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Maraga massacre

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Maraga massacre
Maraga massacre memorial in Nor Maragha
LocationMaraga, Nagorno-Karabakh
Coordinates40°19′48″N 46°52′48″E / 40.33000°N 46.88000°E / 40.33000; 46.88000
DateApril 10, 1992; 32 years ago (1992-04-10)
TargetLocal Armenian population
Deaths43–100 killed
InjuredUnknown
PerpetratorsAzerbaijani Armed Forces

The Maraga massacre (Armenian: Մարաղայի կոտորած, romanized: Maraghayi kotorats) was the mass murder of Armenian civilians in the village of Maraga (Maragha) by Azerbaijani troops, which had captured the village on April 10, 1992, in the course of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[1][2] The villagers, including men, women, children and elderly, were killed indiscriminately and deliberately, their houses were pillaged and burnt; the village was destroyed.[3][4][5] Amnesty International reports that over 100 women, children and elderly were tortured and killed and a further 53 were taken hostage, 19 of whom were never returned.[6][7][8]

Background

The village of Maraga (Leninavan) was located in the Martakert region of Nagorno Karabakh, just across the border from the Azerbaijani town of Tartar (also known as Terter and Mir-Bashir)[1] and was one of the region's largest villages.[9] According to the census of 1989 the village had a population of 4660, predominantly ethnic Armenians including a few Armenian families who escaped pogroms but were forcefully deported from Sumgait, Baku, and other areas of Soviet Azerbaijan.[10]

By spring 1992 the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh escalated. Azerbaijan tightened the blockade which it had imposed on Nagorno-Karabakh for about two years, at the same time employing policy of ethnic cleansing and military assaults against the Armenians in Karabakh.[3] The bordering villages of Karabakh were systematically raided and shelled by Azerbaijani armed forces.[11] The event was described as an act of revenge after the Khojaly massacre.[12]

Attack on the village

On April 10, 1992 Maraga was attacked by the Azerbaijani forces. Early in the morning artillery fire started, followed by a ground assault from neighboring Mir-Bashir.[13] By the afternoon, Azerbaijan's regular army forces entered the village with tanks, followed by infantry, and followed by looters.[3][10][14] By that time according to the data of Human Rights Watch the village had 500 residents.[13] As the result of the attack most of the village was burnt and destroyed, 57 residents of the village were killed, 45 civilians were taken hostages including men, women and children.[10]

A preliminary investigation was carried out by Human Rights Watch (HRW, Helsinki Watch) and published in 1992. Having spoken to the only eyewitness available to them at the time, an Armenian fighter who took part in the village's defense, the report outlined that Maraga's defense detachments were unable to hold their positions when units of the Azerbaijani army attacked the village on April 10: they retreated to a spot overlooking the village and called for help.[13] According to Armenian fighters, the Azerbaijanis had about 20 armored vehicles, and the lack of adequate weaponry on the Armenian side made it impossible for them to repel the attack.[14] The defending units notified the villagers of their retreat and most of the inhabitants left the village, while the civilians who remained, mainly consisting of the elderly and the disabled, hid in basements and underground shelters.[13]

Two weeks later the Azerbaijani forces launched another attack on the village. 13 civilians were taken hostage, and the remaining population was then forcibly deported. The whole village was then razed to the ground.[10]

Massacre

The Azerbaijani army captured Maraga the same day (April 10) and massacred the civilian population. The village was retaken by the Armenians the next day. The Armenian fighters reported finding the bodies of 43 civilians, most of whom were mutilated.[13]

The massacre was marked by extreme acts of cruelty and slaughter. Azerbaijani soldiers sawed off the heads of 45 villagers, burnt others, took 100 women and children away as hostages, looted and set fire to all the homes, and left with all the pickings from the looting.[3] According to eyewitness accounts people were decapitated, tortured (such as being dragged tied to a tank or being burnt alive), bodies were mutilated, dissected and burnt; non-combatants, among them men, women and children, were captured and taken hostage.[3][10][15][16][17]

Vice-Speaker of the British Parliament's House of Lords Caroline Cox, who visited Maraga, gave a testimony, stating that she, along with a team from Christian Solidarity International, arrived within hours to find "homes still smoldering, decapitated corpses, charred human remains, and survivors in shock."[3]

Then, Amnesty International reported that over 100 residents of the village were "slain, while their bodies were profaned and disfigured." According to Amnesty International, forty-five residents of the village were taken hostage. It also reported that the Azerbaijani forces attacked the village again weeks later and its population was deported, adding that the houses were pillaged and then most of them were burnt down.[4] The bodies of the dead were later buried in a mass grave near the village.[13] Besides those killed about 57 people, among them 30 men, 21 women men and 6 children, had gunshot wounds.[10] Those hostages who were later exchanged had suffered humiliation, torture and psychological traumas.[18] The fates of other hostages remain unknown.[19]

Investigations

Human rights groups

Accounts differ on precisely how many people were killed in the attack. A 1993 Country Dossier Report by Amnesty International gave 45 killed.[20] According to Gevorg Petrossian, Chairman of the Parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, 53 civilians were killed, although the 1992 report by HRW expressed uncertainty as to whether those reported killed were civilians or combatants.[13] It assumed, however, that the figure included the 43 Armenians who were killed by the Azerbaijanis.[13] In 1992, HRW received a report that 50 Armenians had been taken hostage in the attack on Maraga.[21]

Baroness Cox and Christian Solidarity International

Baroness Caroline Cox, an advocate of the Armenian cause in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict,[22] who led a delegation that observed the damage and interviewed eyewitnesses, stated that after Azerbaijani forces attacked Maraga, they decapitated about forty-five villagers, burned and looted much of the town, and kidnapped about one hundred women and children.[3] A more detailed report of the findings of Cox and Christian Solidarity International was published in 1993.

Maraghar: the name of this village is associated with a massacre which never reached the world’s headlines, although at least 45 Armenians died cruel deaths. During the CSI mission to Nagorno Karabakh in April, news came through that a village in the north, in Martakert region, had been overrun by Azeri-Turks on April 10 and there had been a number of civilians killed. A group went to obtain evidence and found a village with survivors in a state of shock, their burn-out homes still smoldering, charred remains of corpses and vertebrae still on the ground, where people had their heads sawn off, and their bodies burnt in front of their families. 45 people had been massacred and 100 were missing, possibly suffering a fate worse than death. In order to verify the stories, the delegation asked the villagers if they would exhume the bodies which they had already buried. In great anguish, they did so, allowing photographs to be taken of the decapitated, charred bodies. Later when asked about publicizing the tragedy, they replied they were reluctant to do so as 'we Armenians are not very good at showing our grief to the world.'[23]

Baroness Cox has called the Maraga Massacre "an apparent crime against humanity" and urged the international community to hold Azerbaijan accountable for that.[24]

Aftermath

The Azerbaijani officers directly involved in the massacre were never held responsible or tried for the crimes they committed in Maraga.[10] At the same time the Azerbaijani side has not responded to the accusations of Maraga massacre.

The events in Maraga were not covered by international media and there is little awareness in the world about the events in this village, despite the severity of the actions.[1][10] Cox explained that she hadn't brought journalists together with her to Maraga on those days because it was dangerous, but she made many photographs which are printed in her book Ethnic Cleansing in Progress. Cox also said in her interview that English newspaper Daily Telegraph had agreed to print her report on Maraga massacre but then they refused to do so.[25]

Maraga village is currently controlled by the Azerbaijani army. The former residents of the village now live in Russia, Armenia and other parts of Nagorno-Karabakh. Those living in Russia are unable to return to Karabakh because of the lack of funds to cover travel expenses.[4] The residents of Maraga who stayed in Karabakh have rebuilt another village on the ruins of another village in Nagorno-Karabakh, not far from Maraga. This new village is now called Nor Maraga (New Maraga). There has been a monument erected in New Maraga commemorating the victims of the massacre.[3]

  • A monument for the victims of the massacre in Nor Maraga village.
    A monument for the victims of the massacre in Nor Maraga village.
  • A monument in the village of Nor Maraga, built in honor of the Armenian defenders of Maraga.
    A monument in the village of Nor Maraga, built in honor of the Armenian defenders of Maraga.

Caroline Cox said:

The suffering of your people [should] somehow [be] recognized and they will therefore receive justice and the right to live in peace and freedom in their land… [I]t is impossible for the Armenians who live in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) ever again to accept Azeri sovereignty.[26]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through War and Peace. New York: New York University Press, 2003, pp. 175–176.
  2. ^ (in Russian) "Хронология Карабахского конфликта, 1992 год ("The Chronology of the Karabakh Conflict, 1992")." BBC Russian. Last updated August 29, 2005. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Cox, Caroline. "Survivors of the Maraghar Massacre Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine."Christianity Today. April 27, 1998. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Amnesty International. Azerbaijan; Hostages of the Karabakh conflict: Civilians still have to suffer. April 1993 [1]
  5. ^ UK House of Commons report 1998
  6. ^ De Waal. Black Garden, p. 176.
  7. ^ Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (1994). Azerbaijan: Seven years of conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 6. ISBN 1-56432-142-8.
  8. ^ Amnesty International. "Azerbaydzhan: Hostages in the Karabakh conflict: Civilians Continue to Pay the Price ." Amnesty International. April 1993 (POL 10/01/93), p. 9.
  9. ^ "MARAGHA". Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Левон Мелик-Шахназарян – Военные преступления Азербайджана против мирного населения НКР". Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  11. ^ Bloodshed in the Caucasus: escalation of the armed conflict in Nagorno Karabakh. 1992
  12. ^ Melkonian, Markar (2005). My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. I.B.Tauris. pp. 213–214. ISBN 1-85043-635-5. Khojalu had been a strategic goal, but it had also been an act of revenge. Monte knew that enemy fighters would retaliate in kind, and sure enough, when Azeri forces overran the Armenian village of Maragha the next month, they slashed and burned Armenian captives.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Denber, Rachel; Goldman, Robert K. (1992). Bloodshed in the Caucasus: escalation of the armed conflict in Nagorno Karabakh. New York: Helsinki Watch. p. 29. ISBN 1-56432-081-2.
  14. ^ a b "VIDEO". Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  15. ^ "DOCUMENTS". Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  16. ^ "Documentary Maragha". Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  17. ^ Amnesty International. "Country Dossier List 1993 Europe. "Unofficial sources report that ethnic Armenians Liana and Ulyana Barsegyan were detained on April 10, 1992 when Azerbaydzhani forces entered the village where they lived (Maraga) in the disputed region of Karabakh. AI is concerned that they are reportedly non-combatant civilians, held hostage solely because of their ethnic origin."
  18. ^ Eyewitness Svetlana Poghosyan. Source: Petition to the Human Rights Committee c/o Centre for Human Rights, United Nations Office at Geneva 8–14 avenue de la Paix 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. "I cannot recount what they were doing to the young ladies and girls that they took hostage; the women who did return were covered in scars inflicted from cigarette burns." [2]
  19. ^ Remembering the Maragha Massacres
  20. ^ Amnesty International. "Country Dossier List 1993 Europe . Amnesty International.
  21. ^ Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven years of conflict, p. 92.
  22. ^ Great Britain, Parliament, House of Lords (1999). The parliamentary debates (Hansard): official report, Volume 598. H.M.S.O. ISBN 0-10-780598-7. Baroness Cox: "It is clear that I am an unashamed advocate of the Armenian cause in Karabakh. That is born of direct experience and grounded in evidence. In Christian Solidarity Worldwide, we try to emulate Andrei Sakharov"{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Cox, Caroline and John Eibner. Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh. Zurich and Washington D.C.: Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World, p. 58, 1993.
  24. ^ Helix Consulting LLC. "Baroness Cox: That was a cold blooded slaughter of civilians in Maragha 20 years ago". Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  25. ^ Interview with Caroline Cox about Maraghar massacre. Part 1. YouTube. May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  26. ^ Interview with Caroline Cox about Maraghar Massacre – Part 2 (4.03–4.19; 4.30–4.58)[3]
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