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Ian Hamilton (British Army officer)

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Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton
Sir Ian Hamilton
Born(1853-01-16)16 January 1853
Corfu, United States of the Ionian Islands
Died12 October 1947(1947-10-12) (aged 94)
London, England
Service / branchBritish Army
Years of service1873–1915
RankGeneral
CommandsMediterranean Expeditionary Force
Southern Command
3rd Brigade
1st Gordon Highlanders
Battles / warsSecond Anglo-Afghan War
First Boer War
Mahdist War
North West Frontier
Second Boer War
Russo-Japanese War
First World War
AwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Distinguished Service Order
Territorial Decoration
Order of the Red Eagle (Prussia)
Order of the Crown (Prussia)
Order of Merit (Spain)
Order of the Sacred Treasure (Japan)
Other workLieutenant of the Tower of London (1918–20)
Rector of the University of Edinburgh (1932–35)

Sir Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton, GCB, GCMG, DSO, TD (16 January 1853 – 12 October 1947) was a British Army officer who, following an extensive British Imperial military career in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, commanded the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War.

He spoke German, French and Hindi, was considered charming, courtly and kind. He appeared frail yet was full of energy. He was twice recommended for the Victoria Cross, but on the first occasion was considered too young, and on the second too senior.[1] He was wounded in action at the Battle of Majuba during the First Boer War, which rendered his left hand permanently injured.

Early life

Hamilton's father was Colonel Christian Monteith Hamilton, former commanding officer of the 92nd Highlanders. His mother Corinna was the daughter of the 3rd Viscount Gort. His mother died giving birth to his brother, Vereker, who became a well-known artist. Hamilton received his early formal education at Wellington College, Berkshire. His father then sent him to stay with General Drammers, a Hanoverian who had fought against Prussia.

Military career

Hamilton attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1870, the first year that entrance to the British Army as an officer was regulated by academic examination rather than by the monetary purchasing of a commission. In 1871 he received a commission as an infantry officer with the Suffolk Regiment, but shortly afterwards transferred to the 2nd Battalion of The Gordon Highlanders, who at that time were on Imperial garrison service in India. On arrival in India Hamilton took part in the Afghan campaign.

During the First Boer War he was present at the Battle of Majuba, where he was wounded and taken prisoner of war by the Boers. He later returned to England to recover, where he was treated as a war hero and introduced to Queen Victoria. In 1882 he was made captain and took part in the Nile Expedition of 1884–1885, being promoted to brevet-major. In Burma 1886–1887 he became brevet lieutenant colonel. In Bengal from 1890–1893 held the rank of Colonel and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1891. He took part in the Expedition as military secretary to Sir George Stuart White, commander in chief of forces in India. From 1895–1898 he held the post of Deputy Quarter Master General in India. In 1897–1898 he commanded the third brigade in the Tirah Campaign, where his left arm was wounded by a shell.

He returned to England in April 1898 and was appointed Commandant of the School of Musketry at Hythe.

Second Boer War

Colonel Ian Hamilton, John Singer Sargent, 1898

Amidst mounting tensions between the United Kingdom and the Boer republics in South Africa Lieutenant General White was dispatched to take command in Natal in September 1899, with Hamilton accompanying him as Chief Staff Officer (Assistant Adjutant General). The Second Boer War broke out shortly after their arrival and Hamilton commanded the infantry at the Battle of Elandslaagte. At the Battle of Ladysmith Hamilton continued to lead his brigade sized column, but played no role in the fighting. Defeated in the field, White's Natal Field Force was besieged in Ladysmith from the beginning of November. Hamilton was given command of the southern sector of the towns defences and successfully fought off the only major assault on the garrison at the Battle of Wagon Hill in January. For his part in the siege he was frequently mentioned in despatches.

After the relief of Ladysmith in February Hamilton took command of a brigade of Mounted Infantry, and from April the Mounted Infantry Division. He was promoted to major general, and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB).[2] The war correspondent Winston Churchill told of his campaign from Bloemfontein to Pretoria in Ian Hamilton's March (London, 1900, reprinted as the second half of The Boer War), having first met Hamilton in 1897 when they sailed on the same ship. Hamilton travelled 400 miles from Bloemfontein to Pretoria fighting 10 major battles with Boer forces (including the battle of Rooiwal) and fourteen minor ones, and was recommended twice for the Victoria Cross (which was considered inappropriate because of his rank).

In May 1901 Hamilton was appointed Military Secretary at the War Office,[3] but the following November he was again asked to return to South Africa as Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief, Lord Kitchener.[4] He arrived in South Africa in late November 1901, and received the local rank of Lieutenant-general.[5] In April 1902 he took command of the military columns operating in the Western Transvaal.[6] Following the end of hostilities in June 1902, he returned to the UK together with Lord Kitchener on board the SS Orotava,[7] which arrived in Southampton on 12 July. They received an enthusiastic welcome on their arrival to London, with thousands of people lining the streets to watch their procession.[8]

In a despatch dated 23 June 1902, Lord Kitchener wrote the following about his work in South Africa:

At much personal convenience, Lord Roberts lent me his Military Secretary, Sir Ian Hamilton, as my Chief of Staff. His high soldierly qualities are already well known, and his reputation does not require to be established now. I am much indebted to him for his able and constant support to me as Chief of Staff, also for the marked skill and self-reliance he showed later, when directing operations in the Western Transvaal.[9]

Hamilton was promoted to lieutenant-general for distinguished service in the field on 22 August 1902.[10] He returned to his post as Military Secretary at the War Office in September 1902,[11] and the same month accompanied Lord Roberts, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, and St John Brodrick, Secretary of State for War, on a visit to Germany to attend the German army maneuvers as guest of the Emperor Wilhelm.[12] From 1903 to 1904 he was Quartermaster-General to the Forces.[13]

Japan

Western military attachés and war correspondents with the Japanese forces after the Battle of Shaho (1904): 1. Robert Collins; 2. David Fraser; 3. Capt. Francois Dhani; 4. Capt. James Jardine; 5. Frederick McKenzie; 6. Edward Knight; 7. Charles Victor-Thomas; 8. Oscar Davis; 9. William Maxwell; 10. Robert MacHugh; 11. William Dinwiddie; 12. Frederick Palmer; 13. Capt. Berkeley Vincent; 14. John Bass; 15. Martin Donohoe; 16. Capt. ____;　17. Capt. Carl von Hoffman; 18. ____; 19. ____; 20. ____; 21. Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton; 22. ____; 23. ____; 24. ____; 25. ____.

From 1904 to 1905, Hamilton was the military attaché of the British Indian Army serving with the Japanese army in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese War. Amongst the several military attachés from Western countries, he was the first to arrive in Japan after the start of the war.[14] He published A Staff Officer's Scrap-Book during the Russo–Japanese War on his experiences and observations during that conflict.[15]

Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton (facing front) with Japanese General Kuroki Tamemoto after the Japanese victory in Battle of Shaho (1904).

This military confrontation between a well-known European army and a less-familiar Asian army was the first time that the tactics of entrenched positions for infantry were defended with machine guns and artillery. This was the first twentieth-century war in which the technology of warfare became increasingly important, factors which came to dominate the evolution of warfare during the First World War. Hamilton wrote that cavalry was obsolete in such a conflict, regarding their role as better accomplished by mounted infantry. He became a supporter of non-traditional tactics such as night attacks and the use of aircraft. Conversely the successful Japanese infantry assaults convinced him that superior morale would allow an attacker to overcome prepared defensive positions.

Return to England & Inspector-General Overseas Forces

Hamilton went on to serve as General Officer Commanding Southern Command between 1905 and 1909 and as Adjutant-General to the Forces between 1909 and 1910.[16]

By 1911 Hamilton had been appointed Inspector-General of Oversea Forces, and by 1913 also, additionally, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Mediterranean Command, with major-generals in Gibraltar, Malta, and Egypt, plus the forces in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Cyprus seemingly reporting to him.[17] In July 1914 he was returning to the United Kingdom with his appointment about to expire.[18]

First World War

On 5 August 1914, with the declaration of hostilities between Britain and Germany, Hamilton was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief, Home Army. He also became commander of "Central Force", the predominantly Territorial Force military formation which was charged with repelling any seaborne German invasion of the east coast of England in the early part of the war.

Gallipoli campaign

General Hamilton in a formal pose (1910).

In March 1915, Lord Kitchener appointed Hamilton, aged 62, to the command of the Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, with orders to gain control of the Dardanelles straits from the Ottoman Empire and to capture Constantinople. Whilst a senior and respected officer, perhaps more experienced in different campaigns than most, Hamilton was considered too unconventional, too intellectual, and too friendly with politicians to be given a command on the Western Front.[19] Hamilton was not given a chance to take part in planning the campaign. Intelligence reports on the Ottoman Empire's military defensive capacity were poor and underestimated its strength. Whilst the high command of the Greek Army, which possessed far more detailed knowledge of the Ottoman Empire's military capacity, warned Kitchener that a British Expeditionary Force entering the Eastern Mediterranean theatre would require 150,000 troops to capture Gallipoli, Kitchener concluded that a force of 70,000 men would be adequate to overpower any defensive garrison there.[20]

The plan to take control of the Dardanelles and open a new front in the war had been considered in various forms since 1914. In November of that year, ships from the Royal Navy had shelled its outer forts, causing the magazine at Seddülbahir castle to explode. In December 1914, a Royal Navy submarine entered the channel and sank the Turkish warship Mesudiye at Çanakkale. These early experiences raised in Kitchener's mind the prospect of an easy victory for a more ambitious operation, but as a consequence of them the Turks had set about laying sea-mines in the straits to interdict Allied warships ships approaching again and strengthened the forts guarding its approaches. On 3 January 1915, the British First Sea Lord, Admiral Fisher, presented a plan to the British Government for a joint naval and army attack, utilizing 75,000 troops, but only on the proviso that it could be launched with little delay. By 21 January 1915, Fisher wrote privately to Admiral Jellicoe that he could not approve the plan unless 200,000 men were available to carry it through. Winston Churchill, as First Lord of the Admiralty, had initially suggested in September 1914 that the operation would need the support of only 50,000 men, a strength of just over two British Army divisions.

Starting on 19 February 1915, British and French warships attempted to take the strait using naval power alone but failed after an abortive attack foundered upon sea-mines. Lord Kitchener then decided that an invasion by troops of the Gallipoli peninsula would be required to support the naval operation with a land campaign, led by Hamilton,[21] who became responsible for organising landings there. Hamilton had no specialised landing craft, the disparate troops he had been given had no training for seaborne operations,[citation needed] and supplies for the army had been packed in ways which made them difficult to access for landings. Hamilton believed that the Royal Navy would make further attacks during his campaign, however, realising its likely losses, and fundamentally opposing the idea that tactical losses of its ships in the operation was an acceptable price to pay, the Royal Naval high command declined to mount another attack.[22]

With the Gallipoli Campaign stalled, Hamilton was recalled to London on 16 October 1915, effectively ending his military career.

Later life

In retirement, Hamilton was a leading figure in the ex-servicemen organization, the British Legion, holding the position of Scottish President. He was also a founding member and vice-president of the Anglo-German Association in 1928, which works to promote rapprochement between England and Germany. He maintained a relationship with the Association after Adolf Hitler's rise to power, described himself as "an admirer of the great Adolph (sic) Hitler", and dismissed Mein Kampf as a "youthful excess". (In the historian Ian Kershaw's view, however, Hamilton was a pillar of the British Imperial power establishment and not a Nazi supporter, despite his early apparent approval for much of what the early manifestation of Nazi Germany proclaimed).[23] In 1934, at the age of 81, Hamilton was filmed as part of a war documentary film called Forgotten Men.[24]

Death

Hamilton died on 12 October 1947, aged 94, at his home at Hyde Park Gardens in London.[25] His body was buried at Kilmadock Cemetery, in Doune, Stirlingshire, Scotland.[26] In 2013, his grave was found to have fallen into a semi-derelict condition, and it was refurbished by Stirling Council.[27]

Personal life

Jean, Wife of Colonel Ian Hamilton, John Singer Sargent, 1896

In 1887, he married Jean Muir, the daughter of a Glasgow businessman. The marriage produced no children.

Along with his professional career Hamilton was a prolific writer. He published a volume of poetry and a novel contemporarily described as risqué. Examples of his written works include: The Fighting of the Future, Icarus, A Jaunt on a Junk, A Ballad of Hadji, and A Staff Officer's Scrapbook. In the introduction to his Gallipoli Diary, he stated: "There is nothing certain about war, except that one side won't win".[28]

He was a cousin of the diarist James Lees-Milne's.[29]

Selected works

Hamilton's known published writings encompass 184 works in 568 publications, in six languages, and 4,455 library holdings.[30]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
  • — (1887). The Ballad of Hádji, and Other Poems. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • — (1905). A Staff officer's Scrap-book during the Russo-Japanese War. Vol. Vol. I. London: E. Arnold. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • — (1907). A Staff officer's Scrap-book during the Russo-Japanese War. Vol. Vol. II. London & New York: E. Arnold & Longmans, Green. OCLC 10080215. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • — (1910). Compulsory Service; a Study of the Question in the Light of Experience. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • — (1913). National life and national training. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • 1915 — Sir Ian Hamilton's Despatches from the Dardanelles, etc.
  • 1919 — The Millennium
  • — (1920). Gallipoli Diary. New York: George H. Doran. OCLC 580456. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • — (1921). The Soul and Body of an Army. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • 1923 — The Friends of England; Lectures to Members of the British Legion
  • 1926 — Now and Then
  • 1939 — When I was a Boy
  • 1944 — Listening for the Drums
  • 1957 — The Commander

Assessments

British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith remarked that he thought that Hamilton had "too much feather in his brain",[31] whereas Charles Bean, a war correspondent who had reported from the scene of the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 and who went on to write Australia's Official History of the 1914-1918 War, considered that Hamilton possessed "a breadth of mind which the army in general does not possess".[32]

Honours, awards and decorations

Hamilton received the honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901.[33]

A statue of the then Lt.-Gen Hamilton stands on the Boer War memorial in Cheltenham.

Decorations

Most Honourable Order of the Bath

  • CB : Companion – 1896 – Chitral relief force
  • KCB : Knight Commander – 29 November 1900 – in recognition of services in connection with the Campaign in South Africa 1899–1900[2]
  • GCB : Knight Grand Cross – 1910

Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George

  • GCMG : Knight Grand Cross – 1919
Foreign

Legacy

See also

References

  1. ^ Carlyon (2002), p. 17.
  2. ^ a b "No. 27306". The London Gazette. 19 April 1901. p. 2695.
  3. ^ "No. 27311". The London Gazette. 7 May 1901. p. 3124.
  4. ^ "The War – Lord Kitchener's staff". The Times. No. 36607. London. 8 November 1901. p. 6. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  5. ^ "No. 27376". The London Gazette. 12 November 1901. p. 7293.
  6. ^ "Latest intelligence – The War – The Transvaal". The Times. No. 36739. London. 11 April 1902. p. 3. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  7. ^ "The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 10. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  8. ^ "Lord Kitchener's return". The Times. No. 36819. London. 14 July 1902. p. 6. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  9. ^ "No. 27459". The London Gazette. 29 July 1902. p. 4835.
  10. ^ "No. 27490". The London Gazette. 31 October 1902. p. 6897.
  11. ^ "No. 27481". The London Gazette. 10 October 1902. p. 6413.
  12. ^ "The German maneuvers". The Times. No. 36865. London. 5 September 1902. p. 6. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  13. ^ "General Sir Ian Hamilton, G.C.B". The War Illustrated. IV: 1290. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009.
  14. ^ Chapman, John; Nish, Ian (April 2004). "On the Periphery of the Russo-Japanese War, Part I (Note 42)" (PDF). Suntory Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD). London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE): 53.
  15. ^ Kowner (2006), p. 140.
  16. ^ "Hamilton, Gen. Sir Ian Standish Monteith (1853-1947)". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. King's College London., and The London Gazette, 1 June 1909, Issue 28256, p.4160.
  17. ^ Rinaldi 2008, p. 14.
  18. ^ Rinaldi 2008, p. 25.
  19. ^ Carlyon (2002), pp. 16–17.
  20. ^ "Gallipoli Campaign". Spartacus Educational.
  21. ^ Carlyon (2002), pp. 65–72.
  22. ^ Carlyon (2002), pp. 79–83.
  23. ^ Kershaw (2004).
  24. ^ Forgotten Men (1934) at IMDb
  25. ^ "Sir Ian Hamilton Dies In His Sleep". The Telegraph. Queensland, Australia. 13 October 1947. p. 6 (SECOND EDITION). Retrieved 5 March 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton at Find a Grave
  27. ^ "General Sir Ian Hamilton Grave". greatwarforum.org. July 2013.
  28. ^ Hamilton 1920, p. v..
  29. ^ Lees-Milne, James (1975). Ancestral Voices. Faber and Faber. p. 124.
  30. ^ "Hamilton, Ian, Sir 1853–1947". WorldCat Identities.
  31. ^ Cassar 1994, p. 78.
  32. ^ Carlyon (2002), p. 18.
  33. ^ "Glasgow University jubilee". The Times. No. 36481. London. 14 June 1901. p. 10. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  34. ^ "Latest Intelligence - The German Army Maneuvres". The Times. No. 36900. London. 16 October 1902. p. 4. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)
  35. ^ "About Us". Hamilton Preparatory School. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013.
  36. ^ "National Museums of Scotland - Orders and medals, awarded to General Sir Ian Hamilton". nms.scran.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2020.

Bibliography

Media related to Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton at Wikimedia Commons

Military offices
Preceded by Military Secretary
1901–1903 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Quartermaster-General to the Forces
1903–1904 		Succeeded by
Preceded by GOC-in-C Southern Command
1905–1909 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Adjutant General
1909–1910 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Sir Charles Douglas
(as Inspector-General Home Forces)
 Commander-in-Chief, Home Army
1914–1915 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Rector of the University of Edinburgh
1932–1935 		Succeeded by
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