PSMD10
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10 or gankyrin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMD10 gene.[5] Gankyrin is an oncoprotein that is a component of the 19S regulatory cap of the proteasome. Structurally, it contains a 33-amino acid ankyrin repeat that forms a series of alpha helices.[6] It plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle via protein-protein interactions with the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4. It also binds closely to the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, which is a regulator of the degradation of p53 and retinoblastoma protein, both transcription factors involved in tumor suppression and found mutated in many cancers.[7] Gankyrin also has an anti-apoptotic effect and is overexpressed in certain types of tumor cells such as hepatocellular carcinoma.[8]
Function
The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S core and a 19S regulator. The 20S core is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. The 19S regulator is composed of a base, which contains 6 ATPase subunits and 2 non-ATPase subunits, and a lid, which contains up to 10 non-ATPase subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. This gene encodes a non-ATPase subunit of the 19S regulator. Two transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 3 and 20.[9]
Clinical significance
The proteasome and its subunits are of clinical significance for at least two reasons: (1) a compromised complex assembly or a dysfunctional proteasome can be associated with the underlying pathophysiology of specific diseases, and (2) they can be exploited as drug targets for therapeutic interventions. More recently, more effort has been made to consider the proteasome for the development of novel diagnostic markers and strategies. An improved and comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of the proteasome should lead to clinical applications in the future.
The proteasomes form a pivotal component for the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) [10] and corresponding cellular Protein Quality Control (PQC). Protein ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis and degradation by the proteasome are important mechanisms in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription, signal transduction and apoptosis.[11] Subsequently, a compromised proteasome complex assembly and function lead to reduced proteolytic activities and the accumulation of damaged or misfolded protein species. Such protein accumulation may contribute to the pathogenesis and phenotypic characteristics in neurodegenerative diseases,[12][13] cardiovascular diseases,[14][15][16] inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases,[17] and systemic DNA damage responses leading to malignancies.[18]
Several experimental and clinical studies have indicated that aberrations and deregulations of the UPS contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative and myodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease,[19] Parkinson's disease[20] and Pick's disease,[21] Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),[21] Huntington's disease,[20] Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,[22] and motor neuron diseases, polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases, Muscular dystrophies[23] and several rare forms of neurodegenerative diseases associated with dementia.[24] As part of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), the proteasome maintains cardiac protein homeostasis and thus plays a significant role in cardiac ischemic injury,[25] ventricular hypertrophy[26] and heart failure.[27] Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in malignant transformation. UPS proteolysis plays a major role in responses of cancer cells to stimulatory signals that are critical for the development of cancer. Accordingly, gene expression by degradation of transcription factors, such as p53, c-jun, c-Fos, NF-κB, c-Myc, HIF-1α, MATα2, STAT3, sterol-regulated element-binding proteins and androgen receptors are all controlled by the UPS and thus involved in the development of various malignancies.[28] Moreover, the UPS regulates the degradation of tumor suppressor gene products such as adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in colorectal cancer, retinoblastoma (Rb). and von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), as well as a number of proto-oncogenes (Raf, Myc, Myb, Rel, Src, Mos, ABL). The UPS is also involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This activity is usually attributed to the role of proteasomes in the activation of NF-κB which further regulates the expression of pro inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-β, IL-8, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin) and prostaglandins and nitric oxide (NO).[17] Additionally, the UPS also plays a role in inflammatory responses as regulators of leukocyte proliferation, mainly through proteolysis of cyclines and the degradation of CDK inhibitors.[29] Lastly, autoimmune disease patients with SLE, Sjögren syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) predominantly exhibit circulating proteasomes which can be applied as clinical biomarkers.[30]
Interactions
PSMD10 has been shown to interact with:
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101843 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031429 – Ensembl, May 2017
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- ^ Dawson S, Apcher S, Mee M, Higashitsuji H, Baker R, Uhle S, Dubiel W, Fujita J, Mayer RJ (Mar 2002). "Gankyrin is an ankyrin-repeat oncoprotein that interacts with CDK4 kinase and the S6 ATPase of the 26 S proteasome". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (13): 10893–902. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107313200. PMID 11779854.
Further reading
- Coux O, Tanaka K, Goldberg AL (1996). "Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 801–47. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.004101. PMID 8811196.
- Goff SP (2003). "Death by deamination: a novel host restriction system for HIV-1". Cell. 114 (3): 281–3. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00602-0. PMID 12914693.
- Sastry L, Cao T, King CR (1997). "Multiple Grb2-protein complexes in human cancer cells". Int. J. Cancer. 70 (2): 208–13. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970117)70:2<208::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-E. PMID 9009162.
- Seeger M, Ferrell K, Frank R, Dubiel W (1997). "HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated activation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (13): 8145–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.13.8145. PMID 9079628.
- Madani N, Kabat D (1998). "An endogenous inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus in human lymphocytes is overcome by the viral Vif protein". J. Virol. 72 (12): 10251–5. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.12.10251-10255.1998. PMC 110608. PMID 9811770.
- Simon JH, Gaddis NC, Fouchier RA, Malim MH (1998). "Evidence for a newly discovered cellular anti-HIV-1 phenotype". Nat. Med. 4 (12): 1397–400. doi:10.1038/3987. PMID 9846577.
- Mulder LC, Muesing MA (2000). "Degradation of HIV-1 integrase by the N-end rule pathway". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (38): 29749–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004670200. PMID 10893419.
- Dawson S, Apcher S, Mee M, Higashitsuji H, Baker R, Uhle S, Dubiel W, Fujita J, Mayer RJ (2002). "Gankyrin is an ankyrin-repeat oncoprotein that interacts with CDK4 kinase and the S6 ATPase of the 26 S proteasome". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (13): 10893–902. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107313200. PMID 11779854.
- Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH (2002). "Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein". Nature. 418 (6898): 646–50. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..646S. doi:10.1038/nature00939. PMID 12167863.
- Fu XY, Wang HY, Tan L, Liu SQ, Cao HF, Wu MC (2002). "Overexpression of p28/gankyrin in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance". World J. Gastroenterol. 8 (4): 638–43. doi:10.3748/wjg.v8.i4.638. PMC 4656312. PMID 12174370.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Huang X, Seifert U, Salzmann U, Henklein P, Preissner R, Henke W, Sijts AJ, Kloetzel PM, Dubiel W (2002). "The RTP site shared by the HIV-1 Tat protein and the 11S regulator subunit alpha is crucial for their effects on proteasome function including antigen processing". J. Mol. Biol. 323 (4): 771–82. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00998-1. PMID 12419264.
- Nagao T, Higashitsuji H, Nonoguchi K, Sakurai T, Dawson S, Mayer RJ, Itoh K, Fujita J (2003). "MAGE-A4 interacts with the liver oncoprotein gankyrin and suppresses its tumorigenic activity". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (12): 10668–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206104200. PMID 12525503.
- Gaddis NC, Chertova E, Sheehy AM, Henderson LE, Malim MH (2003). "Comprehensive investigation of the molecular defect in vif-deficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions". J. Virol. 77 (10): 5810–20. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.10.5810-5820.2003. PMC 154025. PMID 12719574.
- Lecossier D, Bouchonnet F, Clavel F, Hance AJ (2003). "Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein". Science. 300 (5622): 1112. doi:10.1126/science.1083338. PMID 12750511.
- Zhang H, Yang B, Pomerantz RJ, Zhang C, Arunachalam SC, Gao L (2003). "The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA". Nature. 424 (6944): 94–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.424...94Z. doi:10.1038/nature01707. PMC 1350966. PMID 12808465.
- Mangeat B, Turelli P, Caron G, Friedli M, Perrin L, Trono D (2003). "Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts". Nature. 424 (6944): 99–103. Bibcode:2003Natur.424...99M. doi:10.1038/nature01709. PMID 12808466.
- Harris RS, Bishop KN, Sheehy AM, Craig HM, Petersen-Mahrt SK, Watt IN, Neuberger MS, Malim MH (2003). "DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection". Cell. 113 (6): 803–9. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00423-9. PMID 12809610.
External links
- gankyrin+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O75832 (Human 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10) at the PDBe-KB.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q9Z2X2 (Mouse 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10) at the PDBe-KB.