Jump to content

Ponte Morandi

Coordinates: 44°25′33″N 08°53′20″E / 44.42583°N 8.88889°E / 44.42583; 8.88889
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 24.104.70.254 (talk) at 18:31, 19 September 2023 (→Collapse). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Ponte Morandi
Ponte Morandi in 2010, viewed from west
Coordinates44°25′33″N 08°53′20″E / 44.42583°N 8.88889°E / 44.42583; 8.88889
CarriedFour lanes of roadway
Crossed
LocaleGenoa, Liguria, Italy
Official nameViadotto Polcevera
Characteristics
DesignCable-stayed bridge
Total length1,182 metres (3,878 ft)
HeightPiers 90.5 metres (297 ft),
Road Deck 45 metres (148 ft)
Longest span210 metres (690 ft)
Clearance above40 metres (130 ft)
History
DesignerRiccardo Morandi
Construction start1963
Construction end1967
Opened4 September 1967 (1967-09-04)
Collapsed14 August 2018 (2018-08-14)
Destroyed28 June 2019 (2019-06-28)
Location
Map

Ponte Morandi (English: Morandi Bridge), officially Viadotto Polcevera (English: Polcevera Viaduct),[1] was a road viaduct in Genoa, Liguria, Italy, constructed between 1963 and 1967 along the A10 motorway over the Polcevera River, from which it derived its official name. It connected Genoa's Sampierdarena and Cornigliano districts across the Polcevera Valley. The bridge was widely called "Ponte Morandi" after its structural designer, engineer Riccardo Morandi.[2]

On 14 August 2018, a 210-metre (690 ft) section of the viaduct collapsed during a rainstorm, killing forty-three people. The collapse led to a year-long state of emergency in the Liguria region, extensive analysis of the structural failure,[3] and widely varying assignment of responsibility.

The remains of the original bridge were demolished in June 2019. The replacement bridge, the Genoa-Saint George Bridge was inaugurated a year later.[4]

History

Design

Ponte Morandi was designed by civil engineer Riccardo Morandi, from whom its unofficial name was derived. It was a cable-stayed bridge characterised by a prestressed concrete structure for the piers, pylons and deck,[5] very few stays, as few as two per span, and a hybrid system for the stays constructed from steel cables with prestressed concrete shells poured on.[6][7] The concrete was prestressed only to 10 MPa (1,500 psi),[citation needed] making it susceptible to cracks, water intrusion, and corrosion of the internal steel.[8][9][10] The bridge was similar to Morandi's earlier 1957 design for the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge in Venezuela[11] except for the stays, which on the Venezuelan bridge are not covered with prestressed concrete.

Construction

President Giuseppe Saragat at the inauguration, on 4 September 1967

The viaduct was built between 1963 and 1967 by the Società Italiana per Condotte d'Acqua, costing 3.8 billion Italian lire and opened on 4 September 1967. It had a length of 1,182 metres (3,878 ft), a height above the valley of 45 metres (148 ft) at road level, and three reinforced concrete pylons reaching 90 metres (300 ft) in height; the maximum span was 210 metres (690 ft). It featured diagonal cable stays, with the vertical trestle-like supports made up of sets of Vs, one set carrying the roadway deck, while the other pair of inverted Vs supported the top ends of two pairs of diagonal stay cables.[citation needed]

The viaduct was officially opened on 4 September 1967 in the presence of Italian President Giuseppe Saragat.[12]

Maintenance and strengthening

The bridge had been subject to continual restoration work from the 1970s due to an incorrect initial assessment of the effects of creep of the concrete.[13] This resulted in excessive deferred displacement of the vehicle deck so that it was neither level nor flat; at the worst points, it undulated in all three dimensions. Only after continual measurement, redesign, and associated structural work was the vehicle deck considered acceptable, approaching horizontal by the mid-1980s.[14]

In a 1979 report, Morandi himself said "I thinck [sic] that sooner or later, may be in a few years, it will be necessary to resort to a treatment consisting of the removal of all traces of rust on the exposure of the reinforcements, to fill the patches, with epoxidic style resins, and finally to cover everything up with elastomers of very high chemical resistance".[6]

In the 1990s, the tendons (the steel wires, cables, and threaded bars, designed to produce the bridge's prestressed concrete) on pillar 11 appeared to be most damaged.[9] About 30% of the tendons had corroded away. The load of the bridge was 7,000 kg (15,000 lb) per tendon, whereas the tendons were originally capable of carrying 15,000 kg (33,000 lb).[citation needed][15] A single truck can weigh as much as 44,000 kg (97,000 lb).[16] As of the collapse of the bridge, only pillar 11 had been internally inspected in the 1990s, showing severed and oxidized strands.[17] From 1990 onward, the easternmost pillar 11 had its stays strengthened by flanking them with external steel cables.[18][19] Pillar 10 had the stays at the top strengthened with steel sheathing in the 1990s.[20] Following the collapse, many questions have been raised about the stays.[21] Morandi's similar[22] bridge in Venezuela suffered one or more stay cable failures in 1979/1980, with collapse imminent.[23][24][25][26][27]

The minister of infrastructures and transport in charge until 1 June 2018, Graziano Delrio, was informed multiple times in the Italian parliament during 2016 that the Morandi bridge needed maintenance.[28][29]

In 2017, a confidential university report in Genoa noted severe disparities in the behaviour of the stays of the pillar 9, which would collapse.[17] The minutes of a February 2018 government meeting report that resistance and reflectometry measurements indicated an "average" reduction of the cross-section of the tendons of 10 to 20%.[30][31] A crack in the road had appeared at least 14 days before the collapse, near the southeastern stay of the subsequently collapsed pillar 9. The crack may have been an indication that the stay had stretched.[32][33] At no point was a suggestion made to reduce the load on the bridge.[30] Traditionally, bridges were designed for a 50-year lifespan;[23] the bridge failed just under 51 years after its opening.

On 3 May 2018, the Autostrade company had announced a call for tenders for a structural upgrade of the viaduct to the value of €20,159,000, with a deadline of 11 June 2018. The work on the reinforcement of the stays on pillars 9 and 10 would have needed to be finished within five years.[34][35]

Workers were installing new heavy concrete Jersey barriers on the Ponte Morandi before it collapsed, reducing the already low-compressive prestress on the concrete of the stays and increasing the loads.[10][21][36]

2017 modal analyses

In 2017, Carmelo Gentile and Antonello Ruccolo of the Polytechnic University of Milan studied the modal frequencies and deformations of the stays of the bridge.[17] On pillar 9, they could identify only four global modes, and the deformations of two of these identified modes were not fully compliant.[37] Modal frequencies were more than 10% different, specifically on the southern stays.[31][38] In pre-stressed concrete beams, such a difference could represent the entire effect of the non-linear pre-stresses. As little as a 2% shift could represent severe damage.[39][40] The prestress in the Ponte Morandi was characterised as relatively small from the start. In contrast, with bare tendons, which are relatively under-constrained like the strings in a piano, the effect of prestress is dominant in determining the resonant frequency. Other than prestress, changes in geometry, such as corrosion in the tendons, could impact the resonant frequency. The effects would be reduced by the composite nature of the stays when observing global modes.[41] Gentile had performed similar modal analyses on pillar 11 in the 1990s.[42] Other related methods were applied on the stays of Ponte Morandi in the 1990s, such as reflectometry, which was able to measure the tension, but not strength of the tendons.[41][43]

Replacement proposals

By the mid-2000s, the A10 route through Genoa and over the bridge had become highly congested. The city council requested proposals for improvement of traffic flow through Genoa, with the Autostrade company in 2009 proposing the "Gronda di Ponente" project to improve flow, by moving traffic to a newly built Autostrada interchange system located to the north of the city. As part of the initial study and report, the Autostrade company measured that the bridge carried 25.5 million transits a year, with traffic having quadrupled in the previous 30 years and "destined to grow, even in the absence of intervention, by a further 30% in the next 30 years". The study highlighted how the traffic volume, with daily queues at peak hours joining the Autostrada Serravalle, produced "an intense degradation of the bridge structure subjected to considerable stress", with the need for continuous maintenance.[44] The study showed that, in the option for improving what was termed as the "low gutter", it would be more economical to replace the bridge with a new one north of its current location, and then to demolish the existing bridge.[45][failed verification]

Collapse

Ponte Morandi collapse
The collapsed section of the Ponte Morandi
Date14 August 2018
Time11:36 local time (09:36 UTC)
CauseUnder investigation
Casualties
43 dead
16 injured[46]

On 14 August 2018, around 11:36 local time (09:36 UTC), during a torrential rainstorm, a 210-meter (690 ft) section of Ponte Morandi collapsed.[47][48] The collapsed span was centred on the westernmost cable-stayed pillar, pillar 9,[47] and crossed the Polcevera, as well as an industrial area of Sampierdarena. Eyewitnesses reported that the bridge was hit by lightning before it collapsed.[47] Between 30 and 35 cars and three trucks were reported to have fallen from the bridge.[49]

A large part of the collapsed bridge and the vehicles on it fell into the rain-swollen Polcevera. Other parts landed on the tracks of the Turin–Genoa and Milan–Genoa railways, and on warehouses belonging to Ansaldo Energia, an Italian power engineering company.[50] The latter were largely empty because the collapse occurred on the eve of a major Italian public holiday, Ferragosto.[51]

The initial hypotheses were that a structural weakness or a landslide caused the collapse.[52] The bridge was reportedly undergoing maintenance at the time of the collapse, including strengthening the road foundations.[53]

The southern stays reportedly gave way explosively due to corrosion and damage.[31][54][55][56][57][58] With only four stays, one of them giving way might have been enough for the structure to lose stability.[59][60][61] A preliminary investigative report suggested the pillar itself may have collapsed first,[62][63][64] but Genoa prosecutors had not provided the report's authors with a local video showing the southern stays gave way first.[65] There is speculation that lightning may have struck the stays, or a landslide could have destabilised the base.[66]

The collapsed part of the bridge is shown in red.

In July 2019, a video showing the fall of the bridge was made public. It originated from the nearby Ferrometal company cameras, showing that both southern stays and locally attached road sections at pillar 9 started dropping virtually simultaneously. From the movement of the top crossbeam, the tension cables of the southeastern stay apparently gave way.[67] Immediately, the complete road on the pillar and soon after also the pillar itself fell. However, Autostrade, the company that maintained the bridge, objected that the video still does not show all bridge structures, so it does not really explain the cause.[68]

At the time of the collapse, the bridge was managed by Atlantia S.p.A. (formerly Autostrade S.p.A.), a holding company operating toll motorways and airports, which is controlled by the Benetton family.[69] The family waited two days to release a company public statement offering condolences to victims and their families.[70]

The disaster caused a major political controversy about the poor state of infrastructure in Italy and raised wider questions about the condition of bridges across Europe. According to the Corriere della Sera, this was the 11th bridge collapse in Italy since 2013.[71]

It was later decided that the bridge would not be repaired, but demolished. Demolition began in February 2019[72] and was completed on 28 June 2019.[73]

Victims and rescue efforts

Forty-three people were confirmed dead and 16 injured. The dead were 29 citizens of Italy, four from France, three from Chile, two from Albania, and one each from Colombia, Jamaica, Moldova, Peru, and Romania.[46][74]

Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
200m
220yds
Location of the collapse
Location of the collapse, which resulted in the A10 motorway being severed and the closure of the railway lines from Genoa to Milan and Turin.

Multiple survivors were transported to nearby hospitals, many in critical condition.[50] Davide Capello, the former goalkeeper for Cagliari, survived without injury and was able to walk away from his car, even though it dropped 30 metres (100 ft) before becoming wedged between parts of the fallen bridge.[75][76]

The area under the remaining part of the bridge, including several homes, was evacuated.[47] As of 02:00 the following day (midnight UTC), 12 people were known still to be missing, and voices could be heard calling from underneath the debris; rescue efforts were continuing by floodlight using techniques commonly deployed after earthquakes.[77] The number of known dead grew to 43 as of four days after the event.[74]

Aftermath and reactions

The railways connecting Genoa Sampierdarena (and Genoa Piazza Principe) with Genoa Borzoli and Genoa Rivarolo were closed immediately as a result of the bridge's collapse. A rail replacement bus service was established between the stations.[78]

The day after the collapse, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte declared a state of emergency for the Liguria region, which would last for a year.[79] According to deputy minister of infrastructure Edoardo Rixi, the entire bridge would be demolished.[80]

The Italian Football Federation announced that a minute of silence would be held for the victims of the collapse before all football events across the country during the weekend that followed the incident.[81] On 16 August, the Lega Serie A postponed the opening 2018–19 Serie A matches for both Genoese association football clubs Genoa and Sampdoria that were originally scheduled for 19 August.[82]

Italian transport minister Danilo Toninelli, who had started in office on 1 June 2018, described the incident as "an immense tragedy",[47] but it was pointed out that his Five Star Movement political party had said in 2012 that the risk of a collapse of Morandi Bridge was just a silly fairy tale, because "the bridge would have lasted another hundred years", quoting a 2009 evaluation by Autostrade.[83][84]

Governor Giovanni Toti said that the loss of the bridge was an "incident of vast proportions on a vital arterial road, not just for Genoa, but for the whole country". The disaster resulted in a drop in the stock price of the road's operator, Atlantia, by 5% the same day and by 25% two days later.[85][86][non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed]

A state funeral was held on 18 August, inside the Fiera di Genova event arena, for 18 victims of the collapse, along with recognition for the firefighters and other rescue workers.[87] Some of the victims' families refused to attend the service and instead hosted private funerals. The funeral was attended by Italian politicians, such as President Sergio Mattarella, Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, interior minister Matteo Salvini, transport minister Danilo Toninelli, and the secretary of the Democratic Party Maurizio Martina.[88]

In mid-2020, control of the infrastructure company was given back to the government after legislators had reduced the penalty for changing the ownership structure.[70]

In 2021 the footbridge immediately next to the Morandi Bridge (previously called Ponte delle Ratelle) was named Passerella 14 agosto 2018.[89]

Various criminal charges, up to and including manslaughter, were laid against 59 individuals, many of them employees of Autostrade per l’Italia. The most high-profile defendant was Giovanni Castellucci, chief executive of the company at the time of the collapse. The trial began with an initial hearing in July 2022.[90]

Infrastructure

View of the bridge after the collapse in August 2018

The collapse raised concerns about the general condition of infrastructure in Europe, with studies in Italy, France, and Germany suggesting that a significant number of bridges are in need of renovation or replacement due to corrosion and structural deterioration.[91][92] Infrastructure investment in Italy was reduced dramatically after the 2008 financial crisis.[93] A resident of Genoa told reporters: "The central government will scapegoat the bridge company, the company will scapegoat someone else — they're all to blame. We all know how bad our infrastructure is in Italy."[87]

The ruling coalition put pressure on the managers of the road, Autostrade per l'Italia (which is part of the Atlantia group). Deputy Prime Minister Luigi Di Maio claimed that they were "definitely to blame."[94] Minister of the Interior Matteo Salvini also blamed European Union budget rules and limitations on deficit and state debt, to which the European Commission opposed a denial.[95] The position of the Benetton family, whose company owns 30% of Atlantia, has also come under scrutiny.[96] Autostrade per l’Italia's chief executive, Giovanni Castellucci, said that the bridge would be rebuilt within eight months.[97]

Investigative committee

The investigative committee was to be chaired by Roberto Ferrazza and to have as an expert member Antonio Brencich. However, these two committee members were immediately criticised for being among the signatories of the February 2018 government report that failed to impose precautionary measures on the weakened bridge.[30] On 23 August 2018, Brencich resigned from the inspection commission, and Minister Danilo Toninelli removed Ferrazza as the chair, for "reasons of opportunity in relation to all the institutions involved in this affair".[98]

NASA satellite data research

Scientists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, developed a method of analyzing satellite data to detect millimeter-sized changes. Their analysis suggests that the deck between pier 10 and pier 11 had minimal movements until early 2015, and that between March 2017 and August 2018, a significant increase in structural changes occurred (noting that the collapsed pier is pier 9, without any consequential damage to piers 10 and 11, and the between deck).[99] The research and imagery were forwarded to the Italian authorities for further evaluation.

Symbol

A Volvo FM truck belonging to Damonte Trasporti S.R.L. and in services for Basko Supermercati, painted in blue and green, became a widely publicised symbol of the disaster because it remained standing almost at the edge of the collapsed section. The 37-year-old driver at the time of the accident recounted to the media how he looked in shock as the bridge busy with dense traffic collapsed in front of him, as he brought his vehicle to a stop and ran back until he reached firm ground.[100]

Demolition and replacement

Main article: Genoa-Saint George Bridge

The last two cable-stayed pillars (10 and 11) of the bridge were demolished using a tonne of explosives on 28 June 2019. The complete bridge was planned to be removed, along with multiple houses in the surrounding area.[73]

Construction began on the replacement Genoa-Saint George Bridge, designed by Italian Genoese-born architect Renzo Piano, on 25 June 2019, and it was completed in the spring of 2020. It was inaugurated on 3 August 2020.[101]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Expert reaction to Genoa motorway bridge collapse". Science Media Centre. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018. Dr Maria Rosaria Marsico, senior lecturer in Structural Engineering at the University of Exeter, said: 'The bridge that collapsed today is part of the Polcevera Creek Viaduct in Genoa, Italy. It was built in a densely crowded urban area which is occupied by two railroad yards, large industrial plants and the Polcevera Creek. The bridge is known as Morandi Bridge from its designer, the engineer Riccardo Morandi.'
  2. ^ "La storia del Ponte Morandi: un tempo avveniristico, ma non mancavano criticità". GenovaToday. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  3. ^ "Crollo Genova, trovato l'ultimo disperso sotto le macerie: è l'operaio Mirko. Muore uno dei feriti, le vittime totali sono 43". la Repubblica. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
  4. ^ "Italy inaugurates new Genoa bridge two years after deadly collapse". 3 August 2020.
  5. ^ "Cable stayed bridges" (PDF). pci.org. 1973.
  6. ^ a b Morandi, Riccardo (1979). "The long term behaviour of viaducts subjected to heavy traffic and situated in an aggressive environment: the viaduct on the Polcevera in Genoa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2018.
  7. ^ Frangopol, Dan; Sause, Richard; Kusko, Chad (7 July 2010). Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Lifecycle Optimization: Proceedings of the Fifth International IABMAS Conference, Philadelphia, USA, 11–15 July 2010. CRC Press. ISBN 9780415891370 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Morandi, Ricardo (30 May 1968). "Viaducto sobre el Polcevera, en Génova, Italia". Informes de la Construcción (in Spanish). 21 (200): 57–88. doi:10.3989/ic.1968.v21.i200.3892. ISSN 1988-3234.
  9. ^ a b Frangopol, Dan; Sause, Richard; Kusko, Chad (7 July 2010). Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management and Life-Cycle Optimization: Proceedings of the Fifth International IABMAS Conference, Philadelphia, US, 11–15 July 2010. CRC Press. ISBN 9780415891370.
  10. ^ a b "Understanding Morandi - Part 1 - The Post-Stressed Conrete Cable Stays". retrofutur.org. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  11. ^ General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge is located at the outlet of Lake Maracaibo in western Venezuela. It partially collapsed in 1964 when the tanker SS Esso Maracaibo – out of control due to a major electrical failure onboard – collided with two piers of the unstayed section of the bridge.
  12. ^ "Genova: crollo del ponte Morandi. Era stato inaugurato 51 anni fa" [Genoa: collapse of the Morandi bridge. It was officially opened 51 years ago]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  13. ^ Enzo Boldi (14 August 2018). Giornalettismo (ed.). "Il ponte Morandi era definito un 'viadotto malato' e sempre soggetto a lavori di manutenzione" [The Morandi Bridge was termed a 'sick' Viaduct and always subject to maintenance work] (in Italian). Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  14. ^ Harlan, Chico (15 August 2018). "'Should not happen': Italian officials look for answers after dozens dead in bridge collapse". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  15. ^ "Ing. Camomilla: come e perché intervenimmo senza demolirlo sugli stralli della pila 11 del Ponte Morandi nel 1992". ingenio-web.it (in Italian). Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  16. ^ "Ponte Morandi, ispezioni su stralli erano fallite: Ministero ha approvato un progetto incompleto". l'Espresso (in Italian). 21 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  17. ^ a b c "Ignored university reports about Morandi bridge: "Deformed pylons and oxidized cables"". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  18. ^ Sara Frumento (14 August 2018). "Ponte Morandi a Genova, una tragedia annunciata?" [Morandi Bridge in Genoa, a tragedy foretold?]. Ingegneri.info (in Italian). Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  19. ^ Camomilla, Gabriele / Pisani, Francesco / Martinez y Cabrera, F. "Repair of the stay cables of the Polcevera Viaduct in Genova, Italy".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Detail view – Part of reinforced pylon number 10. The steel sheathing has been added 1993 and later. Pylon 9 did not receive this upgrade". retrofutur.org. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  21. ^ a b "Genova, crollo del ponte autostradale, nel mirino i cavi di cemento armato. A maggio bando di gara per sostituirli". la Repubblica (in Italian). 14 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  22. ^ In the Venezuelan bridge the stays was not covered with prestressed concrete
  23. ^ a b "Italy bridge collapse serves as a cautionary tale on older bridges". The Christian Science Monitor. 16 August 2018. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  24. ^ Otaola, Juan (1982). "Replacing Corroded Cables on a Cable-Stayed Bridge". Civil Engineering. 52 (9): 78–80.
  25. ^ "Maracaibo, 1964: El otro puente de Morandi siniestrado". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  26. ^ "Investigation of Corrosion Protection Systems for Bridge Stay Cables". 1995. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.608.1322. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ^ Manzanarez, Rafael; Seim, Charles; Smith, Dennis (March 1991). "Beyond Engineering: The Politics of Maracaibo". Civil Engineering. 61 (3): 60. ProQuest 228414552.
  28. ^ Vigne, Aurora (15 August 2018). "Le interrogazioni in Senato di Rossi a Delrio: "Ponte a rischio, i giunti cedono"". ilGiornale.it (in Italian).
  29. ^ "Delrio, la cupa confessione. Dopo la strage, lo strazio: "Quando ero ministro..."". www.liberoquotidiano.it. 17 August 2018.
  30. ^ a b c "Crollo Ponte Genova, tiranti ridotti del venti per cento: Ministero e Autostrade sapevano". l'Espresso (in Italian). 19 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  31. ^ a b c Glanz, James; Pianigiani, Gaia; White, Jeremy; Patanjali, Karthik (6 September 2018). "Genoa Bridge Collapse: The Road to Tragedy". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  32. ^ Vista Agenzia Televisiva Nazionale (17 August 2018), Ponte Morandi, in un video del 31 luglio una fessura sulla carreggiata lato mare, retrieved 18 August 2018
  33. ^ "Ecco la crepa su Ponte Morandi due giorni prima del crollo: video". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  34. ^ "Autostrade per l'Italia ristruttura il viadotto del Polcevera a Genova" [Autostrade per l'Italia restructures the Polcevera viaduct in Genoa] (in Italian). 3 May 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  35. ^ "Ponte crollato, ecco il bando per i lavori di sostituzione dei tiranti ritenuti la causa del cedimento". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  36. ^ Imarisio, Marco; Pasqualetto, Andrea. "Genova, ponte crollato: "Ci sono elementi di disagio", dicevano i tecnici di Autostrade ai cittadini". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  37. ^ "Sul ponte Morandi non è stato fatto abbastanza". Radio Popolare (in Italian). Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  38. ^ "Crollo Ponte Morandi, "anomalie sul pilone nove". Il Politecnico aveva avvertito Autostrade a novembre". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  39. ^ Marco Breccolotti, Filippo Ubertini, Ilaria Venanzi. "Natural frequencies of prestressed concrete beams: theoretica prediction and numerical validation" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ "Thesis Pathirage" (PDF).
  41. ^ a b Salawu, O.S. (1997). "Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: a review". Engineering Structures. 19 (9): 718–723. doi:10.1016/s0141-0296(96)00149-6. ISSN 0141-0296.
  42. ^ Gentile, C.; Cabrera, F. Martinez Y (1 January 1997). "Dynamic Investigation of a Repaired Cable-Stayed Bridge". Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 26 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9845(199701)26:1<41::aid-eqe622>3.0.co;2-u. ISSN 1096-9845.
  43. ^ Camomilla, G; Donferri, M; Gennari Santori, A; Materazzi, L (1993). Reflectometric and dynamic measurements on the stays of the Polcevera viaduct in Genoa (Italy). ISBN 9780727719263.
  44. ^ "Genova, storia del ponte Morandi dalle polemiche al crollo". 14 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  45. ^ Alessandro D'Amato (14 August 2018). "La mancata manutenzione ha causato il crollo del ponte Morandi a Genova?" (in Italian). NeXt.
  46. ^ a b "Genova, crollo ponte Morandi: le vittime". La Repubblica. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  47. ^ a b c d e "Italy bridge: Dozens feared dead in Genoa as motorway collapses". BBC News. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  48. ^ "Crollo ponte Morandi, una testimone: tiranti spezzati insieme". Tgcom24. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  49. ^ Molloy, David; Peter, Laurence; Palmer, Ellis (14 August 2018). "As it happened: Genoa motorway bridge disaster". BBC News. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  50. ^ a b "Genova, crolla parte di un ponte sull'A10. Auto sotto le macerie: "Almeno venti vittime"" [Genoa, collapse of part of a bridge on the A10. Cars under the rubble: "At least twenty victims"]. La Stampa (in Italian). 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  51. ^ ITV News at Ten, 18 August 2018
  52. ^ "'Dozens dead' as major road bridge collapses in Genoa". Sky News. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  53. ^ "Italy's Autostrade was carrying out maintenance on Genoa bridge". Reuters. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  54. ^ Observador. "As imagens da ponte Morandi minutos antes de colapsar em Génova". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  55. ^ "Exclusive | Collapsed Italy bridge investigators find corrosion on main stay cables". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  56. ^ "Death toll in Italy bridge collapse rises to 41". punjabnewsexpress.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  57. ^ "Crollo ponte Morandi Genova, si continua a scavare: si cercano ancora 5 dispersi". Fanpage (in Italian). Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  58. ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  59. ^ "What are stay cables?". bbrnetwork.com. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  60. ^ "Hoe kon de Ponte Morandi in het Italiaanse Genua instorten?". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  61. ^ Fountain, Henry (16 August 2018). "In Italy Bridge Collapse, Both Design and Upkeep Are Under Suspicion". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  62. ^ "Ponte Morandi: online la relazione della Commissione Ispettiva Mit | mit". www.mit.gov.it (in Italian). Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  63. ^ "Ponte Morandi, la Commissione: "Crollo dovuto a struttura, non a stralli. Autostrade ha minimizzato gravità della situazione"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 25 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  64. ^ "Ponte Morandi, ecco perché è crollato: il nuovo video choc con l'ult..." Oggi – Video (in Italian). Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  65. ^ "Ponte Morandi, la sorpresa dei magistrati per la relazione, prematura, della commissione Mit". la Repubblica (in Italian). 27 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  66. ^ "Ponte Morandi bridge collapses in Genoa during storm". Dezeen. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  67. ^ "Morandi Bridge: anaylsis [sic] of the Ferrometal CCTV video clip in six enhanced sequences". www.retrofutur.org. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  68. ^ "VIDEO: 14 sekund. Italsk prokuratura zve ejnila z cen janovsk ho mostu - iDNES.cz". July 2019.
  69. ^ "Genoa Bridge Collapse Throws Harsh Light on Benettons' Highway Billions". The New York Times. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  70. ^ a b Povoledo, Elisabetta (August 2020). "Italy Draws a Line Under Genoa Tragedy, Shunting Aside the Benettons - The New York Times". The New York Times.
  71. ^ "Dieci i ponti crollati in 5 anni: in calo la manutenzione e gli investimenti". Corriere della Sera. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  72. ^ "Demolition of Genoa's Ponte Morandi is underway". domusweb.it. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  73. ^ a b "Morandi bridge towers demolished in Genoa". BBC News. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  74. ^ a b "Genova, si aggrava bilancio: 43 morti". adnkronos.com. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  75. ^ "Grief and anger at Italy bridge collapse". BBC News. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  76. ^ "Former Cagliari keeper survives 'apocalyse' Genoa bridge collapse". Agence France-Presse. 14 August 2018.
  77. ^ "Italy bridge rescuers search into the night". BBC News. 14 August 2018.
  78. ^ Florentino, Michael-Ross; Rodriguez, Marta (15 August 2018). "Morandi Bridge collapse: how to travel through Genoa now". Euronews. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  79. ^ "Italy bridge: State of emergency follows Genoa disaster". BBC News. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  80. ^ "Genova, crolla ponte Morandi sulla A10: "Sono 23 le vittime accertate". Precipitati 30 auto e 3 tir: si cercano dispersi. Aperta inchiesta per omicidio e disastro colposi" [Genoa, Morandi bridge collapses on the A10: "26 victims are ascertained". Rushed 30 cars and 3 trucks: they are looking for missing. Open investigation for murder and culpable disaster]. Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  81. ^ "Minute's silence for Genoa victims". Football Italia. 14 August 2018.
  82. ^ "Official: Sampdoria, Genoa matches off". Football Italia. 16 August 2018.
  83. ^ "Quando il M5S parlava della "favoletta del ponte che sta per crollare" per bloccare la variante". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 14 August 2018.
  84. ^ "Quella "favoletta" sul rischio crollo del ponte che imbarazza i 5 Stelle, convinti "No Gronda". Toninelli non ci sta: "Sciacalli"". L'HuffPost (in Italian). 15 August 2018.
  85. ^ "Italy motorway bridge collapses over Genoa, 'dozens' feared dead". Reuters. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  86. ^ Bloomberg_PL (16 August 2018). "Atlantia SpA investors faced dramatic losses as bond-price declines accelerated and the stock fell by almost a quarter". Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  87. ^ a b Schumacher, Elizabeth (18 August 2018). "Italy mourns Genoa bridge victims at state funeral". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  88. ^ "State funeral for Italy bridge victims". BBC News. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  89. ^ Telenord, Ponte Morandi, concluse le fiaccolate: ecco la "Passerella 14 agosto 2018", 13 Agosto 2021
  90. ^ Paul Kirby (7 July 2022). "Genoa bridge: Hopes for new Italy as disaster trial opens". BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  91. ^ Willsher, Kim; Tondo, Lorenzo; Henley, Jon (16 August 2018). "Bridges across Europe are in a dangerous state, warn experts". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  92. ^ "It is not just in Italy that bridges are failing". The Economist. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  93. ^ "Transport – Infrastructure investment – OECD Data". theOECD. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  94. ^ Pucciarelli, Matteo (18 August 2018). "I watched and wept in Genoa's ruins. But we have no idea what will happen next | Matteo Pucciarelli". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  95. ^ Rankin, Jennifer (16 August 2018). "Brussels rejects Italy's claim bridge collapse linked to EU spending rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  96. ^ Pica, Paola. "Lo choc dei Benetton. A Genova i manager chiederanno scusa". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  97. ^ "Genoa collapsed bridge that left 43 dead to be rebuilt within eight months". Sky News. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  98. ^ "Ferrazza e Brencich lasciano commissione (Dopo le polemiche sulla loro posizione)" [Ferrazza and Brencich leave the commission (After the controversy over their position)] (in Italian). 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  99. ^ "New Method Can Spot Failing Infrastructure from Space | NASA". 9 July 2019.
  100. ^ Lami, Paolo (14 August 2018). "L'autista: "Il ponte Morandi crollato davanti a me, ho visto le auto precipitare"" [The Driver: «The Morandi bridge collapsed in front of me, I saw the cars fall»] (in Italian). Secolo di Italia. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  101. ^ Lowen, Mark (3 August 2020). "Genoa readies new bridge two years after tragedy". BBC News. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viadotto Polcevera.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponte_Morandi&oldid=1176137813"