One-game playoff
A one-game playoff, sometimes known as a pennant playoff, tiebreaker game or knockout game, is a tiebreaker in certain sports—usually but not always professional—to determine which of two teams, tied in the final standings, will qualify for a post-season tournament. Such a playoff is either a single game or a short series of games (such as best-2-of-3).
This is distinguished from the more general usage of the term "playoff", which refers to the post-season tournament itself.
Major League Baseball
One-game playoffs are currently used in Major League Baseball (MLB). When two or more MLB teams are tied for a division championship or the wild card playoff berth (1995–2011, or starting in 2012, the second only) at the end of the regular season, a one-game playoff is used to determine the winner.
If a tie were (from 1995 to 2011) a two-way tie for a division championship and both tied teams' have records higher than those records of the second-place teams in the other divisions, or (from 2012) between the two division non-champions with the untied best record, there is no one-game playoff. In this scenario, the winner of the season series between the two teams is deemed to win the tie for purposes of playoff seeding.[1] Through the 2008 season, home-field advantage for one-game playoffs was determined by a coin flip, but effective in 2009, home advantage is based on a set of performance criteria, with the first tiebreaker being head-to-head record.[2]
For statistical purposes, one-game playoffs are considered part of the regular season. The result of the playoff is included in the regular season standings and individual player statistics are included along with the statistics for the rest of the season. One significant playoff-like deviation from normal regular season games in force as of 2007[update] is that six-man umpire crews are used (as opposed to the four-man crews of the regular season).[3] Also, television broadcasting rights for all are negotiated by MLB - since 2012, the network owning the rights to the Wild Card Game for a particular league has also had the rights to any tiebreaker(s) that might occur in that league.
Current MLB scheduling practices stipulate a break of at least one day between the scheduled end of the regular season and the start of the postseason. The schedule is designed to maximize the probability that tiebreakers can take place on the day after the scheduled end of the regular season with no alterations to the postseason schedule needing to be made as a result. Nevertheless, the schedule can be disrupted if rain-outs or other such events disrupt the schedule near the end of the season or on the day set aside for tiebreakers, and the tie-breaking procedure and scheduling would become more complicated if three or more teams tie.[1] This would require a series of one-game playoffs, taking more than one day. A series of one-game playoffs would also be necessary if teams tied for their division title also tied for the second wild card – in such a case, the division title would be settled first, with the loser of that game then contesting a tiebreaker for the wild card berth. There have been several occasions where such scenarios were possible as late as the last game of the season, but it has not yet happened. To provide some additional flexibility in case of make-up games and/or complicated playoff scenarios, an additional break of one day is always scheduled between the wild card game and the start of the Division Series in each league.
Starting in 2012, with the Wild Card game between the top two teams who did not win their division, if two teams tie for a division title and would both be in the playoffs, a one-game playoff would be held because it would determine which team receives the bye in the playoff, and if the winning percentage of the losing team is still enough to be a #1 or #2 wild card, the loser would be play in the wild card game. When two teams tie for the top two wild card positions, an extra game is not held - performance-based criteria is used in that case to determine the home team for the Wild Card Game.
Finally, although tiebreaker games count in the regular season standings, they do not count for the purposes of determining subsequent postseason qualification, seeding, and home-field advantage. For example, should two teams tie for their division title and also tie with the runner-up of another division for the wild card, the loser of the division tiebreaker can still host the team tied for the wild card (whether in another tiebreaker for the second wild card or in the Wild Card Game itself) based on performance-based criteria, even though in that scenario though they will have technically lost one more regular season game and therefore be a half game behind in the standings. However, if a team in such a scenario were to lose a divisional tiebreaker and then win a tiebreaker for the second wild card, it would actually finish a half game behind the division winner and a half game ahead of third place in the wild card standings.
Avoiding any confusion with the term "Playoffs" as the often used but unofficial name of MLB's post-season tournament, the term "Tiebreaker" is MLB's preferred term for a one-game playoff.
History
Through the 2013 MLB season, there have been 14 occasions where a playoff was needed to break a tie in a league, division, or wild card race. Of these playoffs, ten have been one-game playoffs and the other four were three-game playoffs. Prior to the advent of divisional play in 1969, the National League broke ties for its league championship with a best-of-three-games playoff – incidentally, all four of these series were ultimately won by the team that won the first game. The American League has always used one-game playoffs.
Prior to the advent of the wild card playoff system in 1994, all five pennant playoffs in the National League had involved the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers (who won the coin toss for home field advantage all five times, yet lost every year except 1959), and both American League playoffs had involved the Boston Red Sox (who hosted both and lost both).
The 2018 season was the first to see two one-game playoffs, both for division titles (the NL Central and NL West) – the first time divisional one-game playoffs were needed at all since the MLB postseason expanded to ten teams. Both were in the National League and meant that the Game 163 winners won the division and advanced to the LDS, while the losers met each other in the Wild Card Game. Under the pre-2012 format, only the NL West tie-breaker would have been played since the NL Central runner-up would have been assured the Wild Card. It was the first time that the loser of a tie-breaker game still qualified for the postseason.
No playoff needed
Since the advent of the wild card in 1995, there have been three occasions on which a tiebreaker was not necessary as the two teams that were tied for a division lead were also atop the wild card standings. In 2001, the Houston Astros and St. Louis Cardinals tied for first in the National League Central with records of 93–69. In 2005, the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox each finished 95–67 in the American League East. In 2006, the San Diego Padres and Los Angeles Dodgers finished tied with records of 88–74 in the National League West. The team with the better head-to-head record (the 2001 Astros, 2005 Yankees, and 2006 Padres) was considered the division champion, thus receiving a better seed in the postseason. The other team (the 2001 Cardinals, 2005 Red Sox, and 2006 Dodgers) was seeded as the wild card.
Since 2012, when the Wild Card Game was introduced, if two teams are tied atop the Wild Card standings, both would qualify for the Wild Card Game and no tiebreaker game would be necessary. The team who won the regular season series would host the Wild Card game. This has occurred in 2012 (Baltimore Orioles and Texas Rangers were both 93–69, Texas was awarded home field advantage due to winning the season series) and 2016 (Baltimore Orioles and Toronto Blue Jays were both 89–73, Toronto was awarded home field advantage due to winning the season series). Under the 2009–12 format, these match-ups would have been played as tiebreaker games at the same venues. In the 1995–2008 format, these match-ups would have been played as tiebreaker games, but the venue would have been determined by a coin flip.
Make-up games
On some occasions a previously postponed game may be made up at the end of the season in order to settle entry into the playoffs. Although such a game is technically a mere regular-season game, it can have the effect and feel of a playoff.
On September 23, 1908, Johnny Evers of the Chicago Cubs capitalized on a base-running mistake by young Fred Merkle of the New York Giants to invalidate a game-ending winning run. As thousands of fans were on the field and darkness was approaching, the game did not immediately resume. As it turned out, the Cubs and Giants ended the season in a tie for the pennant, and the postponed game was replaced by a new game played on October 8, 1908, at the Polo Grounds. The Cubs prevailed 4–2, and advanced to the 1908 World Series.
In 2008, the Chicago White Sox ended the season 1/2 game behind the Minnesota Twins for the American League Central division title. The fractional difference was due to the September 13 game between the White Sox and the Detroit Tigers, which had been rained out and not yet rescheduled. To determine whether, if the game had not been rained out, there would have been a tie between the Twins and White Sox, the White Sox and Tigers played the make-up game at the end of the season on September 29. The White Sox won, resulting in a Twins–White Sox tie that necessitated playing a one-game playoff in Chicago, which the White Sox won 1–0. Make-up games were also played after the season's end in 1973 and 1981.
Between 1901 and 1938, during a time when games were more often delayed by darkness and not always made up, there have been at least nine occasions on which making up postponed games might have resulted in a different pennant outcome, but the games were not made up.[4] Even today, make-up games that cannot be played before the scheduled end of the regular season are only played if there is a possibility their results could affect postseason qualification.
National Football League
The National Football League now has an elaborate formula for breaking ties in the qualification for its playoffs, and in the highly unlikely event that two teams are tied in all relevant statistical criteria, the rules stipulate that a coin toss settles the tie, meaning one game playoffs are no longer possible.
However, before the merger of the National Football League and the American Football League in 1970, it was possible to have a playoff game if two teams tied for a division title. The NFL had 9 of these playoffs occur between 1941 and 1965, and the AFL, whose records were fully integrated with the NFL's upon merger, had two such playoffs (in 1963 and 1968). The All-America Football Conference, which merged with the NFL after the 1949 season (with the NFL absorbing three of the AAFC's franchises – the Cleveland Browns, San Francisco 49ers, and the original Baltimore Colts) also held a playoff tiebreaker game in 1948, but unlike the AFL's playoff games, the AAFC's records are not recognized by the older league.
The Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans of the National Football League tied for first place at the end of the 1932 season, and as both their games ended in ties, they held an extra game to determine the champion. Unlike subsequent post-season playoffs, this game was considered part of the regular season, as per baseball tie-breaking playoff games described above.
The great interest generated by the 1932 playoff game led the NFL to split into two divisions in 1933, and began playing a single post-season NFL Championship game. If two teams in a single division tied for first place, the rules also provided for a one-game tie-breaking playoff to determine which team would advance to the league championship game.
The NFL did have at least one tiebreaker prior to this, one that came into play for determining the 1921 title; if two teams tied each other in the standings and played twice, each winning one, then the winner of the second game won the title. This was of no use in 1932 because the Bears and Spartans had tied each other in their two matchups that year, and the NFL abandoned it.
This was the practice from 1933 to 1966. Unlike the 1932 contest, these tiebreakers were not part of the regular season's standings.
The league's last one game playoff occurred in 1965; since 1967, when it was split into four divisions, the NFL has used a set of tiebreaking rules to break ties. The AFL did not adopt tiebreakers until its final season before the merger when it granted division runners-up a playoff berth, but since there were no ties for second place that year, the AFL tie-breakers were never used.
Today in the NFL, division winners and playoff qualifiers are technically determined by winning percentage and not by number of wins.
Prior to 1972, ties did not count for the purposes of this calculation. So, for example, one team finished 11-3 and another 10-2-2, there would have been no tiebreaker, as the team with two ties would have been deemed the outright division winners. This made tie games, a fairly common occurrence in football before overtime was introduced in 1974, somewhat more valuable to teams compared to the half-win they are considered today.
Today, two ties are of exactly equal strength to a win for the purpose of breaking ties since, unlike many other North American leagues, the current NFL tiebreaking criteria do not prioritize one win over two ties (or vice versa) in any way.
Both the NFL and AFL had provisions prior to their merger to allow for two weeks of one-game playoffs if three or four teams tied for a division title. Despite the relatively high probability of such a tie happening in a 12 or 14 game schedule compared to a longer season, this scenario never took place prior to the abolition of one-game playoffs.
The closest a three-way tie for a division came to happening was in 1957 when the Detroit Lions, San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Colts all entered the final week of the season with identical 7-4 records. With none of those three teams playing each other in the last week, a three-way tie seemed likely until the Colts lost their final game, leaving the Lions and 49ers to contest the playoff between themselves; the Lions went on to win the NFL championship, their last as of 2018. A somewhat similar situation occurred in 1950, when there was a tie in both divisions, requiring two playoffs.
While there are no one-game playoffs in the NFL today, current scheduling practices (which include exclusively intradivisional matchups at the end of the season), combined with the NFL's short schedule, make it possible that the last week of the regular season will include a winner-take-all game between two teams, which has the effect and feel of a one-game playoff. Typically, such games will be scheduled for prime time under the NFL's flexible scheduling policy (provided their result does not carry potential playoff implications for other teams; the NFL's current scheduling rules dictate that Week 17 games with mutual playoff implications always start at the same time).
For example, the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys entered the final week of the 2011 NFL season tied at 8-7 for first place in the NFC East. The teams, scheduled to play in Dallas, were both out of contention for a wild card berth, meaning the winner of the game would win the division, while the loser would miss the playoffs altogether. The Giants defeated the Cowboys and went on to win the Super Bowl.
NFL tiebreaker playoffs
| Year | Division[a] | Winning Team | Losing Team | Score | Championship Game |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1941 | West | Chicago Bears | Green Bay Packers | 33–14 | Bears defeated the New York Giants, 37–9 |
| 1943 | East | Washington Redskins | New York Giants | 28–0 | Redskins lost to the Chicago Bears, 41–21 |
| 1947 | East | Philadelphia Eagles | Pittsburgh Steelers | 21–0 | Eagles lost to the Chicago Cardinals, 28–21 |
| 1950 | American | Cleveland Browns | New York Giants | 8–3 | Browns defeated the Rams, 30–28 |
| National | Los Angeles Rams | Chicago Bears | 24–14 | ||
| 1952 | National | Detroit Lions | Los Angeles Rams | 31–21 | Lions defeated the Cleveland Browns, 17–7 |
| 1957 | West | Detroit Lions | San Francisco 49ers | 31–27 | Lions defeated the Cleveland Browns, 59–14 |
| 1958 | East | New York Giants | Cleveland Browns | 10–0 | Giants lost to the Baltimore Colts, 23–17 (OT) |
| 1965 | West | Green Bay Packers | Baltimore Colts | 13–10 (OT) | Packers defeated the Cleveland Browns, 23–12 |
- Home teams in bold
AFL tiebreaker playoffs
| Year | Division | Winning Team | Losing Team | Score | Championship Game |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1963 | East | Boston Patriots | Buffalo Bills | 26–8 | Patriots lost to the San Diego Chargers, 51–10 |
| 1968 | West | Oakland Raiders | Kansas City Chiefs | 41–6 | Raiders lost to the New York Jets, 27–23 |
- Home team in bold
AAFC one game playoff
Home team in bold.
| Year | Division | Winning Team | Losing Team | Score | Championship Game |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | East | Buffalo Bills[a] | Baltimore Colts | 28–17 | Bills lost to the Cleveland Browns, 49–7 |
- ^ Not to be confused with the modern day Buffalo Bills or Indianapolis Colts, the latter of whom were originally based in Baltimore and joined the NFL three years after the AAFC Colts folded, while the current Buffalo Bills joined the NFL (from the AFL) 20 years after the AAFC team folded.
Canadian Football League
Like in the NFL, one-game tiebreaking playoffs were a regular feature in the early years of the provincial competitions that were eventually consolidated into today's Canadian Football League in 1958. They were abandoned in the mid-1930s as Canadian football evolved from consisting of provincial leagues to two regional conferences (the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union and Western Interprovincial Football Union). Previously, the regional Eastern and Western champions that played in the Grey Cup were determined by playoffs between the winners of each region's leagues. These regional playoffs were sufficiently popular (and the teams were so dependent on gate receipts in the then-short season available to play football in Canada) that the regional conferences implemented a format that ensured playoffs were contested every season as opposed to only those where ties needed to be broken.
The current tiebreaking criteria are substantially different in the CFL compared to the NFL, although like the NFL it culminates in a coin toss in the highly unlikely event all specified performance-based criteria cannot break a tie at the end of the regular season. Also unlike the NFL (which determines its standings strictly by winning percentage only), the CFL and its antecedent competitions have always awarded "points" the standings in the same manner as is done in ice hockey (which is by far Canada's most popular sport) as well as other codes of football especially rugby from which the gridiron codes evolved. Teams receive two points for a win and one for a tie. Starting in 2000, the CFL also experimented with awarding a point for an overtime loss as is typically done in hockey today, but dropped the "OTL" point after only three seasons. A tie has therefore always effectively counted as a "half-win" in the standings in Canadian football, with the caveat that in all tie-breakers in force since the end of tiebreaking playoffs, the first tiebreaker (other than for determining a crossover team) has always been number of wins (same as in hockey) whereas, as mentioned earlier, number of wins compared to ties has never been a tiebreaking criterium in the NFL.
National Basketball Association
In its early years, the National Basketball Association held tie-breaker games at the end of the season, if necessary. The first two games (a three team playoff) were played during the 1947–48 season, the league's second year in existence, when it was still known as the Basketball Association of America. The second of these, however, was only used to determine the playoff seeding for the Chicago Stags and Baltimore Bullets. In fact, five of the eight one-game playoffs in NBA history were used for seeding purposes, and both teams advanced to the playoffs despite the outcome.
The American Basketball Association, which formed in 1967, did not hold a tie-breaker game in its first season, when the Kentucky Colonels and New Jersey Americans (later known as the New York Nets, New Jersey Nets, and currently as the Brooklyn Nets) tied for fourth place in the Eastern Division with a record of 36–42. A game was scheduled between the two teams in New Jersey, but the Americans' facility was booked and the replacement site picked by the team was in such poor condition that they were forced to forfeit the game by the league office. The Colonels were given the playoff spot despite going just 4–7 against the Americans during the regular season. The next time two teams finished tied for the final playoff spot in a division, the ABA did hold a tie-breaker game. The ABA would later merge with the NBA, with four teams from the ABA joining the NBA: the Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, New York Nets and San Antonio Spurs.
NBA one game playoffs
Home team in bold.
| Year | Division | Winning Team | Losing Team | Score | Afterward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947–48 | West tie-breaker | Chicago Stags | Washington Capitols | 74–70 | Second game was for seeding purposes only, and both teams advanced to the playoffs. Stags lost to the Bullets in the semifinals. Bullets defeated the Philadelphia Warriors in the BAA Finals. |
| West 2nd place | Baltimore Bullets[a] | Chicago Stags | 75–72 | ||
| 1949–50 | Central 1st place | Minneapolis Lakers | Rochester Royals | 78–76 | This game was for the division title only, and both teams still advanced to the playoffs. Royals lost the Fort Wayne Pistons in the Central Division Semifinals. Lakers defeated the Syracuse Nationals in the NBA Finals. |
| 1955–56 | East 3rd place | Syracuse Nationals | New York Knicks | 82–77 | Nationals lost to the Philadelphia Warriors in Eastern Division Finals. |
| West 2nd place | Minneapolis Lakers | St. Louis Hawks | 103–97 | This game was for seeding purposes, and both teams advanced to the playoffs. Lakers lost to the Hawks in the Western Division semifinals. Hawks lost to the Fort Wayne Pistons in the Western Division Finals. | |
| 1956–57 | West tie-breaker | St. Louis Hawks | Fort Wayne Pistons | 115–103 | These games were for seeding purposes, and all three teams advanced to the playoffs. Pistons lost to the Lakers in the Western Division Semifinals Lakers lost to the Hawks in the Western Division Finals. Hawks lost to the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals. |
| West 1st place | St. Louis Hawks | Minneapolis Lakers | 114–111 (OT) |
- ^ Not to be confused with the modern day Washington Wizards, who were known as the Baltimore Bullets from 1965 to 1973
ABA one game playoffs
Home team in bold.
| Year | Division | Winning Team | Losing Team | Score | Afterward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967–68 | East 4th place | Kentucky Colonels | New Jersey Americans | 2–0 forfeit | Colonels lost to the Minnesota Muskies in the Eastern Division Semifinals |
| 1970–71 | West 4th place | Texas Chaparrals | Denver Rockets | 115–109 | Chaparrals lost to the Utah Stars in the Western Division Semifinals |
| 1973–74 | West 4th place | San Diego Conquistadors | Denver Rockets | 131–111 | Conquistadors lost to the Utah Stars in the Western Division Semifinals |
| 1974–75 | East 1st place | Kentucky Colonels | New York Nets | 108–99 | Colonels defeated the Memphis Sounds in the Eastern Division Semifinals, the Spirits of St. Louis in the Eastern Division Finals, and the Indiana Pacers in the ABA Championship Series. Nets lost to the Spirits of St. Louis in the Eastern Division Semifinals |
The New Jersey Americans (now the Brooklyn Nets of the NBA) forfeited the 1968 playoff game to the Kentucky Colonels when the Commack Arena on Long Island, where the game was scheduled to be played, was deemed unsuitable due to a wet floor from a leaky ice hockey surface.
National Hockey League
Though the National Hockey League, currently the only major professional ice hockey league in North America, has never actually held a one-game playoff in its century long existence, its current playoff qualification rules explicitly allow for the possibility. Under current rules, a tie between two teams for a conference's final playoff berth (this being the second wild card seed of a conference under the current format) can only be broken by the first four tie-breakers – regulation and overtime wins (ROW), head-to-head results,[5] overall goal differential, and overall goals scored. Prior to the 2005 introduction of the shootout in the NHL, ROW was simply referred to as "wins" for tiebreaker purposes. The right to host such a game would be determined by a random draw.
Like in MLB, such a game in the NHL would be considered a regular season game for statistical purposes except that the points earned do not count for playoff seeding purposes – in other words, the winner would enter the playoffs as the second wild card even if the two points they earned nominally caused them to otherwise tie or overtake other qualifying teams in total points, and the loser would be eliminated even if they lost in overtime and the single point they earned nominally allowed them tie or overtake other qualifying teams in that same manner. The other main difference from an ordinary regular season game is that playoff overtime rules (that is, unlimited periods of 5-on-5 play with no shootout) would be used if necessary.
A one-game playoff would not be held simply to determine playoff seeding and/or draft lottery position for non-playoff teams; league rules in these cases mandate a more exhaustive set of tiebreakers culminating in a random drawing to determine playoff seeding and/or final regular season standing. The more exhaustive set of tiebreakers would also be used in the extremely unlikely event three or more teams in a conference tied in points, ROW, head-to-head results, and overall goal differential for one or two playoff berths. In this case the more exhaustive criteria would be used to determine the club(s) which would qualify (in case of two available berths) or not qualify (in case of one available berth) without playing a one-game playoff, which would then be held between the two remaining teams if and only if they were also tied between each other in ROW, head-to-head results, overall goal differential, and total goals scored. It is therefore not even remotely possible for there to be two or more one-game playoffs in a conference in a particular season.
Recent scenarios
In its modern era, the NHL has provisionally scheduled a one-game playoff near the end of the regular season on two occasions. Neither such playoff proved to be necessary.
In 2000, the Buffalo Sabres and Montreal Canadiens entered the final weekend of the regular season with the possibility of being tied for the final playoff spot and deadlocked on all relevant tiebreakers (wins, head-to-head results, and overall goal differential). The league announced that, if necessary, a tiebreaker game would be played the day after the regular season,[6] but the Canadiens' loss in their final game, in regulation, rendered the point moot.
Likewise, in 2018, if the Florida Panthers had won their last two games via shootout and the Philadelphia Flyers lost their last game by exactly two goals, the teams would have been equal in all tiebreaker criteria, and would have contested a play-in game for the second wild card in the Eastern Conference.[7] This was avoided when the Flyers won their final game of the regular season and clinched the last playoff berth in the conference, eliminating Florida from playoff contention.
World Hockey Association
The NHL's most significant rival in its modern era, the World Hockey Association, actually held a one-game playoff. The playoff was hastily added at the end of the inaugural regular season after two teams, the Alberta Oilers (now Edmonton Oilers) and the Minnesota Fighting Saints tied for points, wins and head-to-head record, these being the only tie-breakers stipulated in WHA rules. The Fighting Saints defeated the Oilers in the game, which was played in Calgary. The ad hoc nature of the game was controversial. Had the NHL tiebreakers been in effect, the Oilers would have qualified for the playoffs since they had superior goal differential — critics argued that the real reason the league ordered the playoff was that they wanted to give the Fighting Saints an extra chance to qualify on account of the fact that they were playing in a large, brand new arena whereas the Oilers were playing in a small and antiquated facility.
As a footnote, the Fighting Saints went on to play the Winnipeg Jets, who defeated them four games to one. This would turn out to be the only hockey playoff series between any two professional teams representing these two relatively nearby geographical cross-border locales until the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs. The 1972–73 season remains the only time a tiebreaking game has been played in a major North American hockey league. The WHA would later merge with the NHL, with four WHA franchises switching leagues: the Oilers, the Hartford Whalers (now the Carolina Hurricanes), the Quebec Nordiques (now the Colorado Avalanche), and the Jets (now the Arizona Coyotes and unrelated except in name and league affiliation to the current Winnipeg franchise).
WHA one game playoff
| Year | Division | Winning Team | Losing Team | Site | Score | Afterward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972–73 | West 4th place | Minnesota Fighting Saints | Alberta Oilers | Stampede Corral, Calgary | 4-2 | Saints lost to the Winnipeg Jets in the Western Division Semifinals. |
Ivy League basketball
In recent decades in U.S. college basketball, both men's and women's, most conferences have held tournaments to determine a winner who is awarded an automatic berth in the NCAA's postseason tournament. The Ivy League, however, was the last holdout in NCAA Division I—through the 2015–16 season, it continued to award its automatic NCAA tournament berth to the team with the best regular-season record in conference play. In case of a tie at the top of the standings, rules called for a one-game playoff, with the winner claiming the conference's automatic bid. If more than two teams were tied, a series of one-game playoffs was held. The Ivy League held its first postseason tournaments for both men and women at the end of the 2016–17 season, with the top four teams in the conference standings participating at a predetermined site.[8]
In men's basketball, nine seasons ended in such a playoff, with the last being the 2014–15 season in which Harvard and Yale finished tied.[9] The only time more than two teams finished tied atop the regular season standings was in the 2001–02 season, when Yale beat Princeton in the first one-game playoff, before losing to Penn.[9] The last three-way playoff in women's basketball was in the 2007–08 season, in which Cornell, Dartmouth, and Harvard all finished at 11–3 in league play. It was determined that Dartmouth would play Harvard in the first playoff game, with the winner facing Cornell. Dartmouth won the first playoff game, with Cornell winning the playoff final.
Curling
Tie-breaker games are the traditional method of resolving meaningful ties in round robin-style curling tournaments. This is a fairly common occurrence as such round robins rarely involve more than twelve games per team. However, unlike most other sports it is common for curling teams to play two or even (more rarely) three games in a day and tournaments are typically played in a single venue. Therefore, scheduling even multi-team tie-breakers is relatively easy to arrange in a typical bonspiel compared to many other league-based competitions.
Canadian championship curling
Canadian championship curling tournaments, of which the premier bonspiels are the Brier (for men) and the Tournament of Hearts (for women) use tie-breaker games when teams tie between qualifying and non-qualifying positions in the round robin standings. While the tie-breaker has always been a one-game playoff in cases where two teams have been tied, when the Brier was first held in the 1920s (long before the introduction of automatic playoffs) the tie-breaker would consist of an additional mini-round robin if more than two teams tied for the title. Later, as the Brier field became fixed as consisting of teams representing every province plus Northern Ontario, the tie-breaker evolved to consist of "semi-final" and "final" stages in cases of ties involving three or more teams. The last tie-breaker games for a Brier title before the introduction of automatic playoffs took place in 1971 when three teams tied for first place.
Prior to the introduction of automatic playoffs, tie-breaker games were only used to when needed to determine the champion. Since the introduction of automatic playoffs, tie-breaker games have only been used where qualification for the next stage of the tournament is at stake. Otherwise, the teams' best last stone draw records are compared to determine playoff seeding and final pool or tournament ranking. Since the introduction of pool play in 2018, one-game playoffs occur if teams are tied between fourth and fifth place in the pool stage (which determines qualification for the Championship Pool) and again if teams are tied between fourth and fifth place in the Championship Pool (which determines qualification for the playoffs). Unlike other pool stage games, tie-breaker results are not carried over by the winning team(s) to the Championship Pool.
Since the introduction of pool play, if the quotient of number of teams tied for multiple qualifying berths divided by the number of qualifying berths available is less than two, then the teams' last stone draw records are used to determine which team(s) advance(s) without having to play (a) tie-breaker game(s). For example, in case of a three-way tie for third, fourth and fifth then last stone draw records determine which team finishes third, leaving the remaining two teams to play a tie-breaker. On the other hand, teams cannot be eliminated solely on account of last stone draw records and as many tiebreakers as necessary will be played to determine which team(s) advance(s). In case of any tie-breaker involving three or more teams, last stone draw records are used to determine seeding which in turn determine (except in case of any sort of four-way tie) which team(s) receive(s) (a) bye(s).
Due to the relative frequency of tie-breakers, they are incorporated into the tournament schedule and played on the morning of the first day of the playoffs (typically a Saturday in the presently-used schedule). In case of any two-round tie-breaker, the final tie-breaker will be played at the same time as the "1 vs 2" game in the afternoon.
Use in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the one-game playoff is called a "knockout game". In all instances, all games are held in neutral venues, since the home-and-away system is not used.
Philippine Basketball Association
As opposed to the usage in North America, in which one-game playoffs are held to determine a champion, in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA), one-game playoffs are held when teams are tied in a last qualifying seed in the team standings. An extra game will be played in order to determine which team would be eliminated and which team will advance.
With the restructuring of the playoffs starting at the 2005–06 season, one game playoffs are also held which do not merit automatic elimination. When two teams are tied on the last qualifying seed for a stage (such as the #2 seed for the last semifinal berth), a classification game will be played in order to determine which team will clinch the higher seed. If the two teams are not tied on the last qualifying seed (such as the #1 seed where both teams are in the semifinals already), the points difference between the tied teams will be used to determine which team clinches the higher seed. Consequently, one-game playoffs that don't eliminate the loser are called "knockdown games."
Playoffs such as those after the 2004 restructuring are common due to the low number of games played in the elimination round (14–18 games). In fact, each conference was able to feature at least one playoff game, until the 2007–08 PBA Philippine Cup where even though there were tied teams, the team's positions are not critical so they were resolved on the point differential among the tied teams' games. Only the playoffs for the last playoffs berth are included in the table below, where one team is eliminated from contention.
| Season | Conference | Winning team | Losing team | Score | Afterward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008–09 | Fiesta | Coca-Cola Tigers | Alaska Aces | 81–74 | Eliminated by Sta. Lucia in the wildcard phase |
| 2013–14 | Philippine | Alaska Aces | Meralco Bolts | 94–91 | Eliminated by Alaska in the quarterfinals |
| 2015–16 | Governors' | Phoenix Fuel Masters | Rain or Shine Elasto Painters | 105–94 | Eliminated by TNT in the quarterfinals |
| 2016–17 | Philippine | Rain or Shine Elasto Painters | Blackwater Elite | 103–80 | Eliminated by San Miguel in the quarterfinals |
| Commissioner's | GlobalPort Batang Pier | Alaska Aces | 107–106 | Eliminated by Barangay Ginebra in the quarterfinals | |
| 2017–18 | Philippine | TNT KaTropa | Phoenix Fuel Masters | 118–97 | Eliminated by San Miguel in the quarterfinals |
| 2019 | Philippine | Alaska Aces | NLEX Road Warriors | 88–80 | Eliminated by Phoenix in the quarterfinals |
| Commissioner's | Alaska Aces | Meralco Bolts | 108–103 (OT) | Eliminated by TNT in the quarterfinals |
Previously, the PBA also had one-game playoffs to determine the Finals participant. This happened when the semifinal round is a round robin format, and where there are two or more teams tied for the second seed, or if a team won a certain number of semifinal round games, but did not finish in the top two berths. Each season had at least one such game. In the 1993 PBA Governors' Cup, there were two such games: to break the deadlock for the second seed, in which the winner faced the team with the best semifinal round record.
College sports
Starting at the reformation of the playoff structure of the UAAP basketball tournament on 1993 (actually first used on 1994 since UST swept the playoffs and were named automatic champions on 1993), where the top 4 teams qualify for the semifinals, with the top 2 teams clinching the twice to beat advantage, a playoff will be held if two teams were tied for the fourth and last semifinal berth.
Lately, when three or more teams are tied, all three teams undergo a series of one-game playoffs to determine the top seed and which team is eliminated.
Men's playoff results include:
| Season | League | Winning team | Losing team | Score | Afterward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | UAAP | FEU | La Salle | 71–70 | Eliminated by Ateneo in the semifinals |
| 2017 | NCAA | Letran | Arellano | 70–68 | Eliminated by San Sebastian in the elimination playoff second round |
| San Sebastian | Letran | 74–69 | Eliminated by San Beda in the stepladder semifinals second round | ||
| 2015 | NCAA | Mapua | Arellano | 93–75 | Eliminated by Letran in the semifinals |
| 2014 | UAAP | NU | UE | 51–49 | Won championship against FEU |
| 2012 | UAAP | La Salle | FEU | 69–66 | Eliminated by Ateneo in the semifinals |
| 2012 | NCAA | UPHSD | JRU | 73–68 | Eliminated by San Beda in the semifinals |
| 2008 | NCAA | Mapua | San Sebastian | 63–54 | Eliminated by San Beda in the semifinals |
| 2007 | UAAP | UST | FEU | 80–69 | Eliminated by Ateneo in the stepladder semifinals first round |
| 2004 | NCAA | San Beda | Mapua | 59–52 | Eliminated by Perpetual in the semifinals |
| 2001 | UAAP | NU | UE | 108–102 (2OT) | Eliminated by La Salle in the semifinals |
| 2000 | UAAP | UST | UE | 65–61 | Eliminated by La Salle in the semifinals |
| 1998 | UAAP | UST | UP | 80–72 | Eliminated by La Salle in the semifinals |
In 2017, there were three teams tied for #4 in the NCAA, leading to two rounds of playoffs for #4. In 2015, three teams were tied for #3, and two rounds of playoffs were held: the first round for the #4 seed (loser is eliminated), and the second round for the #3 seed (loser is #4 seed).
Ties may also broken when two teams are tied for third, second and first seeds, although the competing teams still qualify for the playoffs when they lose; a playoff game for the #2 seed serves as a de facto game 1 of a best-of-three series. The UAAP had depreciated for playoffs for the #1 and #3 seeds.
The UAAP has also used this format for the volleyball tournaments.
Association football
A one-game playoff is at least theoretically possible in association football league competitions, where two teams competing for a significant prize are tied in all tie-breaking criteria. Most association football leagues only consider points, then goal difference and then goals scored when determining final standing.[10] A few leagues also consider such criteria as head-to-head records, but this is not the norm. One-game playoffs are typically held in a neutral venue, often a national stadium especially for playoffs involving teams with large fanbases. The games are not counted in the regular season tables. Historically, a drawn one-game playoff would often result in a replay a few days later, although there have been occasions (such as in Scotland in 1891) where a draw resulted in the participants being declared joint champions. Today, most league competitions will use extra time and/or a penalty shootout to settle drawn one-game playoffs if needed.
For example, the Premier League announced that there would be a one-game playoff for third place between Arsenal and Chelsea if the two teams had finished exactly level at the end of the 2012–13 season.[10] This would have been necessary because third place conferred automatic qualification for the group stage of the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League, whereas fourth place only led to a place in the final qualifying round of that competition.[10] Before tiebreak rules such as goal difference were utilised, the Scottish league championships in 1891 and 1905 were determined by one game playoffs.[11]
Until the 2004–05 season, the Italian Serie A had a one-game playoff called Spareggio, to determine the league champion if teams were tied in points at the end of the season.
Another example of a one-game playoff in association football would be a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying football match between Algeria and Egypt.
Lamar Hunt U. S. Open Cup
When the 2011 Premier Development League qualifiers in a region could not be settled by the four-stage qualifier of points, then wins, then goal difference, and goals scored, for the final position, the two teams, Kitsap Pumas and Portland Timbers U23's, agreed to discard the traditional lottery draw for the final slot and replace it with the result of their next scheduled game in the league also a one-game playoff to determine the final slot in the U. S. Open Cup. If the game ended in a tie, penalty kicks would be used to determine the U. S. Open Cup qualifier, but not for PDL standings.
See also
References
- ^ a b "2003 postseason tiebreakers: Excerpts from Major League Rule 33 and Major League Rule 34" (Press release). Major League Baseball. 2003-09-08. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ "Ownership approves two major rules amendments" (Press release). Major League Baseball. 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ Official boxscore for the 2007 playoff names a six man umpiring crew
- ^ Kerry Whisnant (October 3, 2008). "Makeups and Tiebreakers That Never Happened". DugoutCentral.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
- ^ In cases where NHL teams play an odd number of games between each other in the regular season, the first home game of the team which hosted more games is excluded for the purpose of determining the better head-to-head record
- ^ "Jagr's OT goal sinks Sabres". CBS News. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- ^ "Flyers, Panthers could have play-in game to determine final playoff berth". NHL.com.
- ^ "The Ivy League Adds Men's, Women's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017" (Press release). Ivy League. March 10, 2016. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
- ^ a b "2015 Men's Basketball Playoff Details Announced" (Press release). Ivy League. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ^ a b c "Arsenal and Chelsea may face play-off". www.premierleague.com. Premier League. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
- ^ Ross, James M. (9 August 2013). "Scotland – List of Champions". www.rsssf.com. RSSSF. Retrieved 6 October 2013.