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Civet SARS-CoV

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Civet SARS-CoV
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Sarbecovirus
Species:
SARS-related coronavirus
Strain:
Civet SARS-CoV

Civet SARS-CoV[1] is a coronavirus associated with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which infected humans and caused SARS events from 2002 to 2003. It infected the masked palm civet. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is highly similar, with a genome sequence similarity of about 99.8%. Because several patients infected at the early stage of the epidemic had contact with fruit-eating Japanese Raccoon Dog (also called tanuki) in the market, fruit-eating Tanuki may be a direct source of human SARS coronavirus. At the end of 2003, four more people in Guangzhou, China were infected with the disease. Sequence analysis found that the similarity with the Tanuki virus reached 99.9%, and the SARS coronavirus was also caused by cases of Tanuki transmission.

A follow-up study of masked palm civet has not been found in a few cases, indicating that fruit tanuki may not be the natural host of SARS coronavirus, but only an intermediate host of the virus from a natural reservoir (bat) to humans.[2] Although the tanuki SARS coronavirus is highly similar to that of human SARS coronavirus, there are a few points in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of burden protein, and the ORF8, which encoded auxiliary protein, has a long 29nt sequence than the human virus. When the virus is infected human by a species barrier, These areas change, which may be related to adapting the new environment.

Discovery

Masked palm civet

After the outbreak of SARS, researchers tested wild animals sold in the Shenzhen Guangdong, China. They found that the masked palm civet, raccoon dog and chinese ferret-badger had Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and obtained two complete Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus genome sequences, SZ3 and SZ16 from the nasal samples of masked palm civet. The sequence similarity of SARS coronavirus Tor2 is 99.8%,[3] and a serum test of market staff who are often exposed to fruit tanuki has found that they have a higher rate of SARS antibody than the general population, indicating that tanuki may be a direct source of SARS coronavirus.[4] In May 2003, masked palm civet in the Guangdong was slaughtered to control the epidemic, and it was not sold again until the ban was lifted at the end of August.[5]

In December 2003, six months after the World Health Organization announced that the SARS epidemic was under control, a new outbreak broke out in Guangzhou, in which four people were infected. The masked palm civet sold in the local market and restaurants also detected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Civet007, Civet010, Cive). T014, Civet019, Civet020, the sequence is 99.9% similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sequence of two patients (cafeteria waiters and customers), indicating that the virus infected with these four people is not a human virus from the 2002-2003 epidemic, but masked palm civet. Masked palm civet is a case of human re-infected with masked palm civet.[6][7] Due to the resumption of the epidemic, the masked palm civet in Guangzhou market was once again slaughtered for epidemic prevention.[5]

At the end of 2004, researchers investigated the masked palm civet in farms in Guangdong, Hunan and Henan, and only some individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus antibody were found on a farm in Shanwei, Guangdong.[8] The following year, more than 1,000 the masked palm civet were surveyed in 12 provinces of China,[5] and wild masked palm civet in Hong Kong were also investigated.[9] No individual was found infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus.[11] The former survey was conducted for a civet farmer in Henan for the Guangzhou market. The masked palm civet test is positive in the market, but all individuals in Henan farms are negative, indicating that the masked palm civet should be infected in the market.[5] In addition, a typical clinical symptoms of fruit tanuki can be seen in the laboratory after being infected with human severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. These studies show that masked palm civet may be the source of human severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, but it should not be its natural reservoir, but only an intermediate host that accelerates the spread of the virus from the natural reservoir to humans, and it itself is also It's infected with other animals to have a virus.[2]

Phylogenetic

A phylogenetic tree based on whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-1 and related coronaviruses is:

SARS‑CoV‑1 related coronavirus

Bat SARS CoV Rf1, 87.8% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Yichang, Hubei[14]

BtCoV HKU3, 87.9% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus sinicus, Hong Kong and Guangdong[15]

LYRa11, 90.9% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus affinis, Baoshan, Yunnan[16]

Bat SARS-CoV/Rp3, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus pearsoni, Nanning, Guangxi[14]

Bat SL-CoV YNLF_31C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Lufeng, Yunnan[17]

Bat SL-CoV YNLF_34C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Lufeng, Yunnan[17]

Civet SARS-CoV, 99.8% to SARS-CoV-1, Paguma larvata, market in Guangdong, China[15]

SARS-CoV-1

SARS-CoV-2, 79% to SARS-CoV-1[20]


Difference from human SARS coronavirus

The genome sequence of Civet SARS-CoV is highly similar to that of human SARS coronavirus. The differences include the insertion sequence of 29 nucleobase in the ORF8, which encodes auxiliary proteins, and the difference between the few points of the binding domain (RBD) of the receptor binding of spike protein and host cell receptor ACE2.[21]

References

  1. ^ "Civet SARS CoV 007/2004". Uniprot.
  2. ^ a b Xing‐Yi Ge; Ben Hu; Zheng‐Li Shi (2015). "BAT CORONAVIRUSES". In Lin-Fa Wang and Christopher Cowled (ed.). Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases, First Edition. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 127–155. doi:10.1002/9781118818824.ch5. ISBN 9781118818824.
  3. ^ Guan, Y. (2003). "Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China". Science. 302 (5643): 276–278. Bibcode:2003Sci...302..276G. doi:10.1126/science.1087139. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12958366.
  4. ^ Xu, Rui-Heng; He, Jian-Feng; Evans, Meirion R.; Peng, Guo-Wen; Field, Hume E; Yu, De-Wen; Lee, Chin-Kei; Luo, Hui-Min; Lin, Wei-Sheng; Lin, Peng; Li, Ling-Hui; Liang, Wen-Jia; Lin, Jin-Yan; Schnur, Alan (2004). "Epidemiologic Clues to SARS Origin in China". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1030–1037. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030852. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3323155. PMID 15207054.
  5. ^ a b c d Kan, Biao; Wang, Ming; Jing, Huaiqi; Xu, Huifang; Jiang, Xiugao; Yan, Meiying; Liang, Weili; Zheng, Han; et al. (2005). "Molecular Evolution Analysis and Geographic Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Like Virus in Palm Civets at an Animal Market and on Farms". J Virol. 79 (18): 11892–11900. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.18.11892-11900.2005. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 1212604. PMID 16140765.
  6. ^ a b Wang, Ming; Yan, Meiying; Xu, Huifang; Liang, Weili; Kan, Biao; Zheng, Bojian; Chen, Honglin; Zheng, Han; et al. (2005). "SARS-CoV Infection in a Restaurant from Palm Civet". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1860–1865. doi:10.3201/eid1112.041293. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3367621. PMID 16485471.
  7. ^ Song, H.-D.; Tu, C.-C.; Zhang, G.-W.; Wang, S.-Y.; Zheng, K.; Lei, L.-C.; Chen, Q.-X.; Gao, Y.-W.; et al. (2005). "Cross-host evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in palm civet and human". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (7): 2430–2435. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.2430S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409608102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 548959. PMID 15695582.
  8. ^ Tu, Changchun; Crameri, Gary; Kong, Xiangang; Chen, Jinding; Sun, Yanwei; Yu, Meng; Xiang, Hua; Xia, Xianzhu; Liu, Shengwang; Ren, Tao; Yu, Yedong; Eaton, Bryan T.; Xuan, Hua; Wang, Lin-Fa (2004). "Antibodies to SARS Coronavirus in Civets". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (12): 2244–2248. doi:10.3201/eid1012.040520. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3323399. PMID 15663874.
  9. ^ Poon, L. L. M.; Chu, D. K. W.; Chan, K. H.; Wong, O. K.; Ellis, T. M.; Leung, Y. H. C.; Lau, S. K. P.; Woo, P. C. Y.; Suen, K. Y.; Yuen, K. Y.; Guan, Y.; Peiris, J. S. M. (2005). "Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Bats". Journal of Virology. 79 (4): 2001–2009. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2001-2009.2005. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 546586. PMID 15681402.
  10. ^ Hu, W.; Bai, B.; Hu, Z.; Chen, Z.; An, X.; Tang, L.; Yang, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, H. (2005). "Development and Evaluation of a Multitarget Real-Time Taqman Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus and Surveillance for an Apparently Related Coronavirus Found in Masked Palm Civets". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (5): 2041–2046. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.5.2041-2046.2005. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 1153763. PMID 15872219.
  11. ^ Researchers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology found SARS coronavirus in the masked palm civet cultivated in Hubei Province, which is a very few cases of finding SARS coronavirus in tanuki fruit outside the market[10][6]
  12. ^ Kim, Yongkwan; Son, Kidong; Kim, Young-Sik; Lee, Sook-Young; Jheong, Weonhwa; Oem, Jae-Ku (2019). "Complete genome analysis of a SARS-like bat coronavirus identified in the Republic of Korea". Virus Genes. 55 (4): 545–549. doi:10.1007/s11262-019-01668-w. PMC 7089380. PMID 31076983.
  13. ^ Xu, L; Zhang, F; Yang, W; Jiang, T; Lu, G; He, B; Li, X; Hu, T; Chen, G; Feng, Y; Zhang, Y; Fan, Q; Feng, J; Zhang, H; Tu, C (February 2016). "Detection and characterization of diverse alpha- and betacoronaviruses from bats in China". Virologica Sinica. 31 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1007/s12250-016-3727-3. PMC 7090707. PMID 26847648.
  14. ^ a b Li, W. (2005). "Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–679. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16195424. S2CID 2971923.
  15. ^ a b Xing‐Yi Ge; Ben Hu; Zheng‐Li Shi (2015). "BAT CORONAVIRUSES". In Lin-Fa Wang; Christopher Cowled (eds.). Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases (First ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 127–155. doi:10.1002/9781118818824.ch5.
  16. ^ He, Biao; Zhang, Yuzhen; Xu, Lin; Yang, Weihong; Yang, Fanli; Feng, Yun; et al. (2014). "Identification of diverse alphacoronaviruses and genomic characterization of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus from bats in China". J Virol. 88 (12): 7070–82. doi:10.1128/JVI.00631-14. PMC 4054348. PMID 24719429.
  17. ^ a b Lau, Susanna K. P.; Feng, Yun; Chen, Honglin; Luk, Hayes K. H.; Yang, Wei-Hong; Li, Kenneth S. M.; Zhang, Yu-Zhen; Huang, Yi; et al. (2015). "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination". Journal of Virology. 89 (20): 10532–10547. doi:10.1128/JVI.01048-15. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 4580176. PMID 26269185.
  18. ^ a b Xing-Yi Ge; Jia-Lu Li; Xing-Lou Yang; et al. (2013). "Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor". Nature. 503 (7477): 535–8. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..535G. doi:10.1038/nature12711. PMC 5389864. PMID 24172901.
  19. ^ Yang, Xing-Lou; Hu, Ben; Wang, Bo; Wang, Mei-Niang; Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Wei; et al. (2016). "Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus". Journal of Virology. 90 (6): 3253–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.02582-15. PMC 4810638. PMID 26719272.
  20. ^ Ben, Hu; Hua, Guo; Peng, Zhou; Zheng-Li, Shi (2020). "Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 19 (3): 141–154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7. PMC 7537588. PMID 33024307.
  21. ^ Li, Wenhui; Wong, Swee-Kee; Li, Fang; Kuhn, Jens H.; Huang, I-Chueh; Choe, Hyeryun; Farzan, Michael (2006). "Animal Origins of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Insight from ACE2-S-Protein Interactions". Journal of Virology. 80 (9): 4211–4219. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4211-4219.2006. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 1472041. PMID 16611880.
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