Birthstone
A birthstone is a gemstone that represents a person's month of birth. Birthstones are often worn as jewelry or as a pendant necklace.
History of birthstones
Western custom
The first century Jewish historian Josephus believed there was a connection between the twelve stones in Aaron's breastplate (signifying the tribes of Israel, as described in the Book of Exodus), the twelve months of the year, and the twelve signs of the zodiac.[1]: 275–306 Translations and interpretations of the passage in Exodus regarding the breastplate have varied widely, with Josephus himself giving two different lists for the twelve stones.[2]: 130–131 George Frederick Kunz argues that Josephus saw the breastplate of the Second Temple, not the one described in Exodus. St. Jerome, referencing Josephus, said the Foundation Stones of the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:19–20) would be appropriate for Christians to use.[3]: 294
In the eighth and ninth century, religious treatises associating a particular stone with an apostle were written, so that "their name would be inscribed on the Foundation Stones, and his virtue."[3]: 299 Practice became to keep twelve stones and wear one a month.[3]: 298 The custom of wearing a single birthstone is only a few centuries old, though modern authorities differ on dates. Kunz places the custom in eighteenth century Poland, while the Gemological Institute of America starts it in Germany in the 1560s.[3]: 293
Modern lists of birthstones have little to do with either the breastplate or the Foundation Stones of Christianity. Tastes, customs and confusing translations have distanced them from their historical origins,[3]: 310 with one author calling the 1912 Kansas list (see below) "nothing but a piece of unfounded salesmanship."[2]: 132
Traditional birthstones
Ancient traditional birthstones are society-based birthstones. The table below contains many stones which are popular choices, often reflecting Polish tradition.[1]: 320
There are poems which match each month of the Gregorian calendar with a birthstone. These are traditional stones of English-speaking societies. Tiffany & Co. published these poems "of unknown author" for the first time in a pamphlet in 1870.[4]
Modern birthstones
In 1912, in an effort to standardize birthstones, the (American) National Association of Jewelers (now called Jewelers of America) met in Kansas and officially adopted a list.[1]: 317 The Jewelry Industry Council of America updated the list in 1952[3]: 311 by adding Alexandrite for June, citrine for November and pink tourmaline for October. They also replaced December's lapis with zircon and switched the primary/alternative gems for March. The American Gem Trade Association added tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002.[5] In 2016, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America added spinel as an additional birthstone for August.[6] Britain's National Association of Goldsmiths created their own standardized list of birthstones in 1937.[7]
Eastern Traditions
Eastern cultures recognize a similar range of gemstones associated with birth, though rather than associating a gem with a birth month, gemstones are associated with celestial bodies, and astrology is employed to determine the gemstones most closely associated with and beneficial to a particular individual. For example, in Hinduism there are nine gemstones associated with the Navagraha (celestial forces including the planets, the sun, and the moon), known in Sanskrit as Navaratna (nine gems). At birth, an astrological chart is calculated, and certain stones are recommended to be worn on the body to ward off potential problems based on the place of these forces in the sky at the exact place and time of birth.[8]
Birthstones by Time Frame
| Month | 15th- 20th century[1]: 315 | U.S. (1912)[1]: 319–320 | U.S. (2019)[9] | Britain (2013)[10] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | garnet | garnet | garnet | garnet |
| February | amethyst, hyacinth, pearl | amethyst | amethyst | amethyst |
| March | bloodstone, jasper | bloodstone, aquamarine | aquamarine, bloodstone | aquamarine, bloodstone |
| April | diamond, sapphire | diamond | diamond | diamond, rock crystal |
| May | emerald, agate | emerald | emerald | emerald, chrysoprase |
| June | cat's eye, turquoise, agate | pearl, moonstone | pearl, moonstone, alexandrite | pearl, moonstone |
| July | turquoise, onyx | ruby | ruby | ruby, carnelian |
| August | sardonyx, carnelian, moonstone, topaz | sardonyx, peridot | peridot, spinel | peridot, sardonyx |
| September | chrysolite | sapphire | sapphire | sapphire, lapis lazuli |
| October | opal, aquamarine | opal, tourmaline | opal, tourmaline | opal |
| November | topaz, pearl | topaz | topaz, citrine | topaz, citrine |
| December | bloodstone, ruby | turquoise, lapis lazuli | turquoise, zircon, tanzanite | tanzanite, turquoise |
Zodiacal
Tropical zodiac
| Sign | Dates[3]: 318 | Stone[1]: 345–347 |
|---|---|---|
| Aquarius | 21 January – 18 February | garnet |
| Pisces | 19 February – 20 March | amethyst |
| Aries | 21 March – 20 April | bloodstone |
| Taurus | 21 April – 21 May | sapphire |
| Gemini | 22 May – 21 June | agate |
| Cancer | 21 June – 22 July | emerald |
| Leo | 23 July – 22 August | onyx |
| Virgo | 23 August – 22 September | carnelian |
| Libra | 23 September – 23 October | chrysolite |
| Scorpio | 24 October – 21 November | beryl |
| Sagittarius | 22 November – 21 December | topaz |
| Capricorn | 22 December – 21 January | ruby |
Birthday (day of the week) stones
While the term "birthday stone" is sometimes used as a synonym for birthstone, each day of the week is also assigned a unique gemstone and these assignments are distinct from the monthly assignments.[1]
| Day of the Week | Stone(s) |
|---|---|
| Sunday | topaz, diamond |
| Monday | pearl, crystal |
| Tuesday | ruby, emerald |
| Wednesday | amethyst, lodestone |
| Thursday | sapphire, carnelian |
| Friday | emerald, cat's eye |
| Saturday | turquoise, diamond |
Gallery
-
Garnet, the birthstone for January -
Amethyst, the birthstone for February -
Aquamarine, the birthstone for March -
Diamond, the birthstone for April -
Emerald, the birthstone for May -
Pearl, one of three June birthstones -
Moonstone, one of three June birthstones -
Alexandrite, one of three June birthstones -
Ruby, the birthstone for July -
Peridot, the modern birthstone for August -
Sardonyx, the traditional birthstone for August -
Sapphire, the birthstone for September -
Lapis lazuli, the traditional birthstone for September -
Opal, one of two October birthstones -
Tourmaline, one of two October birthstones -
Citrine, one of two November birthstones -
Topaz, one of two November birthstones -
Turquoise, one of three December birthstones -
Tanzanite, one of three December birthstones -
Zircon, one of three December birthstones
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See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Kunz, George F. (1913). The curious lore of precious stones. Lippincott.
- ^ a b Gleadow, Rupert (2001). The Origin of the Zodiac. Dover Publications.
- ^ a b c d e f g Knuth, Bruce G. (2007). Gems in Myth, Legend and Lore (Revised edition). Parachute: Jewelers Press.
- ^ Farrington, Oliver Cummins (1903). Gems and Gem Minerals. Mumford. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Grande, Lance; Augustyn, Allison (2009). Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World. University of Chicago Press. p. 335. ISBN 0226305112.
- ^ National Jeweler Magazine, "JA, AGTA Add Spinel as August Birthstone"
- ^ Osborne, Harold, ed. (1985). The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts. Oxford University Press. p. 513. ISBN 978-0192818638.
- ^ Johari, Harish (1986). The Healing Power of Gemstones: In Tantra, Ayurveda, and Astrology. Destiny Books. pp. 15–34.
- ^ "Birthstones For Each Month". Gemological Institute of America. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "Tips & Tools: Birthstones". The National Association of Goldsmiths. Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
External links
- Jewelers of America leaflet
- The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, G.F. Kunz - full text online version
- Gems and Gem Minerals, Oliver Cummings Farrington - full text online version