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Safe Schools Declaration

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The Safe Schools Declaration is an inter-governmental political commitment that was opened for endorsement by countries at an international conference held in Oslo, Norway, on 28–29 May 2015.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The Declaration provides countries the opportunity to express political support for the protection of students, teachers, and schools during times of armed conflict; the importance of the continuation of education during armed conflict; and the implementation of the Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict.[5][7][8]

As of May 2023, 118 states have endorsed the Safe Schools Declaration, which remains open for additional countries to join.[9][10][11] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway is the depositary of endorsements.[12][13]

On March 28–29, 2017, the ministries of foreign affairs and defense of Argentina co-hosted the Second International Safe Schools Conference in Buenos Aires.[14]

In May 2017, the United Nations Secretary General, António Guterres, urged all Member States to endorse the Safe Schools Declaration.

On May 28–29, 2019, the Third International Safe Schools Conference was hosted in Palma De Mallorca, Spain.[15]

On October 25-27, 2021, the Fourth International Conference on the Safe Schools Declaration was hosted in Abuja, Nigeria, and also virtually.[16]

The Declaration has begun to influence countries' military policies for protecting schools from military use.[17]

Drafting

The Safe Schools Declaration was developed through consultations with states led by the ministries of foreign affairs of Norway and Argentina between January and May 2015.[11][18]

Representatives from more than 60 countries attended the conference launching the Safe Schools Declaration in 2015, along with the Norwegian Foreign Minister Børge Brende, Norwegian Defence Minister Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide, and Ziauddin Yousafzai the father of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Malala Yousafzai.[5][8][19]

Representatives from more than 80 countries attended the second Safe Schools Conference in Buenos Aires in 2017.[20]

Contents and Commitments

"The impact of armed conflict on education presents urgent humanitarian, development and wider social challenges. Worldwide, schools and universities have been bombed, shelled and burned, and children, students, teachers and academics have been killed, maimed, abducted or arbitrarily detained. Educational facilities have been used by parties to armed conflict as, inter alia, bases, barracks or detention centres. Such actions expose students and education personnel to harm, deny large numbers of children and students their right to education and so deprive communities of the foundations on which to build their future. In many countries, armed conflict continues to destroy not just school infrastructure, but the hopes and ambitions of a whole generation of children."
– Opening paragraph of Safe Schools Declaration[7]

The Safe Schools Declaration describes the immediate and long-term consequences of attacks on students, teachers, schools, and universities, and the military use of schools and universities, during times of armed conflict. It contrasts this with the positive and protective role that education can have during armed conflict.[7]

By joining the Declaration, states formally endorse the Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict and commit to “bring them into domestic policy and operational frameworks as far as possible and appropriate.”[7]

The Declaration also contains a number of other commitments aimed at strengthening the prevention of, and response to, attacks on education during armed conflict, including by: collecting reliable data on attacks and military use of schools and universities; providing assistance to victims of attacks; investigating allegations of violations of national and international law and prosecuting perpetrators where appropriate; developing and promoting “conflict sensitive” approaches to education; seeking to continue education during armed conflict; and supporting the work of the United Nations on the children and armed conflict agenda.[7]

Lastly, the Declaration is a framework for collaboration and exchange, as endorsing states also agree to meet on a regular basis to review implementation of the Declaration and use of the Guidelines.[7]

Endorsements

As of May 2023, the following 118 countries have endorsed the Declaration:[9][10]

  1.  Afghanistan
  2.  Albania
  3.  Algeria
  4.  Angola
  5.  Argentina
  6.  Armenia
  7.  Andorra
  8.  Antigua and Barbuda
  9.  Australia
  10.  Austria
  11.  Belgium
  12.  Benin
  13.  Bolivia
  14.  Bosnia
  15.  Botswana
  16.  Brazil
  17.  Bulgaria
  18.  Burkina Faso
  19.  Cameroon
  20.  Canada
  21.  Central African Republic
  22.  Chad
  23.  Chile
  24.  Colombia
  25.  Costa Rica
  26.  Cote d'Ivoire
  27.  Croatia
  28.  Cyprus
  29.  Czech Republic
  30.  Democratic Republic of Congo
  31.  Denmark
  32.  Djibouti
  33.  Dominican Republic
  34.  Ecuador
  35.  El Salvador
  36.  Equatorial Guinea
  37.  Estonia
  38.  Fiji
  39.  Finland
  40.  France
  41.  Gambia
  42.  Georgia
  43.  Germany
  44.  Ghana
  45.  Greece
  46.  Guatemala
  47.  Guyana
  48.  Haiti
  49.  Honduras
  50.  Iceland
  51.  Iraq
  52.  Ireland
  53.  Italy
  54.  Jamaica
  55.  Jordan
  56.  Kazakhstan
  57.  Kenya
  58.  Lebanon
  59.  Liberia
  60.  Liechtenstein
  61.  Luxembourg
  62.  Macedonia
  63.  Madagascar
  64.  Malawi
  65.  Malaysia
  66.  Maldives
  67.  Mali
  68.  Malta
  69.  Marshall Islands
  70.  Mexico
  71.  Moldova
  72.  Monaco
  73.  Montenegro
  74.  Morocco
  75.  Mozambique
  76.  Namibia
  77.  New Zealand
  78.  Netherlands
  79.  Nicaragua
  80.  Niger
  81.  Nigeria
  82.  Norway
  83.  Palau
  84.  Palestine
  85.  Panama
  86.  Paraguay
  87.  Peru
  88.  Poland
  89.  Portugal
  90.  Qatar
  91.  Republic of the Congo
  92.  Romania
  93.  Samoa
  94.  San Marino
  95.  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  96.  Senegal
  97.  Serbia
  98.  Seychelles
  99.  Sierra Leone
  100.  Slovakia
  101.  Slovenia
  102.  Somalia
  103.  South Africa
  104.  South Sudan
  105.  Spain
  106.  Sudan
  107.  Sweden
  108.   Switzerland
  109.  Timor-Leste
  110.  Togo
  111.  Tunisia
  112.  Ukraine
  113.  United Kingdom
  114.  Uruguay
  115.  Vanuatu
  116.  Vietnam
  117.  Yemen
  118.  Zambia

Reactions

The Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres has called upon all countries to endorse the Safe Schools Declaration.[21]

Virginia Gamba, the Special Representative to the UN Secretary-General has said that all countries should endorse the Safe Schools Declaration, as "It has made an essential contribution towards promoting tangible measures to prevent attacks on education."[22]

Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Gordon Brown stated that "every country must now support" the Declaration.[23] The United Kingdom has not endorsed the Safe Schools Declaration.[24] In a letter from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (02/03/16), James Dudddridge (then the Minister for Africa, the Overseas Territories, and the Caribbean) stated that:

“While we welcome the spirit of the Safe Schools Declaration, we are concerned that the accompanying Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military use during Armed Conflict do not mirror the exact language of International Humanitarian Law, which risk complicating the application of International Humanitarian Law”.[25] This has been mirrored in a statement from a representative of the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office.[26]

Leila Zerrougui, the former Special Representative to the Secretary-General of the United Nations said that she would "strongly advocate on behalf of children in conflict situations to persuade as many other Member States as we can to throw their support behind the initiative."[27]

Jan Egeland, Secretary General of the Norwegian Refugee Council noted at the Safe Schools conference that "10 years from now we will look back on this day. Those who endorsed will say ‘we should really have done this earlier’. Those who did not endorse will say ‘why did we not endorse it?'" [28]

References

  1. ^ "Oslo meet pledges to protect schools in war". The Local No. 2015-05-29.
  2. ^ Joe Humphreys (2015-05-20). "State urged to sign up to Safe Schools Declaration". Irish Times.
  3. ^ Ulrike Scheffer (2015-05-17). "Deklaration zum Schutz von Schulen: Menschenrechtler empört über Deutschland". Der Taggespiegel.
  4. ^ Maria Fluxa (2015-05-29). "28 millones de niños sin educación por culpa de la guerra". El Mundo.
  5. ^ a b c "Rapport fra konferansen om beskyttelse av utdanning i konfliktsituasjoner". Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2015-10-05.
  6. ^ Sean Coughlan (2015-05-29). "Campaign to stop attacks on schools". BBC News.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Safe Schools Declaration" (PDF). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2015-05-29.
  8. ^ a b Roger Hamilton-Martin (2015-07-02). "Countries Commit to Protecting Education During Conflict". Inter Press Service News Agency.
  9. ^ a b "States that have endorsed the Safe Schools Declaration". Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  10. ^ a b "Safe Schools Declaration Endorsements". Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  11. ^ a b Børge Brende (2015). "Introduction by the Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs Mr. Børge Brende" (PDF). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  12. ^ "Endorsement of the Safe Schools Declaration". Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  13. ^ "Letter for Endorsing the Safe Schools Declaration" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  14. ^ "Second International Conference on Safe Schools". Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  15. ^ Spain Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019). "Spain Hosts the Third International Conference of Safe Schools" (PDF).
  16. ^ International, Education (9 September 2020). "9 September: International Day to Protect Education from Attack". Education International. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  17. ^ Sheppard, Bede (August 2019). "Keeping schools safe from the battlefield: Why global legal and policy efforts to deter the military use of schools matter". International Review of the Red Cross. 101 (911): 665–684. doi:10.1017/S1816383119000584. ISSN 1816-3831. S2CID 213677956.
  18. ^ "Guidelines for Protecting Schools from Military Use:Next steps". Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack.
  19. ^ "Broad support for protecting education from attack". Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2015-05-29.
  20. ^ "Over 80 states gather to discuss Safe Schools Declaration at Buenos Aires conference". Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack. 2017-03-30.
  21. ^ United Nations Secretary-General (2017-05-10). "Report of the Secretary-General on the protection of civilians in armed conflict". UN Document S/2017/414.
  22. ^ Virginia Gamba (2017-10-13). "Statement by Virginia Gamba, Security Council Arria Meeting on Attacks on Schools".
  23. ^ Gordon Brown (2015-04-02). "Enough! The Attacks on Schools Must End". Huffington Post.
  24. ^ "When will the UK stand up to save education from bullets and bombs? | Martin Bell". TheGuardian.com. 6 May 2016.
  25. ^ Letter from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, dated 2 March 2016.
  26. ^ Gurney-Read, Josie (27 May 2016). "Education under fire: Why urgent action is needed". The Telegraph.
  27. ^ "Statement of Leila Zerrougui delivered at "Side-Event" of Human Rights Council: Protecting Education from Attack". Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. 2015-06-24.
  28. ^ Hanne Eide Andersen (2015-05-29). "We urge all governments to endorse the Safe Schools Declaration". Norwegian Refugee Council.

See also

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