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Low-emission zone

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A low-emission zone (LEZ) is a defined area where access by some polluting vehicles is restricted or deterred with the aim of improving air quality. This may favour vehicles such as bicycles, micromobility vehicles, (certain) alternative fuel vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and zero-emission vehicles such as all-electric vehicles.

A zero-emission zone (ZEZ) is a LEZ where only zero-emissions vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned; this includes any plug-in hybrid vehicles which cannot run zero-emission.[1] Only battery electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles are allowed in a ZEZ, along with walking and cycling and fully electric public transport vehicles, e.g. trams, electric buses etc.

Workings

In many LEZs, vehicles that do not meet the emission standards set by the LEZ are not barred from entry into the LEZ (i.e. using automated boom barriers), but rather simply fined if they enter the zone. A fine is not issued if entering the LEZ with a vehicle that does not meet the emission standards, when a fee (LEZ daily charge, ...) has been paid. In some LEZs, such as the one in London, this is done by automatic number-plate recognition (ANPR) cameras which read the vehicle registration number plate as they enter the LEZ and then compare it against a database of vehicles which:

  • either meet the LEZ emissions standards,
  • or are either exempt or registered for a 100 percent discount,
  • or if the LEZ daily charge has been paid[2]

This fee/fine works as a deterrent for those having a vehicle that does not meet the LEZ emission standard for entering the city, and those having such vehicles will hence try to avoid paying this fee/fine (using various means, see "intent and actual impact").

Intent and actual impact

The intent of LEZs is generally to improve air quality within cities.[3] This intent is indeed achieved, with diesel particulates (PM10) dropping in most LEZs,[4] and health improving.[5]

Often, this is achieved as people with polluting vehicles replace them with vehicles that attain a higher emission standard,[6] which may mean buying a new vehicle, or travelling throughout avenues and roads distant from the areas where pollution is concentrated. Some people (such as workers on night shift or carrying heavy tools or cargo) however can't do without a car, but might not be able to afford to purchase unsubsidized cleaner vehicles. Therefore in some places the LEZ is only enforced when public transport is available, or electric taxis[7] or cargobikes are subsidized.[8]

The European Federation for Transport and Environment is of the opinion that LEZs should be gradually turned into zero-emission mobility zones and complement policies promoting a switch to clean alternatives, including walking and cycling, among others.[9][10]

Most LEZs which are not also congestion charge zones do not change the number of vehicles entering the zone: but some LEZs (such as the one in Milan) double as congestion charge zones and thus have the potential to reduce the numbers travelling into the city.[4]

Implementation by country

Sign marking a German low-emission zone. Vehicles with red, yellow, and green emissions stickers are permitted in the zone.

As of 2019 there are about 250 low-emission zones (LEZ),[11] which help meet EU health-based air quality limit values. This means that vehicles may be banned from a LEZ, or in some cases charged if they enter a LEZ when their emissions are over a set level. Although common in Europe the continent's largest cities are lacking: Istanbul has no LEZ and Moscow's is not enforced.[12]

Different vehicles may be regulated, depending on local conditions. All LEZs apply to heavy vehicles, some to diesel vans, others also to diesel and petrol cars; in Italy, motor cycles and three-wheelers are also liable to control.

A publicly funded website run by a network of cities and ministries operating or preparing LEZs gives up-to-date information on LEZs, such as which cities have LEZs, the vehicle types affected, the required emissions standards and their application dates.[13]

Belgium

  • Antwerp: Since 2017, there has been a LEZ in Antwerp, 24/7. Only diesel vehicles above Euro 3/III norm and petrol vehicles above Euro 1/I norm are allowed to enter the LEZ.[14]
  • Brussels: Since 2018, the entire Brussels Capital Region has been a LEZ.[15] Only diesel vehicles above Euro 4/IV norm are allowed to enter Brussels.[16]
    Since 2019 petrol or gas-powered vehicles need to be Euro 2/II or more.[17]
  • Ghent introduced a LEZ on 1 January 2020.[18]

China

An LEZ is present in Beijing.[19][20]

Denmark

Denmark has LEZs that are applicable to vehicles over 3.5 t.[13] In Denmark, LEZs exist in Aalborg, Aarhus, Copenhagen, Frederiksberg and Odense.[21]

Finland

A LEZ is present in Helsinki.[22]

France

France has LEZs in Greater Paris, Grenoble, Lyon, Paris and Strasbourg[23]

Germany

In Germany, an LEZ is called an environmental zone (Umweltzone). There are currently 47 LEZs in operation or in planning in Germany.[13] The cities of Berlin, Cologne, Hanover, Mannheim and Stuttgart started LEZs in their respective central city areas in 2008 and more cities followed in the years after.

Hong Kong

Since the end of 2015, the Hong Kong Government has designated three major junctions in Central, Causeway Bay and Mong Kok as low emission zone for franchised buses. For bus routes entering the three zones, franchised bus operators are required to use only buses meeting emission standards of Euro IV or above except when necessary. The LEZ scheme does not cover vehicles other than franchised buses.[24] As of 31 December 2019, the standard for entry into the LEZ has been increased to Euro V.

Indonesia

The first LEZ in Indonesia is implemented at the old downtown of Jakarta, the Kota Tua Jakarta.[25] It was first implemented on 8 February 2021 after having a trial run from 18-23 December 2020.[26] The city government chose Kota Tua Jakarta as an LEZ in order to reduce air pollution on the site due to its rich historical value.[27] Air pollution is concerned to damage the structure of old buildings within the site. The LEZ implementation is permanent and only TransJakarta buses, bicycles, pedestrians, and vehicles with special marker are allowed to enter the streets of the old town.[25]

Beside that, LEZ is also implemented at the surrounding area of Tebet Eco Park in South Jakarta. Unlike the previous one in Kota Tua, LEZ in Tebet Eco Park is only implemented on weekends and public holidays.[28] Residents or workers in the surrounding area of the park have to place a sticker with QR code on their vehicle.[29]

Italy

Italy has LEZs that are applicable to all vehicles.[13] There are combined LEZs and urban road tolling schemes in Milan and Palermo as well as low emission zones with differing standards and time periods. The latter are mainly found in north Italy, but also in mid Italy and Sicily.[30] Some limited traffic zones are also aimed at limiting pollution levels.

Japan

In Tokyo, the municipal government decided to tackle controlling diesel vehicle emissions (particulate matter emissions, ...) far ahead of the national government.[31][32]

Netherlands

Amsterdam, The Hague, Utrecht and Arnhem have LEZs (milieuzone) applying to passenger cars and delivery vans. Only diesel passenger cars and diesel delivery vans meeting the emission standards of Euro 4 and above are allowed to enter the LEZs. Diesel trucks and diesel Buses/coaches have to meet Euro VI (6) or above to enter the LEZs. The LEZ of Arnhem does not apply to buses/coaches.[33]

The LEZ of Amsterdam covers practically the entire area within the A10 highway. The highway itself is not part of the LEZ.[34]

The LEZ of The Hague covers the area enclosed by the Centrumring (S100) and Professor B.M. Teldersweg (S200). These roads themselves, as well as the road from Lijnbaan to the visitors’ car park and the parking garage of the HMC Westeinde hospital, are not part of the LEZ.[35]

Rotterdam has an LEZ applying to trucks only. Diesel trucks have to meet the Euro VI (6) emission standard or above.[36]

Norway

Norway has LEZs in Bergen and Oslo.[37]

Portugal

Portugal has an LEZ in Lisbon.[38]

Spain

Pontevedra was the first Spanish city to ban traffic in its core, in 1999.[39] Málaga and Seville were the next cities to establish low emission zones, with traffic only allowed for residents, in 2009.[40] Seville rolled back its low-emission zone under the mayorship of Juan Ignacio Zoido in 2011,[41] but at date of August 2021 a new system was in the process of implementation.[42]

Madrid established its LEZ in 2018 in its city center, and Barcelona approved it in 2020.[43]

Sweden

The cities of Gothenburg, Lund, Malmö, Helsingborg, Mölndal, Uppsala, Umeå and Stockholm have low-emission zones.[44] Heavy trucks and buses with compression ignited engines (mainly diesel engines) may not be allowed inside the environmental zones depending on their age and on their emission class.[45]

United Kingdom

See also: Clean Air Zone
Sign for the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) in London (left)

The London low emission zone came into effect in 2008 covering almost all of Greater London – the largest such zone in the world. The Low Emission Zone targets emissions of these pollutants from older diesel-engined lorries, buses, coaches, vans, minibuses and other heavy vehicles that are derived from lorries and vans such as motor caravans and motorised horse boxes. There was a phased introduction of the scheme from 2008 through to 2012. Different vehicles were affected over time and increasingly tougher emissions standards applied.[46]

The London Ultra Low Emission Zone started on 8 April 2019 and initially covered Central London, the same area as the existing congestion charge. On 25 October 2021, the zone was extended to cover the Inner London area within the North Circular and South Circular roads.[47] It was expanded again on 29 August 2023 to coincide with the London low emission zone, covering almost all of Greater London.[48]

Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) sign

Glasgow introduced a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) at the end of 2018. Initially, only local buses in the centre of the city are affected. On 1 June 2023 restrictions were extended to all vehicles, including older petrol and diesel cars.[49] Norwich, and York also introduced a LEZ.[50][51]

Since 2015, more than 60 local authorities have been ordered to tackle illegal levels of air pollution, which is why many of these planning to introduce clean air zones. The following cities have plans to introduce LEZs: Aberdeen (2020), Bath (2021), Birmingham (2019), Derby, Dundee (2020), Edinburgh (2020), Manchester (2022), Newcastle (2021), and Sheffield (2021).[51] Leeds also intended to introduce a LEZ, however increased uptake of cleaner vehicles led to the scheme's cancellation in 2020.[52]

As of June 2020, Oxford is claiming to become the first city to implement a Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) scheme, beginning with a small area to go into effect by mid 2021. It was postponed from a 2020 start due to the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the proposals can more accurately be described as a Low Emission Zone or Ultra Low Emission Zone as any vehicle can enter on payment of a charge.[53] The plan is to expand the ZEZ gradually into a much larger zone, until the ZEZ encompasses the majority of the city centre by 2035.[54][51][55]

See also

References

  1. ^ Council, Oxford City. "Oxford Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) frequently asked questions". www.oxford.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  2. ^ ANPR cameras used for London emission zone
  3. ^ Views sought on ‘inner London’ ULEZ
  4. ^ a b Impact of Low Emission Zones
  5. ^ Fuller, Gary (30 June 2023). "Low emission zones are improving health, studies show". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  6. ^ Ellison, Richard B.; Greaves, Stephen P.; Hensher, David A. (2013). "Five years of London's low emission zone: Effects on vehicle fleet composition and air quality". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 23: 25–33. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2013.03.010.
  7. ^ "Subsidies on offer to taxi drivers who switch to electric vehicles". Bristol City Council News. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  8. ^ Reid, Carlton. "London Wants Vans Replaced By Cargobikes, Introduces Subsidy And Behavior Change Program". Forbes. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  9. ^ Bannon, Eoin (10 September 2019). "Low-Emission Zones are a success – but they must now move to zero-emission mobility". Transport & Environment. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  10. ^ Sumantran, Venkat; Fine, Charles; Gonsalvez, David (16 October 2017). "Our cities need fewer cars, not cleaner cars". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  11. ^ McGrath, Matt (8 April 2019). "London's ULEZ: How does it compare?". Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  12. ^ Kholod, Nazar; Evans, Meredydd (1 February 2016). "Reducing black carbon emissions from diesel vehicles in Russia: An assessment and policy recommendations". Environmental Science & Policy. 56: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.10.017. ISSN 1462-9011.
  13. ^ a b c d "Urban Access Regulations in Europe". Sadler Consultants Ltd. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Antwerp LEZ". Stad Antwerpen. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  15. ^ "Low Emission Zone". Brussels Capital Region. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  16. ^ "Low Emission Zone: new ban from 2022". www.brussels.be. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  17. ^ "In practice: Everything you need to know about the LEZ in the Brussels-Capital Region". Brussels Capital Region. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  18. ^ "Lage-Emissiezone 2020". Stad Gent. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  19. ^ Beijing Low Emission Zone
  20. ^ LEZ examples
  21. ^ LEZs Denmark
  22. ^ LEZs Finland
  23. ^ LEZs in France
  24. ^ Government sets up franchised bus low emission zones starting today Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ a b Wibawana, Widhia Arum (11 September 2022). "Low Emission Zone Artinya Apa? LEZ Berlaku di Kota Tua Jakarta". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  26. ^ "Membatasi Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Tua". koran.tempo.co (in Indonesian). 19 December 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  27. ^ Anjani, Anatasia (17 November 2021). "Kota Tua Dijadikan Kawasan Emisi Rendah, Mengapa?". detikedu (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  28. ^ Budi, Mulia (20 August 2022). "Pro Kontra Opini Pengunjung soal Tebet Eco Park Masuk Zona Emisi Rendah". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  29. ^ "Ini 2 Ruas Jalan di Sekitar Tebet Eco Park yang Bakal Dilarang untuk Dilintasi Kendaraan Bermotor". VOI - Waktunya Merevolusi Pemberitaan (in Indonesian). 11 July 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  30. ^ LEZs Italy
  31. ^ Tokyo Metropolitan Government's Efforts to Control Diesel Vehicle Emissions
  32. ^ TMG: Measures against Diesel Emissions
  33. ^ LEZs in the Netherlands
  34. ^ LEZ for diesel vehicles
  35. ^ LEZ for diesel cars
  36. ^ LEZ Rotterdam
  37. ^ LEZs in Norway
  38. ^ LEZs in Portugal
  39. ^ Pontevedra, the city that defeated cars. El País
  40. ^ Málaga: The historic center closes to traffic. 20 minutos
  41. ^ Mayor abolishes plan to restrict cars in Seville center. La Información
  42. ^ Restricted traffic zones. Seville City Council
  43. ^ LEZs in Spain
  44. ^ "Urban Access Regulation in Europe". Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  45. ^ "Miljözoner". Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  46. ^ "Emissions standards". Transport for London. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  47. ^ "Londoners get ready for expansion of low emission zone". Financial Times. 24 October 2021.
  48. ^ "ULEZ: Ultra Low Emissions Zone to cover all of London". BBC News. 25 November 2022.
  49. ^ https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/LEZ
  50. ^ [Norwich Low Emission Zone https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/Norwich_lez.pdf]
  51. ^ a b c Tobin, Dominic (12 March 2019). "Clean air zone charges: where are Britain's low emission zones?". buyacar.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  52. ^ Leeds City Council (13 October 2020). "Leeds' Clean Air Zone has achieved its aims early and is no longer required, joint review finds". Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  53. ^ Oxford City Council (20 March 2020). "Oxford's Zero Emission Zone – 20/03/2020 update". Oxford City Council. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  54. ^ Oxford City Council (20 March 2020). "Oxford's Zero Emission Zone – 20/03/2020 update". Oxford City Council. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  55. ^ "Oxford's Low Emission Zone (LEZ)".
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