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Kawanishi H6K

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H6K
Role Patrol flying boat
Manufacturer Kawanishi
First flight 14 July 1936
Introduction January 1938
Retired 1945 (Japan)
Primary user IJN Air Service
Number built 215[1]
Developed from Kawanishi H3K

The Kawanishi H6K was an Imperial Japanese Navy flying boat produced by the Kawanishi Aircraft Company and used during World War II for maritime patrol duties. The Allied reporting name for the type was Mavis; the Navy designation was "Type 97 Large Flying Boat" (九七式大型飛行艇).

Design and development

An H6K suffering from a wing tank fire descending.

The aircraft was designed in response to a Navy requirement of 1934 for a long range flying boat and incorporated knowledge gleaned by a Kawanishi team that visited the Short Brothers factory in the UK, at that time one of the world's leading producers of flying boats, and from building the Kawanishi H3K, a license-built, enlarged version of the Short Rangoon.[2] The "Type S", as Kawanishi called it, was a large, four-engine monoplane with twin tails, and a hull suspended beneath the parasol wing by a network of struts. Three prototypes were constructed, each one making gradual refinements to the machine's handling both in the water and in the air, and finally fitting more powerful engines. The first of these flew on 14 July 1936 and was originally designated Navy Type 97 Flying Boat, later H6K. Eventually, 217 would be built.[3]

Operational history

H6Ks were deployed from 1938 onwards, first seeing service in the Sino-Japanese War and were in widespread use by the time the full-scale Pacific War erupted, in December 1941. At that time of the war, four Kōkūtai (air groups) operated a total of 66 H6K4s.[4]

The type had some success over South East Asia and the South West Pacific. H6Ks had excellent endurance, being able to undertake 24-hour patrols, and were often used for long-range reconnaissance and bombing missions. From bases in the Dutch East Indies, they were able to undertake missions over a large portion of Australia.

However, the H6K became vulnerable to a newer generation of heavier armed and faster fighters.[4] It continued in service throughout the war, in areas where the risk of interception was low. In front-line service, it was replaced by the Kawanishi H8K.

Variants

An H6K2-L Navy transport flying boat Type 97
H6K1
Evaluation prototypes with four Nakajima Hikari 2 engines, four built.
H6K1 (navy flying boat Type 97 Model 1)
Prototypes with 746 kW 1,000 hp Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 engines, three converted from the original H6K1 prototypes
H6K2 Model 11
First production model. Includes two H6K2-L officer transport modification, 10 built.
H6K2-L (navy transport flying boat Type 97)
Unarmed transport version of H6K2 powered by Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 engines, 16 built
H6K3 Model 21
Modified transport version of H6K2 for VIPs and high-ranking officers, 2 built
H6K4 Model 22
Major production version, modified H6K2 with revised weapons, some with 694 kW (930 hp) Mitsubishi Kinsei 46 engines. Fuel capacity increased from 7,764 L (1,708 Imp gal) to 13,410 L (2,950 Imp gal). Includes two H6K4-L transport versions, 100 to 127 (if other numbers are all correct) built.
H6K4-L
Transport version of H6K4, similar to H6K2-L, but with Mitsubishi Kinsei 46 engines, 20 built and another two converted from the H6K4
H6K5 Model 23
Fitted with 969 kW (1,300 hp) Mitsubishi Kinsei 51 or 53 engines and new upper turret replacing the open position, 36 built

Operators

Royal Air Force mechanics inspecting an H6K at Soerabaja, Java, prior to a test flight in January 1946. The Indonesia flag was added by nationalists and the additional blue band was added to the fuselage marking by the Dutch
 Indonesia
 Japan
Used on the routes Yokohama-Saipan-Koror (Palau)-Timor, Saigon-Bangkok and Saipan-Truk-Ponape-Jaluit[6]

Specifications (H6K4 Model 22)

Data from Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Five: Flying Boats[3], Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War[7]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 9
  • Length: 25.63 m (84 ft 1 in)
  • Wingspan: 40 m (131 ft 3 in)
  • Height: 6.27 m (20 ft 7 in)
  • Wing area: 170 m2 (1,800 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 11,707 kg (25,810 lb)
  • Gross weight: 17,000 kg (37,479 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 21,500 kg (47,399 lb)
  • Powerplant: 4 × Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 750 kW (1,000 hp) each for take-off
738 kW (990 hp) at 2,800 m (9,186 ft)
(H6K4 Model 2-3 and H6K4-L 694 kW (930 hp) Kinsei 46)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 340 km/h (210 mph, 180 kn) at 4,000 m (13,123 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 222 km/h (138 mph, 120 kn) at 4,000 m (13,123 ft)
  • Range: 4,797 km (2,981 mi, 2,590 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 6,080 km (3,780 mi, 3,280 nmi)
  • Wing loading: 100 kg/m2 (20 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.1731 kW/kg (0.1053 hp/lb)

Armament

  • Guns:
  • 1× 7.7 mm (0.30 in) Type 92 machine gun in nose
  • 1× Type 92 machine gun in spine
  • 2× Type 92 machine guns in waist blisters
  • 1× 20 mm (0.79 in) Type 99 Mark 1 machine gun in tail turret
  • Bombs:
  • 2× 800 kg (1,764 lb) torpedoes
or
  • 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) of bombs

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 307.
  2. ^ Air International & December 1985, p. 294.
  3. ^ a b Green 1972, p. 129.
  4. ^ a b Green 1972, p. 128.
  5. ^ Air Enthusiast Quarterley 1976, p. 156.
  6. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 306.
  7. ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 306–307.
Bibliography
  • Doubilet, David. "The Flying Boat". Sport Diver Magazine. Volume 15, Number 8, September 2007.
  • Francillon, Ph.D., René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. Annapolis, Maryland, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
  • Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Five: Flying Boats. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1962. ISBN 0-356-01449-5.
  • "Kawanishi's Parasol Patroller". Air International, December 1985, Volume 29, No. 6. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. pp. 293–298, 304-305.
  • "Pentagon Over The Islands...The Thirty Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation". Air Enthusiast Quarterly. No. 2, 1976. pp. 154–162.
  • Richards, M.C. "Kawanishi 4-Motor Flying-Boats (H6K 'Mavis' and H8K 'Emily')". Aircraft in Profile Volume 11. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972.
  • Van der Klaauw, Bart. Water- en Transportvliegtuigen Wereldoorlog II (in Dutch). Alkmaar, the Netherlands: Uitgeverij de Alk. ISBN 90-6013-677-2.
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