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Roy Ngerng

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Roy Ngerng Yi Ling
鄞義林 (Yín Yìlín)
Ngerng speaking at the Regional Conference on Media and Internet Freedom 2014 in Kuala Lumpur
Born (1981-05-09) 9 May 1981 (age 43)
NationalitySingaporean
CitizenshipSingapore
Alma materHong Dao Primary School
Serangoon Junior College
National University of Singapore
Occupationblogger
Political partyReform Party
(2015-2016)
Websitethehearttruths.com

Roy Ngerng Yi Ling[1] (traditional Chinese: 鄞義林; simplified Chinese: 鄞义林; pinyin: Yín Yìlín; born 9 May 1981), is a Singaporean blogger and activist.

In 2015, Ngerng was found guilty of defaming Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. In his blog, he had accused the PM of being a "thief" and criminally misappropriating monies paid by citizens to the state-administered Central Provident Fund. The judge ruled that the accusation is malicious and "one of the gravest that can be made against any individual, let alone a head of government". Ngerng was ordered to pay defamation damages of S$150,000.[2]

In the 2015 general election, Ngerng joined a Reform Party team to contest against the prime minister in Ang Mo Kio constituency, but lost with only 21.4% of votes, the second lowest of all GRCs contested.[3] In 2016, Ngerng relocated to Taiwan.

Early life

Ngerng's father is a chai tow kway seller while his mother is a retired factory worker.[4] Ngerng lived with them and his younger sister in a four-room Housing Development Board flat in Sembawang.[4] Ngerng also has an elder sister. Before 2000, the Ngerng family lived in a two-room flat near the now-defunct Hong Dao Primary School, which Ngerng had attended.[4] Ngerng's family were unaware of his blogging activities until the events of May 2014.[5]

Ngerng states that his interest in people and their interactions started in primary school when he witnessed instances of racism.[4] At the age of 15, Ngerng revealed his homosexuality to friends, but described facing resultant discrimination.[4] He went on to study in Serangoon Junior College, where he took art as an GCE Advanced Level subject and won an award for topping his level in geography and art in his first year.[4] Ngerng majored in sociology at the National University of Singapore, where he participated in its community service club helping autistic or hyperactive children and people with mental disorders.[4]

Ngerng started his sociopolitical blog, The Heart Truths, in 2012.[1][5] He was found liable in October 2014 of defaming Lee Hsien Loong, the Prime Minister of Singapore, in a blog post.[6] Ngerng is also noted for his protests at Hong Lim Park campaigning against Singapore's Central Provident Fund. As a result of the events surrounding him, Ngerng was ranked by Yahoo Singapore as the top Singapore newsmaker of 2014.[7]

In 2015, Ngerng was found liable in defaming Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. In his blog, he had accused the PM of being a "thief" and criminally misappropriating monies paid by citizens to the state-administered Central Provident Fund. The judge stated that the accusation is "one of the gravest that can be made against any individual, let alone a head of government". Ngerng was ordered to pay defamation damages of S$150,000.[2]

Career

After graduation, Ngerng worked for six months with Autism Partnership, an organisation working with families with autistic children.[4] Ngerng then joined the Health Promotion Board’s Communicable Diseases department for six years, working on campaigns and presenting at international conferences, and winning an Employee of the Year award for innovation in 2011.[4] In 2012, he joined Tan Tock Seng Hospital as a contract patient coordinator, where he fronted a campaign to promote the understanding of the lives of HIV-infected people.[4]

On 10 June 2014, Ngerng was sacked from his job at Tan Tock Seng Hospital for "conduct incompatible with the values and standards expected of employees" and for misusing resources for personal pursuits.[8] Ngerng described the sacking as "politically motivated".[9] NGO Maruah expressed concern on the manner of punishment and the reasons for doing so.[10] In the same month, a 71-year-old man, Loh Thiam Hock, was jailed for four weeks for vandalising public property in support of Ngerng.[11]

Politics

Main article: Reform Party (Singapore)

In August 2015, Ngerng was part of the Reform Party six-member team contesting Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency in the 2015 general election.

On 21 May 2014, Ngerng applied to be a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP), with the proposal being submitted by fellow blogger Han Hui Hui.[12] Ngerng was ultimately not selected as an NMP in August 2014.[13]

The People's Action Party team headed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong[14] defeated the Reform Party by 135,115 to 36,711 (78.63% to 21.37%) in the election.[3]

Taiwan

Ngerng has been residing in Taipei since October 2016.[15]

In 2018, Ngerng took part in an Al Jazeera documentary, Singapore: The House that Lee Built.[16] The documentary was Ngerng's first media appearance since his participation in the 2015 Singapore general election and showed snippets of Ngerng's life in Taiwan.

Controversies

Libel suit over CPF blog post (2015)

On 15 May 2014, Ngerng made a post entitled "Where Your CPF Money Is Going: Learning From The City Harvest Trial" on his blog the Heart Truths.[17] Within the post, Ngerng created a chart which mapped the relationships between Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, the Central Provident Fund (CPF), the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Temasek Holdings and the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC).[17] Ngerng claimed there was an "uncanny resemblance" between this chart and another chart by news agency Channel News Asia regarding the relationship among City Harvest Church leaders, who were being charged with misappropriating funds.[17]

The CPF has been described as "a forced savings scheme" for Singaporeans with "monthly contributions into the fund" to be saved for retirement, or for expenses on "property, healthcare, and their children's education", while the GIC has been described to have "indirectly invested" funds from the CPF.[18]

On 18 May, Lee's lawyer, Senior counsel Davinder Singh of Drew & Napier, stated that the blog post alleged that Lee "is guilty of criminal misappropriation of the monies paid by Singaporeans to the CPF" and that the allegations were "false and baseless".[19] It was demanded that Ngerng issue an apology and take down the blog post within three days, as well as pay damages and legal fees, failing which Ngerng could be sued for defamation.[5][20]

On 19 May, Ngerng took down the offending blog post but did not apologise and said that the offending article was a call for greater transparency on the CPF, the GIC and Temasek Holdings.[21] He then posted another blog post entitled "Your CPF: The Complete Truth And Nothing But The Truth".[21] Around this time, Singapore human rights non-governmental organisation Maruah called for Lee to rebut the points made in Ngerng's blog post.[12]

After an extension for the deadline for Ngerng's written response was granted,[22] Ngerng apologised "unreservedly" on 23 May, admitting that his allegation was "false and completely without foundation".[23] Ngerng also asked that he not pay for damages and legal fees, while requesting an "open dialogue" with Lee on the CPF.[23] Ngerng's appeal to drop damages and costs was rejected.[24]

On 26 May, Singh sent a letter to Ngerng, saying that four further blog posts by Ngerng and a 24 May YouTube video showed that Ngerng's apology was not "genuine".[25] If Ngerng did not take down this material, aggravated damages would be claimed.[25] Ngerng agreed to remove the additional posts and video.[25]

On 27 May, Ngerng offered S$5,000 in damages "with each party to bear their own costs",[26] which was rejected by Singh as "derisory".[27] Meanwhile, Singh said that Ngerng had once again "misled" Lee and the public by not removing his YouTube video as agreed upon, claimed that the video was merely made private, and alleged that Ngerng had sent two emails with links to the posts and video to "a far wider audience" including local and international media.[26] In response, Ngerng's lawyer, M Ravi, claimed no knowledge of the emails.[27]

On 29 May, Lee filed a defamation lawsuit against Ngerng.[28] In response, Ngerng made an online plea for help in settling his legal fees through crowdfunding, leaving instructions on how to transfer money to his bank account.[29] Within a week, Ngerng said that he had raised more than his targeted S$70,000.[30] It was later reported that Ngerng had managed to raise more than S$110,000 from over a thousand contributions.[4] While Lee did not address the case directly, he wrote on Facebook that "freedom of speech does not come free from the need to be responsible for what one says, either online or offline".[9] Singaporean writer Catherine Lim has criticised the lawsuit against Ngerng.[31][32]

On 17 June, Ngerng's defence was filed in court by his lawyer, M Ravi, who stated that Ngerng had never intended to accuse Lee of criminal misappropriation of CPF funds.[33] In July 2014, Lee applied for summary judgment for the case.[34] In a 4 August affidavit, Ngerng argued that his blog post had been misunderstood, and that he was merely asking for more transparency and accountability for CPF monies.[35] In August, it was also reported that Ngerng was working part-time at his father's chai tow kway stall.[35] At a 19 September closed hearing, Lee's lawyers asserted that Ngerng had "no defence" and asked for an injunction, while Ngerng's lawyer, M Ravi, argued that the blog post was not defamatory if read in its entirety.[36]

On 7 November, the High Court found Ngerng liable of defamation with damages to be assessed, which was the first such ruling in Singapore over a purely online article.[6] The court ruled that there was "no triable defence" and "no doubt that it is defamatory to suggest that the plaintiff is guilty of criminal misappropriation".[6] An injunction against Ngerng was granted, barring him from publishing future similar accusations regarding Lee and the CPF.[37] Ngerng expressed disappointment at the verdict, but maintained that he would "still continue to speak up on the CPF and other issues that concern Singaporeans".[6]

On 12 January 2015, the High Court ordered Ngerng to pay Lee S$29,000 for costs of legal fees and related expenses; with damages yet to be settled.[38] After missing the payment deadline twice, Ngerng paid on 6 February after a public spat with his lawyer, M Ravi.[39]

On 12 June, Ngerng's application to be represented by a Queen's Counsel in the damages hearing scheduled for 1 to 3 July 2015 was denied by the High Court and he was ordered to pay costs of S$6,000 to Lee's lawyers from Drew & Napier.[40]

The damages hearing proceeded as scheduled from 1 to 3 July 2015 with Ngerng representing himself and Lee being represented by Singh. Citing a lack of funds, Ngerng represented himself after dismissing his third lawyer in this case – George Hwang of George Hwang LLC. Ngerng's first lawyer in the case, M Ravi, was suspended by the Law Society for mental health reasons.[41] During a hearing, Ngerng broke down in tears while he was being cross-examined by Singh.[42]

The hearing prompted much comment from international press freedom advocacy groups and a legal opinion in favour of minimal damages against defendant from the International Commission of Jurists: "It is humbly submitted that a decision awarding a disproportionately high amount of damages to the plaintiff in this case would cast a chilling effect on freedom of expression in Singapore".[43] The High Court requested both parties to make written submissions on their respective cases by 31 August 2015. No date was given for the court's decision.[44]

On 17 December, the court handed down a judgement ordering Ngerng to pay S$100,000 in general damages and S$50,000 in aggravated damages. Ngerng, through his lawyer Eugene Thuraisingam, proposed to pay the S$150,000 in instalments. Lee granted Ngerng his request on the condition that Ngerng paid the S$30,000 in hearing costs immediately, i.e., by 16 March 2016. Ngerng is expected to repay S$100 a month from 1 April 2016 onwards over five years until 1 April 2021 when instalments are increased to S$1,000 until the full sum has been paid by the year 2033.[45] Lee also rejected Ngerng's request to reimburse part of the damages, i.e., S$36,000.[46] By 16 April 2021, a crowdfunding campaign had raised the S$144,389.14 required to pay the outstanding damages in full.[47]

Hong Lim Park protests

Ngerng was a speaker at the Return Our CPF protest organised by blogger Han Hui Hui at Hong Lim Park on 7 June 2014. In his speech, he demanded transparency and accountability for CPF monies.[48][49] Organisers claimed a turnout of 6,000,[48] while international news agencies reported about 2,000.[50][51] Ngerng also spoke at the second (which drew "hundreds") and third Return Our CPF protests at the same venue on 12 July and 23 August 2014.[52][53]

A controversial incident occurred on 27 September 2014 when another Return Our CPF protest, again organised by Han Hui Hui,[54] took place at Hong Lim Park at the same time as the YMCA Proms @ the Park event, a charity carnival attended by the elderly and disabled, featuring performances by children.[55] Agence France-Presse described Ngerng and Han as having "led a march ... despite having only a permit to stage a rally at a fixed spot".[56] The Straits Times described that Han had led the protesting group in "marching around the park" together with Ngerng, with the group "heckling special needs children and confronting" Minister of State Trade and Industry Teo Ser Luck, who attended the YMCA event.[57] A few days later, Teo confirmed that Ngerng had issued an apology for the disruption; Teo himself apologised due to his "presence" causing the protesters to "go after" him.[58]

In a joint statement, the National Parks Board (NParks) and the Singapore Police Force (SPF) said that "each event was allocated a lawn" and that Han did not heed their advice "to speak at the allocated space".[54] They described that "Han's group encroached into the YMCA event area, holding placards and shouting slogans, disrupted performances and frightened participants, including special needs children who were performing at the charity event".[54] NParks and SPF also said that final approval to hold the event was given to YMCA on 9 September 2014, while Han's application for the protest was received and approved on 22 September 2014.[55] The YMCA stated that NParks on 11 April 2014 had acknowledged their intent to hold the carnival.[59]

On 27 October 2014, in relation to the YMCA event disruption, Ngerng, Han, and four others were charged for public nuisance, which can incur a maximum fine of S$1,000; Ngerng and Han were also charged for organising a demonstration without approval, which can incur a maximum fine of S$5,000.[60] In October 2015, Ngerng pleaded guilty to charges of public nuisance and organising a demonstration without approval. His lawyer, Eugene Thuraisingam, said he committed the offence because of ignorance. Ngerng was fined S$1,900.[61]

Personal life

Ngerng attended the now-defunct Hong Dao Primary School for a few years then transferred to Ang Mo Kio Primary School. He later studied at Mayflower Secondary School and then Serangoon Junior College before going to the National University of Singapore to major in sociology. During his junior college and university years, he excelled and got the top grade in English literature, Geography and arts. He was also on the dean's list of his university for one semester.[62]

Raised in a family of five, Ngerng has an elder sister and a younger sister. His father is a hawker chef. During his early life, Ngerng and his family lived in Ang Mo Kio and later moved to Sembawang.[62]

Ngerng is gay, as stated in his personal blog, My Right To Love, in 2011.[5] He has written on topics related to the LGBT community, such as relationship woes and AIDS.[5]

Ngerng's family has long accepted his homosexuality even though they did not react positively when first revealed of his sexual orientation decades ago; his mother initially cried and for a few years refused to acknowledge his homosexuality.[63]

References

  1. ^ a b Roy Ngerng. "I Have Just Been Sued by the Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong". The Heart Truths. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Blogger ordered to pay PM $150k in damages". The Straits Times. 18 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b "2015 Parliamentary Results". Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jeanette Tan. "Beyond the blogger: Who is Roy Ngerng?". Yahoo Newsroom. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Blog started with aim 'to call for change'". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d "Singapore PM wins defamation suit against activist". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  7. ^ "Roy Ngerng, Jover Chew: Top S'pore newsmakers in 2014". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  8. ^ "Tan Tock Seng Hospital dismisses blogger Roy Ngerng". Today. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  9. ^ a b "Singapore blogger crowdfunds legal defence against PM". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  10. ^ Maryam Mokhtar (13 June 2014). "Maruah raises questions over blogger's dismissal from hospital". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  11. ^ Amanda Lee. "Four weeks' jail for senior who defaced bus stops over CPF". Today. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  12. ^ a b "Blogger Roy Ngerng submits NMP application". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  13. ^ "9 new Nominated Members of Parliament announced". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  14. ^ "M Ravi, Roy Ngerng, Gilbert Goh on RP's 6-man team for Ang Mo Kio GRC". Channel NewsAsia. 28 August 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  15. ^ Voltaire. "Social activist Roy Ngerng has moved to Taiwan | The Independent". www.theindependent.sg. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  16. ^ Al Jazeera English (1 March 2018), 🇸🇬 Singapore: The House that Lee Built – People and Power, retrieved 3 March 2018
  17. ^ a b c Jalelah Abu Baker. "Blogger accused of defaming PM Lee". MyPaper. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  18. ^ Han, Kirsten. "Southeast Asian leaders flounder in the face of online criticism". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  19. ^ "Blogger Roy Ngerng asked to remove defamatory post about PM Lee". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  20. ^ Neo Chai Chin. "PM Lee demands blogger remove post or face legal action". Today. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  21. ^ a b Tham Yuen-c. "Blogger accused of defaming PM Lee takes down blog post". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  22. ^ "PM Lee extends deadline to blogger over letter of demand". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  23. ^ a b Teo Xuanwei. "Blogger Roy Ngerng apologises to PM Lee". Today. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  24. ^ Robin Chan (24 May 2014). "Roy Ngerng has 'no answer' after PM Lee rejects appeal to drop damages". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  25. ^ a b c Nur Asyiqin Mohamad Salleh. "Roy Ngerng agrees to remove blog posts, asks to extend damages deadline". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  26. ^ a b "Blogger Roy Ngerng misled PM Lee, public a second time: Davinder Singh". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  27. ^ a b "Blogger's S$5,000 offer for damages 'derisory': PM Lee's lawyers". Today. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  28. ^ Nur Asyiqin Mohamad Salleh (29 May 2014). "PM Lee commences suit against blogger Roy Ngerng". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  29. ^ Nur Asyiqin Mohammed Salleh (4 June 2014). "Blogger Roy Ngerng sued by PM raises $81,000". The Straits Times. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  30. ^ Chanjaroen, Chanyaporn; Tan, Andrea. "Singapore Blogger Tops Funding Goal to Defend Against Lee's Suit". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  31. ^ "Singapore author Catherine Lim pens open letter to PM Lee". Yahoo Newsroom. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  32. ^ "Singaporeans 'no longer trust their government': Writer Catherine Lim criticises PM in open letter". South China Morning Post. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  33. ^ Nur Asyiqin Mohammed Salleh (17 June 2014). "Blogger Roy Ngerng says in his defence that PM's claim for damages is unwarranted". The Straits Times. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  34. ^ "Singapore Prime Minister Seeks Summary Judgment Against Blogger". NDTV. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  35. ^ a b Tham Yuen-c. "PM Lee responds to blogger's affidavit". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  36. ^ Ng, Kelly. "High Court reserves judgment on PM Lee's application in defamation suit". Today. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  37. ^ "Roy Ngerng found to have defamed PM Lee". Today. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  38. ^ "Roy Ngerng ordered to pay PM Lee $29,000; PM reiterates readiness to be cross-examined". AsiaOne. 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  39. ^ Tham Yuen-c. "Blogger pays PM suit costs after stand-off with lawyer". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  40. ^ "Roy Ngerng's application for a Queen's Counsel dismissed by High Court". TODAY. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  41. ^ "Law Society issues statement explaining lawyer M. Ravi's suspension". The Straits Times. 12 February 2015.
  42. ^ Law, Elizabeth (3 July 2015). "Roy Ngerng cries in court". The New Paper. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  43. ^ "LEGAL OPINION SUPPORTING THE CASE OF THE DEFENDANT IN LEE HSIEN LOONG (PRIME MINISTER OF SINGAPORE V. ROY NGERNG YI LING – SUIT NO. 569/2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  44. ^ "Roy Ngerng not repentant despite apologies to PM Lee Hsien Loong, says Senior Counsel Davinder Singh". The Straits Times. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  45. ^ Lee, Min Kok. "Blogger Roy Ngerng to pay $150,000 in damages to PM Lee in instalments". Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  46. ^ "PM Lee rejects blogger Roy Ngerng's request to pay part of damages". 14 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  47. ^ "Activist crowdfunds US$108,000 to pay Singapore PM's libel damages". South China Morning Post. 16 April 2021.
  48. ^ a b "Thousands turn up for CPF protest". The New Paper. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  49. ^ Nurul Azliah Aripin. "Organisers claim #ReturnOurCPF protest drew 6K despite initial drizzle, blazing sun". Yahoo Newsroom. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  50. ^ Wong, Chun Han (7 June 2014). "Protesters Assail Singapore Pension System". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  51. ^ Rachel Armstrong (9 June 2014). "Pension fears prompt rare protest in tightly regimented Singapore". Reuters. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  52. ^ Yong, Charissa. "Hundreds attend CPF protest". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  53. ^ Roy Ngerng. "My Speech at #ReturnOurCPF 3 Protest on 23 August 2014: Time to Let the PAP Go". The Heart Truths. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  54. ^ a b c "Special needs children heckled by CPF protestors at Hong Lim Park". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  55. ^ a b Mokhtar, Faris. "Protesters disrupt performances at YMCA carnival". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  56. ^ "Singapore activists charged over park protest". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  57. ^ Sim, Walter. "Special needs children heckled as Hong Lim Park rallygoers disrupt charity carnival". The Straits Times. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  58. ^ "Roy Ngerng issues apology over carnival disruption: Teo Ser Luck". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  59. ^ "Final approval for Hong Lim Park event given on Sept 9: YMCA". Today. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  60. ^ "Roy Ngerng, Han Hui Hui and four others charged with public nuisance". AsiaOne. 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  61. ^ Vanessa Paige Chelvan (7 October 2015). "Roy Ngerng pleads guilty to disrupting YMCA event, fined S$1,900". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  62. ^ a b "Beyond the blogger: Who is Roy Ngerng?". My Right to Love by Roy Ngerng. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  63. ^ "My Fellow Singaporeans: I am Roy. I am Gay and This is My Story". My Right to Love by Roy Ngerng. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
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