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Hero of Ukraine

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Hero of Ukraine
Герой України
Order of the State (left), Order of the Gold Star (centre), miniature medal (right)
Awarded by the President of Ukraine
TypeNational order
EligibilityCitizens of Ukraine
Awarded for"Personal heroism and great labor achievements"
StatusActive
GradesOrder of the State (HOU)
Order of the Gold Star (HOU)
Statistics
First induction26 November 1998
Last induction29 September 2023
Total inductees827
Precedence
Next (higher)None
Next (lower)Cross of Military Merit (Ukraine)
Hero of Ukraine ribbon bar.png
Ribbon bar of the award

Hero of Ukraine (HOU; Ukrainian: Герой України, Heroi Ukrainy) is the highest national decoration that can be conferred upon an individual citizen by the President of Ukraine.

The decoration was created in 1998 by President Leonid Kuchma. As of 29 September 2023, the total number of recipients had been 827. Additionally, at least 16 decrees assigning it have not been published.

The decoration is granted to two classes of recipients: to civilians, the Order of the State (Ukrainian: Орден Держави) ; and to military recipients, the Order of the Gold Star (Ukrainian: Орден «Золота Зірка»).

The first foreigner awarded the decoration was Belarusian Mykhailo Zhyznevskyi in June 2017.[1]

History

The origin of the "Hero of Ukraine" award can be traced to the Hero of the Soviet Union (established 16 April 1934) and the Hero of Socialist Labor (27 December 1938), the highest decorations established in the Soviet Union, of which Ukraine was a constituent republic. Most of the recipients of the former title received it for heroic military action (with Soviet cosmonauts being a notable exception), while those awarded the latter were recognized for their contributions to national economy and culture.[2] The awards could be given to the same individual more than once, and only the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet could deprive a recipient of the award once given.[3] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, similar awards were created in the resulting independent countries,[4][5] including Ukraine.

Creation

The title Hero of Ukraine was created on 23 August 1998 with Edict #944/98 by President Leonid Kuchma.[6] Similar in structure to the titles issued by the Soviet Union, the title is awarded in two distinctions: "The Order of the Gold Star" and "The Order of the State". Unlike the Soviet awards, Ukrainian law allows a person to receive a title in each distinction only once, although the person may receive both levels in due course. This means that if a holder of the Order of the State performs a heroic action, he or she can be presented with the Order of the Gold Star. Vice versa, if labor achievements of a holder of the Order of the Gold Star are recognized to be of exceptional value to the nation, the recipient can be eligible to receive the Order of the State. Either of the distinctions can be presented posthumously, and a hero may only have his title removed by the president if they are convicted of a serious crime.[7]

Design

Two medals were created by Ukrainian law to differentiate between the titles. They have several common features; both medals use a ribbon 45 mm (1.8 in) long and 28 mm (1.1 in) wide and are divided equally into two bands along its length, with a blue band on the left and a yellow band on the right, matching the colors of the Ukrainian flag. Connected to the ribbon is a suspension device joined to a medallion, both of which are made out of gold. On both medals, the name of each decoration and the award number are engraved on the reverse side of the medallion.[8]

Below the ribbon of the Order of the Gold Star, the golden suspension device contains a small engraving of the trident representing the Ukrainian Coat of Arms. The medallion is shaped like a five-pointed star 35 mm (1.4 in) wide from one point to the other, and is set within a wreath of oak leaves. Two smaller five-pointed stars are engraved within the larger star. In contrast, the medallion for the Order of the State has the trident of Prince Volodymyr of Kyiv (St. Vladimir) placed on top of a wreath of oak leaves. The size of the medallion is 35 mm (1.4 in) high and 36 mm (1.4 in) wide. There is no special design or symbol engraved on the suspension device.[8] In addition to the formal award, recipients of either level are given a copy for use in public. Only one design of the wearer's copy exists, being modeled after the Soviet hero medal with the red ribbon replaced by a blue and yellow ribbon. The trident, which is used on the coat of arms of Ukraine, is placed in the middle of the star. This medal is made out of non-precious metals and is worn on the wearer's left-hand side above all other decorations.[9]

Regulations

Two different regulations were issued by President Kuchma: the edict of 1998 and a new edict in 2002.[6][10] The edict of 2002 voided the edict of 1998 as it was issued after the law on state awards[11] and confirmed the status of the title in 2000.

The 1998 edict contained general guidelines about the title. Some of the subjects mentioned were the criteria for receiving each level of the title, who can present the title, and how the medal should be displayed in public. The decree specified the title as being awarded to citizens of Ukraine for heroism and labor achievements. It stipulated that only the president could award the title, though certain other bodies of the Ukrainian Government could recommend people to receive it. The edict also allowed for special benefits, including increased pay, social security, and health care, which heroes could use until their death. The decree also covered the topics of duplicate medals and the display, ownership and storage of the insignia.[6]

The new 2002 regulations differ only slightly from the original ones. The designs of the medals were not changed, the new edict introduced the measurements of the miniature medal, or the "wearer's copy". Article 4 outlines the details on the ownership of the insignia and special procedures for the medals to be displayed in museums.[10]

Display

The medal, which is presented with the title, is always worn on the left side of a business or suit jacket and is worn above any other medals and decorations awarded by Ukraine. If a person has been awarded both levels of the title then the Order of the Gold Star medal is placed to the right of the Order of the State medal. A copy of the medal, made out of non-precious metals, can be presented to the hero for daily wear that can be substituted with a ribbon bar, measuring 12 mm (0.47 in) x 18 mm (0.71 in), if wearing the medal is not permitted. Another copy of the decoration, called the miniature badge, is worn above the ribbon bars on the left side of the uniform.[10]

Procedure

In order for a person to be awarded the title, a recommendation must be made to the President by the Verkhovna Rada (parliament of Ukraine), the Cabinet of Ukraine (Government of Ukraine), the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Higher Economic Court, the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, ministries and other central executive authorities, the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, oblast, Kyiv and Sevastopol city state administrations, as well as Commission on state awards and heraldry of the President of Ukraine.[10]

The recommendations are then sent to the President for consideration, along with a package composed of the details of the nominee's deeds and the recommendations that have been filed on his or her behalf. If the President agrees with the recommendation, he will issue a decree to award the person the title, which includes receiving a medal, miniature badge and certificate at a ceremony at the Presidential Palace in Kyiv.[10]

Recipients

Main article: List of Heroes of Ukraine
Georgiy Gongadze, journalist, founder of a popular Internet newspaper Ukrayinska Pravda, who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000
Vitali Klitschko

Recipients have been awarded the title, Hero of Ukraine, for a variety of accomplishments. The first to receive the title—in 1998—was Borys Paton. He was recognised for studies in metallurgy of electrical welding and was President of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1962 until his death in 2020.[12] Other science-related honors were given to Platon Kostyuk, for his work in neurophysiology,[13] and Valerii Kazakov for his work in medicine.[14]

The title is often awarded to athletes and other sports-related personalities. Vitali Klitschko, a heavyweight boxing champion was given the level "Order of the Gold Star" in 2004[15] as was Andriy Shevchenko, 2004 European Footballer of the Year and two-time winner of the Serie A scoring title.[16] Valeriy Lobanovskyi, the former coach of the football club FC Dynamo Kyiv, died on 13 May 2002 in hospital after he passed out during a game. He was awarded the title two days later "for his years of service to Ukraine for the development of football inside the nation and also improving national prestige."[17]

Olympic medalists are also prominent winners. Yana Klochkova, who won gold medals in swimming at the Athens and Sydney Olympic Games was awarded the title "in recognition of Klochkova's outstanding services to Ukraine and her efforts to build up the country's reputation in the Olympic arena."[18]

People involved in the arts and literature have also received the award. Renowned Ukrainian composer, Oleksandr Bilash, was awarded in 2001 for "outstanding personal contribution to the enrichment of the spiritual treasures of the Ukrainian people and many years of fruitful creative activity".[19] Sofia Rotaru, arguably the best-known popular singer from Ukraine in the former Soviet Union, received her award "for outstanding personal merits in the sphere of art".[20] Writer Pavlo Zahrebelnyi was awarded in 2004 "for "self-sacrifice for Ukraine, and for many years of writing and significant personal contributions toward the enrichment of the national spiritual treasury".[21] Writers involved in politics are not excluded either; Georgiy Gongadze a journalist who was kidnapped and murdered in 2000, was awarded in 2005.[22]

President Poroshenko handing the medal of Hero of Ukraine and the Order of the State to Filaret.

In January 2022, captain Dmytro Kotsiubailo "Da Vinci" commander of the 1st Mechanized Battalion of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and member of far-right party Right Sector was awarded the title Hero of Ukraine by the president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[23]

Belarusian Mikhail Zhyzneuski became the first foreigner awarded the award in June 2017.[1] Zhyzneuski was one of the first protesters killed during the Euromaidan protests; he was shot dead on 22 January 2014.[1]

For "his outstanding historical role in the establishment of the independent Orthodox Church of Ukraine, activities aimed at reviving the spirituality of the Ukrainian people, raising the authority of Orthodoxy, establishing ideals of mercy and interfaith harmony" and because he "was, is and remains the spiritual leader of the Ukrainian church, the spiritual leader of the Ukrainian people",[24][25] Patriarch Filaret received the award on 8 January 2019.[26] On 22 January, on the Ukrainian Unity Day, President Petro Poroshenko handed the medal to Filaret.[27][28]

On 24 February 2022 during the attack on Snake Island, 13 Ukrainian State Border Guards were ordered by the Russian warship Moskva to surrender or the ship would open fire. The border guards refused to surrender responding with "Russian warship, go fuck yourself". The Russian warship opened fire soon after, with a bombardment that was initially believed to have killed all 13 guards;[29] President Zelenskyy then announced that all 13 soldiers would receive the title of "Hero of Ukraine" posthumously, although the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine said a few days later that it had a "strong belief" that the men had survived to receive the award.[30][31]

Controversial awards

The decision to give the award to Stepan Bandera was met with controversy, and it was later revoked.

The decision by Yushchenko, in his last days in office in January 2010,[32] to award World War II Ukrainian nationalist leader Stepan Bandera with the Hero of Ukraine caused an uproar in Russia, Poland, and other countries, including Ukraine itself. It was condemned by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and other Jewish groups around the world, Polish President Lech Kaczyński, the Russian Foreign Ministry, Soviet Army veteran groups, and prominent Ukrainian politicians such as Sergei Tigipko and Konstantin Zarudnev.[33][34] Zarudnev, an MP representing Sevastopol, went as far as burning his Ukrainian passport in protest.[35] At the same time the decree that had given Bandera the award was applauded by Ukrainian nationalists in western Ukraine and by a number of Ukrainian-Americans.[36][37] On 2 April 2010, a district administrative court in Donetsk cancelled the presidential decree that had granted the Hero of Ukraine title to Bandera. Lawyer Vladimir Olentsevych argued in a lawsuit that the title of Hero of Ukraine is the highest state award granted exclusively to citizens of Ukraine. Bandera was not a Ukrainian citizen, as he was in exile after World War II, and was killed in 1959 in Germany before the 1991 Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine.[38] For the same reasons the Donetsk Administrative Court of Appeals on 21 April 2010 declared unlawful a decree of 12 October 2007 by then–Ukrainian President Yuschenko to award the Hero of Ukraine title to Roman Shukhevych, the commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.[39]

On 12 August 2010, the High Administrative Court of Ukraine dismissed suits to declare four decrees by President Viktor Yanukovych on awarding the Hero of Ukraine title to Soviet soldiers illegal and cancel them.[40] The filer of these suits stated they were based on the same arguments used by Donetsk Administrative Court of Appeals that on 21 April satisfied an appeal that deprived Roman Shukhevych the Hero of Ukraine title, as Shukhevych was not a citizen of Ukraine.[40]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Belarusian Killed On Kyiv's Maidan Honored As Hero Of Ukraine". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  2. ^ Prokhorov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1982). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Macmillan. p. 594. OCLC 810278.
  3. ^ McDaniel Jr., Paul D.; Schmitt, Paul J. (1997). The Comprehensive Guide to Soviet Orders and Medals. Historical Research. ISBN 978-0-9656289-0-7. OCLC 37480852.[page needed]
  4. ^ "On State Awards of the Republic of Belarus" (in Russian). Bank Zakonov. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  5. ^ Государственные награды России: Из Конституции Российской Федерации (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  6. ^ a b c Указ Президента України № 944/98 від 23 серпня 1998 року "Про встановлення відзнаки Президента України "Герой України"" [Edict of the President of Ukraine No. 944/98 On the Institution of the Award of the President of Ukraine, The Hero of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 23 August 1998. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  7. ^ "The Law of Ukraine On the State Awards of Ukraine". Laws of Ukraine. Yaroslav the Wise Institute of Legal Information. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  8. ^ a b "The title "Hero of Ukraine"". Official Website of President of Ukraine (in Russian). Presidential Administration. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  9. ^ Як правильно носити нагороди (in Ukrainian). The Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e Указ Президента України № 1114/2002 від 2 грудня 2002 року "Про звання Герой України" [Edict of the President of Ukraine No. 1114/2002 On the title Hero of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2 December 2002. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  11. ^ "Law of Ukraine on state awards of 2000" (in Ukrainian). Zakon.rada.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  12. ^ "Про нагородження відзнакою Президента України 'Герой України'". Government of Ukraine. 26 November 1998. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  13. ^ President of Ukraine, Victor Yushchenko (16 May 2007). "УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ № 409/2007 (Edict of the President of Ukraine No. 409/2007)". Official website of the President of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Presidential Administration. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  14. ^ President of Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko (14 January 2008). "УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ № 15/2008 (Edict of the President of Ukraine No. 15/2008)". Official website of the President of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Presidential Administration. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  15. ^ "Vitali Klitschko being awarded the title". Boxnews.com.ua. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  16. ^ "Article on Andrei Shevchenko receiving the title". Dancor.sumy.ua. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2010. and "Article on Andrei Shevchenko receiving the title". Ukraineinfo.us. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  17. ^ Про присвоєння звання Герой України (in Ukrainian). Parliament of Ukraine. 15 May 2002. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  18. ^ "Указ Президента України № 916/2004 від 18 серпня 2004 року "Про присвоєння Я. Клочковій звання Герой України" (Edict of the President of Ukraine No. 916/2004)" (in Ukrainian). Official web-site of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  19. ^ "Указ Президента України № 157/2001" [Edict of the President of Ukraine No. 157/2001]. Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2001. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  20. ^ "Указ Президента України № 691/2002" [Edict of the President of Ukraine No. 691/2002]. Parliament of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 7 August 2002. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  21. ^ "Pavlo Zagrebelny Named Hero of Ukraine". Ukraine Now. 28 August 2004. Archived from the original on 23 January 2005. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  22. ^ President Viktor Yushchenko signs Decree to confer title of Hero of Ukraine on G. Gongadze Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Ukraine (25 August 2005). Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  23. ^ Avdiivka, Anthony Loyd. "Ukraine's far-right warriors set for war with Russia". thetimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2022. By rights Dmytro Kotsyubaylo, nom de guerre Da Vinci, should be basking in glory. Last month the 26-year-old captain became the first living recipient serving in the ultra-nationalist Right Sector volunteer battalion to be awarded the title Hero of Ukraine by the country's president. Photographs of him shaking hands with President Zelensky at the ceremony in the Ukrainian parliament, where he was also decorated with the Order of the Golden Star for courage on the battlefield, marked not just a moment of personal glory for him but a political rehabilitation for a unit mired in controversy since its formation.
  24. ^ Президент присвоїв Патріарху Філарету звання Герой України. Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України (in Ukrainian). 8 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  25. ^ "Poroshenko decides to award 'Hero of Ukraine' title to Patriarch Filaret". www.unian.info. 8 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  26. ^ УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №3/2019. Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України (in Ukrainian). 8 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  27. ^ "You were, are and remain the spiritual leader of the Ukrainian people - President conferred the title of Hero of Ukraine and the Order of the State to Patriarch Filaret". Official website of the President of Ukraine. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  28. ^ "Патріарх Філарет отримав Зірку Героя України". risu.org.ua. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  29. ^ "One of 13 Killed on Ukrainian Island Live-Streamed Attack". www.newsweek.com. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  30. ^ Ankel, Sophia. "Ukrainian border guards who told Russian warship 'go fuck yourself' may still be alive". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  31. ^ "Ukrainian soldiers to get top honour posthumously after defiantly telling Russian warship to 'go f**k yourself'". www.newsweek.com. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Divisive Nationalist Made Ukraine Hero". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  33. ^ Karmanau, Yuras (29 January 2010). "Wiesenthal slams Ukraine award to nationalist". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  34. ^ "Tihipko: Yushchenko made mistake by awarding Ukraine top medal to WWII nationalist leader Stepan Bandera". ZIK. 30 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  35. ^ "Ukraine MP burns passport in protest against Bandera heroization". RIA Novosti. 24 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  36. ^ Analysis: Ukraine leader struggles to handle Bandera legacy Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (13 April 2010). Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  37. ^ "Ukrainians in New York take to streets to protest Russian fleet" Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (6 May 2010). Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  38. ^ Ukraine court strips Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title Archived 5 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Top RBC (2 April 2010). Retrieved 21 November 2011. (in Russian)
  39. ^ "Donetsk court deprives Shukhevych of Ukrainian hero title" Archived 5 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (21 April 2010). Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  40. ^ a b "High Administrative Court dismisses appeals against illegal award of Hero of Ukraine title to Soviet soldiers" Archived 26 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (13 August 2010). Retrieved 21 November 2011.
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