickell, the power of suggestion along with confirmation bias plays a large role in perceived hauntings. He states that as a house, inn, or other place becomes thought of as haunted, more and more ghostly encounters are reported and that when people expect paranormal events, they tend to notice conditions that would confirm their expectations.[18] Many places deemed to be haunted are purposefully left in a decrepit condition, with wall paper peeling off, old carpeting, and antique decor.[19]

Toxicologist Albert Donnay believes that chronic exposure to substances such as carbon monoxide, pesticide, and formaldehyde can lead to hallucinations of the type associated with haunted houses. Donnay speculates on the connection between the prevalence of gas lamps, during the Victorian era and start of the 20th century, as well as stories of ghost sightings and hauntings, describing it as the "Haunted House Syndrome".[20] Donnay says that carbon monoxide poisoning has been linked to haunted houses since at least the 1920s. He cites a 1921 journal article about a family who claimed hauntings because they suffered headaches, auditory hallucinations, fatigue, melancholy, and other symptoms which are also associated with carbon monoxide poisoning.[21] In a modern example, Carrie Poppy, a writer and co-host of the podcast Oh No, Ross and Carrie!, was convinced she was living in a haunted house. She felt she was being watched by a demon, experienced pressure on her chest and auditory hallucinations. Someone on a forum of skeptical paranormal investigators suggested she look into carbon monoxide poisoning. When the gas company arrived, unsafe levels of carbon monoxide were found.[22][23]

Michael Persinger, an American-Canadian professor of psychology, suggested that perceived apparitions, cold spots, and ghostly touches are perceptual anomalies caused by variations in naturally occurring or man-made magnetic fields.[24] However, a study by psychologist Chris French that attempted to replicate Persinger's findings found no link.[25][26]

Investigating haunted phenomena

Investigations of supposed hauntings often result in simple explanations. For example, in an apparent haunted house in Somerset, England, in the eighteenth century, a boy would make the house shake by jumping on a beam in an adjoining property that ran through both houses. In 1857, a twelve-year-old girl confessed to tying her long hair around objects to give them the ghostly appearance of moving on their own.[27] Tina Resch, a girl from Columbus, Ohio who claimed that ghostly and paranormal activity occurred in her home, was photographed throwing a telephone while acting surprised at the sudden poltergeist activity.[28]

Ben Radford, of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, performed an investigation in 2003 on an allegedly haunted house in Buffalo, New York. The owner of the home, called Tom in the article (real names not used), alleged that he felt tapping on his foot at night. As described by Tom, “I get a tapping on my feet, not a repetitive tap, a trying-to-wake-you-up tap… After the tapping, if I don’t pay attention to it, then I feel a kick.” Radford suggests the tapping was likely a case of “hypnagogic hallucination (a sensory illusion that occurs in the transition to sleep), a fairly common phenomenon that can easily lead to misperceptions.” His wife, called Monica (real names not used), also claimed to feel tapping similar to Tom. According to Radford, “that can be explained by suggestion and what psychologists term Folie à deux, when one person (often a spouse) takes on the symptoms of another.” Tom also describes that “ it will kick the bed—it will hit the side of the bed. I feel my whole body move.… Then if I go back to sleep, I start to get a sound sleep, that’s when it kicks again.” Radford suggests his was likely due to restless leg syndrome in which a leg jerk in the middle of the night caused the bed to shake. Radford suggests that the owner's diagnosis of “sleep apnea is even further evidence for this explanation; restless legs (Restless Leg Syndrome) is actually one of the most common symptoms of apnea.”[29] Tom and Monica also heard ghostly music and voices, noises that they recorded from the top of the stairs, causing them to leave their home in fright. Radford conducted an experiment where he set the recording device in the same spot, turned it on, then walked outside with Tom, talking constantly. They returned to the house and listened to the tape. Their conversations could be clearly heard, though muffled. The couple then agreed that what they were hearing in their house previously were outside noises and not noises from the paranormal.[30]

Another test done by Ben Radford in 2009 was to investigate the claim that batteries are drained by ghosts in haunted locations. Radford used a simple method to test this hypothesis. He purchased four sets of identical batteries, sealed them in signed, Ziploc bags and wrapped them securely in strong tape to prevent tampering. He placed half of them in the reputed haunted Wolfe Manor, in Clovis, California, and half in a different location. Twenty four hours later he tested the batteries using a meter and discovered that there was no battery drainage in either location. Radford claims that simple, controlled experiments like this are important and should be conducted by ghost hunters to clearly demonstrate if there is a difference between a supposed haunted location and one that is not haunted.[31]

Famous haunted houses

A house in Amityville, on Long Island, New York, became the subject of books and films after apparent hauntings following the murder of the DeFeo family. The Lutz family purchased the home for a greatly reduced price but shortly after moving in claimed that doors were ripped open, damaging hinges and bending locks, windows were suddenly opened, green slime oozed from the ceiling and cloven-hooved footprints were left in the snow. The Lutzes remained in the home for only 28 days. In a court case where the Lutzes were sued, they admitted that almost everything in The Amityville Horror was fictional.[32]

Borley Rectory, located in England, was considered to be the most haunted house in the world but whose notoriety was deemed to be created (or at least exaggerated) by Harry Price, an expert magician and proven hoaxer.[33] 

Casa Loma, located in Toronto, Canada was completed in 1914. There have been rumors of ghosts on the property for many years. It is now a historic house museum and landmark that is decorated as a haunted house at Halloween.[34]

Corvin Castle, in Romania, is considered to be one of the top five haunted places around the world. According to locals, the castle has been haunted by its former occupant, Vlad the Impaler, ever since he was killed in an ambush.[35] It is also said to be haunted by the spirits of people killed within the castle walls.[34]

The Winchester Mystery House, located in San Jose, California, is considered one of the most haunted houses in America, although there are no primary documents for the many ghost stories that exist about the house. They are all anecdotal and usually conflicting and most likely have been embellished with time, especially since Sarah Winchester was an eccentric character who had her strange, complex, confusing design for a home built for almost four decades with builders working 24 hours per day.[36]

Wukang Mansion, a historical house in Shanghai, has a reputation for being haunted because of the number of suicides of celebrities, intellectuals, and those persecuted as enemies of the state.[37]

Halloween themed haunted houses

Halloween themed haunted houses began appearing around the same time as "trick or treat", during the Great Depression, as a way to distract young people whose Halloween pranks had escalated to vandalism and harassment of passersby. These first haunted houses were primitive, being put together by groups of families in their basements. People would travel from home to home to experience a variety of frightening situations, such as hearing weird moans and howls, cardboard cutouts of black cats, damp sponges and hair nets hanging from the ceiling to touch people's faces, hanging fur on the walls of darkened hallways, and having to crawl through long dark tunnels.[38]

In 1972 Jerry Falwell and Liberty University introduced one of the first "hell houses" as an anti-Halloween attraction.[38] Some Christian churches run these, which while being haunted houses, also promote their interpretation of the Christian gospel message. According to USA Today, in hell houses, "participants walk through several 'scenes' depicting the consequences of things like abortion, homosexuality and drunkenness."[39]

Commercial haunted houses

Fuji-Q - Super Scary Labyrinth of Fear, haunted hospital

The concept of the haunted house was capitalized on as early as 1915 with the Orton and Spooner Haunted House in the Hollycombe Steam Collection (England).[40] The haunted house became a cultural icon when Disneyland's Haunted Mansion was opened in 1969.[38] By the 1970s, commercial haunted houses had sprung up all over the United States in cities like Louisville, Kentucky and Cincinnati, Ohio.[41] These houses are stereotypically Gilded Age homes because changing tastes of the nouveau riche left these homes abandoned or poorly maintained.[42]

Hollywood slasher films such as Halloween, A Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th had a large influence on commercial haunted houses in the 1980s and 1990s. Many of these houses included characters such as Freddy Krueger and Jason.[38] By 2005, an estimated 3,500 to 5,000 professional haunted attractions operated in the United States.[43]

Japanese commercial haunted houses, or obakeyashiki, are considered to be some of the best in the world. Experiences include being chased by gore-covered zombies, specially themed attractions, such as schools or hospital wards, and houses from which one must escape within 60 minutes or be found by "slaughtering criminals". Claiming to be the world's largest and most frightening haunted house, the Super Scary Labyrinth of Fear at Fuji-Q Highland Amusement Park, in Yamanashi Fujiyoshida-shi Shinnishihara, depicts horrific visual scenes, shrill cries, moans, and smells. It has been visited by over four million people.[44]

Haunted Attractions come in several different types from hayrides, indoor haunted houses to outdoor screamparks. Many amusement parks now host large Halloween events featuring haunted houses. You can find thousands of commercial haunted houses, top rated haunts and articles about building your own haunted house at http://www.hauntworld.com. [38]

Selling haunted houses

In the case Stambovsky v. Ackley, the Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, ruled in 1991 that a seller must disclose that a house has a reputation for being haunted because such a reputation may impair the value of the house:

In the case at bar, defendant seller deliberately fostered the public belief that her home was possessed. Having undertaken to inform the public at large, to whom she has no legal relationship, about the supernatural occurrences on her property, she may be said to owe no less a duty to her contract vendee.[45][46]

In Hong Kong, where superstition is prevalent, people do not want to buy houses where anything unfortunate, especially a death, has occurred. For homes that are thought to be haunted, the prices are usually 15-20% below market value.[47] Listings of so-called haunted houses can be found on the real estate website Squarefoot.com.kh[48]

Short stories and novels

Legends about haunted houses have long appeared in literature. The earliest surviving report of a haunted house comes from a letter written by Pliny the Younger (61 – c. 112) to his patron Lucias Sura, in which he describes a haunted villa in Athens.[49] Nobody would live in the house until the philosopher Athenodorus (c. 74 BCE – 7 CE) arrived in the city. He was tempted by the low rent and undeterred by the house's reputation so he moved in. The ghost, an old man bound with chains, appeared to Athenodrus during the first night and beckoned to him. The apparition vanished once it reached the courtyard, and Athenodrus carefully marked the spot. The following morning he requested the magistrate to have the spot dug up, where the skeleton of an old man bound with chains was discovered. The ghost never appeared again after the skeleton was given a proper burial.[50]

Stories of haunted houses are also included in the Arabian Nights, as in the tale of Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad. [51]

One of the most prominent 20th century books featuring the classic ideal of a haunted house is Shirley Jackson's The Haunting of Hill House, which was the finalist for the National Book Award in 1959. Other notable works of fiction featuring haunted houses include Henry James' The Turn of the Screw, Stephen King's The Shining and Anne Rivers Siddons' The House Next Door.[52]

See also

See also: Category:Paranormal places
See also: Category:Haunted house films

References

Notes

  1. ^ Watts, Linda S. (2007). Encyclopedia of American Folklore. Infobase Publishing. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2979-2. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  2. ^ Davies, Owen (2007). The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4039-3924-1.
  3. ^ Lebling, Robert (2010). Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar. Great Britain: Counterpoint Books. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-84511-993-5.
  4. ^ Davies, Owen (2007). The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 47-48. ISBN 978-1-4039-3924-1.
  5. ^ a b Hines, Morgan. "Haunted Houses: How did this eerie Halloween tradition creep into our brains?". USA Today. USA Today. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  6. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2017-12-18). "Introduction". Investigating Ghosts: The scientific Search for Spirits. Rhombus Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-9364-5513-6.
  7. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2017-12-18). "1". Investigating Ghosts: The scientific Search for Spirits. Rhombus Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-9364-5513-6.
  8. ^ Lyons, Linda (1 November 2005). "Paranormal Beliefs Come (Super)Naturally to Some". Gallup Poll. Gallup. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  9. ^ Moore, David W. (16 June 2005). "Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal". Gallup Poll. Gallup. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  10. ^ May, Ashley (2017). "How many people believe in ghosts or dead spirits?". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  11. ^ Kotyk, Alyse (January 2, 2020). "Canadian women more likely to believe in haunted houses than men:poll". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  12. ^ Slodkowski, Antoni. "As temperatures soar, Japanese turn to ghost houses". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  13. ^ Jennings, Ralph. "Two Disneyland Attractions You Won't See In China And Why". Forbes. Forbes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  14. ^ Kao, Ernest. "PoliWuhan build 'Haunted House' to train new recruits". South China Morning Post. scmp.com. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  15. ^ Davies, Owen (2007). The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4039-3924-1.
  16. ^ Hines, Terence (1988). Pseudoscience and the paranormal: a critical examination of the evidence. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-419-8.
  17. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2017). Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits. United States of America: Rhombus Publishing Company. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-9364-5516-7.
  18. ^ Nickell, Joe. "Catching Ghosts". June 2008. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  19. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2017). Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits. United States of America: Rhombus Publishing Company. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-9364-5516-7.
  20. ^ McKay Jenkins (19 April 2011). What's Gotten Into Us?: Staying Healthy in a Toxic World. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-1-4000-6803-6. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  21. ^ Glass, Ira. "And the Call Was Coming from the Basement". This American Life. Public Radio International.
  22. ^ "Carrie Poppy: Can Science Reveal The Truth Behind Ghost Stories?". npr. June 23, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  23. ^ Dale, Brady (April 5, 2017). "Science: It Works—Except When It Doesn't". Observer. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  24. ^ Michael A. Persinger & Stanley A. Koren,"Predicting the Characteristics of Haunt Phenomena from Geomagnetic Factors and Brain Sensitivity: Evidence from Field and Experimental Studies", in Hauntings and Poltergeists: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. By James Houran & Rense Lange (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2001)
  25. ^ French, CC; Haque, U; Bunton-Stasyshyn, R; Davis, R (May 2009). "The "Haunt" project: an attempt to build a "haunted" room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasound" (PDF). Cortex. 45 (5): 619–29. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.10.011. PMID 18635163. S2CID 3944854.
  26. ^ Keim, Brandon (30 October 2009). "Scientifically Haunted House Suggests You're a Sucker". Wired. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  27. ^ Davies, Owen (2007). The Haunted. A Social History of Ghosts. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-4039-3924-1.
  28. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2017). Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits. United States of America: Rhombus Publishing Company. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-9364-5516-7.
  29. ^ Radford, Ben. "Investigating A Haunted House – Buffalo, New York". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  30. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2017). Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits. United States of America: Rhombus Publishing Company. pp. 157–159. ISBN 978-0-9364-5516-7.
  31. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2017). Investigatiing Ghosts; The Scientific Search for Spirits. United States of America: Rhombus Publishing Company. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-9364-5516-7.
  32. ^ Nickell, Joe. "Amytyville: The Horror Of It All". Skeptical Inquirer. The Magazine for Science and Reason. Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  33. ^ Dunning, Brian. "Borley Rectory: the World's Most Haunted House?". Skeptoid. Skeptoid Media. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  34. ^ a b Gilburne, Mitchell; Huber, Hannah. "The 32 Most Beautiful Haunted Destinations Around the World". Architecture & Design. Conde Nast. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  35. ^ Miller, Ryan. "Top 5 Haunted Places Around The World". CEOWORLD Magazine. CEOWORLD magazine LTD. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  36. ^ Stollznow, Karen. "The Winchester Mystery House". Skeptical Inquirer. Center for Inquiry. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  37. ^ Heduc, László. "Shanghai, China". Architecture. Architectuul. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  38. ^ a b c d e Heller, Chris. "A Brief History of the Haunted House". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  39. ^ "Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween - USATODAY.com". usatoday.com.
  40. ^ "Haunted House (1915)". Hollycombe Working Steam Museum. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  41. ^ "Vintage - The HOUSEOFDOOM". Vintage. Vintage. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  42. ^ "Why the Victorian mansion is a horror icon". Vox Media. 13 November 2018.
  43. ^ The Associated Press. "Haunted house business getting frightfully hard. 'Scaring people is easy,' but making money at it a lot harder". 10/30/2005. NBC News. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  44. ^ Takeichi, Chinami. "Ghost houses a staple of Japanese summers". Japan Today. GPlusMedia Inc. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  45. ^ Knauf, Allan. "After New York's Property Condition Disclosure Act". Archived from the original on 25 November 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
  46. ^ Stambovsky v. Ackley, 169 A.D.2d 254, 260, 572 N.Y.S.2d 672, N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept., 1991.
  47. ^ Shadbolt, Peter. "Hong Kong's hot market in 'haunted' houses". CNN World. Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  48. ^ "Haunted House in Hong Kong". squarefoot.com/hk. REA Hong Kong Management Co. Limited. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  49. ^ Fielding & O'Keeffe (2011), An Introduction to Haunting Phenomena.
  50. ^ Pliny the Younger (1909–1914). "LXXXIII. To Sura". In Charles W. Eliot (ed.). Letters, by Pliny the Younger; translated by William Melmoth; revised by F. C. T. Bosanquet. The Harvard Classics. Vol. 9. P. F. Collier & Son.
  51. ^ Yuriko Yamanaka, Tetsuo Nishio (2006). The Arabian Nights and Orientalism: Perspectives from East & West. I.B. Tauris. p. 83. ISBN 1-85043-768-8.
  52. ^ Tobey, Tas. "Before Watching 'The Haunting of Hill House,' Read These 13 Haunted Books". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2 March 2020.

Bibliography

  • Fielding, Yvette; O'Keeffe, Ciaran (2011). Ghost Hunters: A Guide to Investigating the Paranormal. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-4447-4029-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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