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1978 Pacific typhoon season

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1978 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJanuary 6, 1978
Last system dissipatedDecember 19, 1978
Strongest storm
NameRita
 • Maximum winds220 km/h (140 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure878 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions63
Total storms30
Typhoons16
Super typhoons1 (unofficial)
Total fatalities>371
Total damage> $100 million (1978 USD)
Related articles
Pacific typhoon seasons
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

The 1978 Pacific typhoon season was a very active season that produced 31 tropical storms, 16 typhoon and one intense typhoon. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1978, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1978 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

Seasonal summary

33 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 29 became tropical storms. 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached super typhoon strength. Many of the storms either remained at sea or failed to do any damage.

Systems

Severe Tropical Storm Nadine

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 6 – January 13
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

Nadine stayed at sea.

Typhoon Olive (Atang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationApril 15 – April 26
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
955 hPa (mbar)

In the Philippines, Typhoon Olive (Atang) killed 3 people and left 3,500 homeless.[1] A lengthened ex-”FS” ship of Compania Maritima was caught in it, the MV Leyte. She was wrecked in the southwestern portion of Sibuyan Island trying to reach shelter. She was then on a Manila-Cebu voyage.[2]

Tropical Storm Polly (Bising)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 13 – June 20
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Polly was the first of three short-lived June systems.

Tropical Storm Rose (Klaring)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 21 – June 24
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Rose was the second of three weak June systems.

Tropical Storm Shirley (Deling)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 26 – June 30
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
992 hPa (mbar)

Shirley hit Vietnam as a tropical storm.

Typhoon Trix

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 11 – July 23
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

Trix did a loop.

Typhoon Virginia

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 22 – August 2
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

Virginia stayed largely at sea.

Typhoon Wendy (Emang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 22 – August 3
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

Wendy ultimately hit Japan.

Severe Tropical Storm Agnes

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 24 – July 30
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

Agnes formed on July 24, made a complete loop, and struck China on July 29 with winds of 55 mph after peaking at 60 mph.[3] It dissipated the 30th. In Hong Kong Tropical Storm Agnes killed 3 people.[4]

Tropical Storm Bonnie

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 8 – August 12
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Bonnie hit Vietnam.

Typhoon Carmen (Iliang)

Very strong typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 10 – August 20
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

Carmen was short-lived.

Tropical Storm Della (Heling)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 10 – August 13
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Della hit China.

Tropical Storm 13W

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 14 – August 20
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
999 hPa (mbar)

13W was weak but hit Japan.

Typhoon Elaine (Miding)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 18 – August 28
Peak intensity120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

Elaine struck China.

Typhoon Faye

Very strong typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 25 – September 7
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min);
935 hPa (mbar)

Faye stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Gloria (Norming)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 28 – August 31
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
992 hPa (mbar)

Gloria stayed at sea.

Tropical Storm Hester

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 28 – September 1
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Hester stayed away from land.

Typhoon Irma (Ruping)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 9 – September 15
Peak intensity120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

Irma, the eighth typhoon of the 1978 season, developed in the monsoon trough southeast of Taiwan.[5] It made landfall in Honshu, Japan. With winds of up to 120 km/h, Typhoon Irma killed at least 6 people and made about 3,000 homeless. Four people were missing and about 100 were injured by floods and landslides in southwestern Japan.[6] It destroyed or damaged 1,597 homes and left 6,266 homes flooded.[7] Irma smashed windows, overturned cars, and capsized several fishing boats. Several athletes at the Japan-China Friendship Track and Field Meet in Kitakyushu were injured when a freak gust blew them ten feet in the air. A Liberian-registered tanker was swept from its moorings off the port of Kure and drifted for nearly 5 kilometers before running aground off a small island in the Inland Sea.[6] Irma remained a typhoon for only 12 hours becoming the shortest-lived typhoon of the season.[5]

Typhoon Judy

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 9 – September 17
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

Judy did not impact land.

Severe Tropical Storm Kit (Uding)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 20 – September 26
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Kit hit Vietnam and The Philippines.

Typhoon Lola (Weling)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 20 – October 2
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

Lola hit China.

Typhoon Mamie

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 29 – October 4
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

Mamie recurved out to sea.

Severe Tropical Storm Nina (Yaning)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 6 – October 16
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

According to the official reports, 59 people died and more than 500,000 were in evacuation centers in the Philippines.[8]

Typhoon Ora (Aning)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 8 – October 15
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
940 hPa (mbar)

Ora brushed Taiwan.

Tropical Depression 25W

Tropical depression (PAGASA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 8 – October 12
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
999 hPa (mbar)

25W did not affect land.

Tropical Depression 26W (Bidang)

Tropical depression (PAGASA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 10 – October 16
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1002 hPa (mbar)

26W followed 25W.

Typhoon Phyllis

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 13 – October 22
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
955 hPa (mbar)

Phyllis recurved from Japan.

Typhoon Rita (Kading)

Main article: Typhoon Rita (1978)
Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 15 – October 29
Peak intensity220 km/h (140 mph) (10-min);
878 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 28 developed October 15. Three and a half days later, it strengthened into a tropical storm. Rita became a typhoon late on October 19. Rita reached Category 5 status on October 23, reaching a minimum central pressure of 878 millibars, only 8 mb higher than Typhoon Tip's record set in 1979. After spending over three consecutive days at that intensity, Rita weakened to a Category 4 and smashed ashore on Luzon. Rita stayed a typhoon during its entire passage over the Philippines and emerged into the South China Sea as a minimal typhoon. Rita then decayed slowly and dissipated as a depression near the coast of Vietnam. The typhoon caused considerable damage and loss of life in the Philippines, though exact numbers are unknown.

Tropical Storm Twenty-seven

Tropical storm (JMA)
 
DurationOctober 30 – November 3
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

27 was weak and short-lived.

Severe Tropical Storm Tess

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 31 – November 6
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

A tropical depression developed on October 31. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm on November 2. Tess continued to intensify and reached its peak intensity as a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm; just short of typhoon status. The storm became extratropical on November 7.

Tropical Depression 30W (Delang)

Tropical depression (PAGASA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 15 – November 20
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1002 hPa (mbar)

30W came close to land.

Typhoon Viola (Esang)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 16 – November 24
Peak intensity195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min);
910 hPa (mbar)

Increased convective activity in the monsoon trough was first noticed on satellite data on November 14 about 690 mi (1110 km) southeast of Truk. On November 16, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression 33. Based on an improved satellite signature, TD 33 was upgraded to Tropical Storm Viola at 1200 UTC November 17.[3] Viola continued to intensify as the storm moved on a northwestward track.[9] Late on November 19 reconnaissance aircraft confirmed that Viola's surface pressure had fallen to 977 mb; and, that an eye was beginning to form. Early on November 20, Viola was upgraded to a typhoon. Viola then started to rapidly intensify and reached peak intensity on November 21 with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h). Viola recurved away from Luzon on November 22.[3] By the next day, the storm had already weakened to a category 1 and further weakened to a tropical storm. Viola dissipated on November 24.[9]

Severe Tropical Storm Winnie

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 25 – November 30
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

A tropical depression developed on November 25. It started to intensify while moving on a north-northwestward track. By November 28, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Winnie. On the 29th, Winnie reached its peak intensity as severe tropical storm with (10-min) winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Winnie became extratropical early on November 30.

Tropical Depression Garding

Tropical depression (JMA)
 
DurationDecember 13 – December 19
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1004 hPa (mbar)

Named by PAGASA.

Storm names

See also: Lists of tropical cyclone names and Tropical cyclone naming

During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from late 1950. However the JTWC changed their naming scheme by the next year, now including both female and male names.

Nadine Olive Polly Rose Shirley Trix Virginia Wendy Agnes Bonnie Carmen Della Elaine Faye
Gloria Hester Irma Judy Kit Lola Mamie Nina Ora Phyllis Rita Tess Viola Winnie

One name, Susan, developed over the Central Pacific and was named from this list. The storm never became a part of the West Pacific basin.

Philippines

Akang Bising Klaring Deling Emang
Gading Heling Iliang Loleng Miding
Norming Oyang Pasing Ruping Susang
Tering Uding Weling Yaning
Auxiliary list
Aning
Bidang Kading Delang Esang Garding

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1982 season. This is the same list used for the 1974 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.

Retirement

Due to extreme damages and death toll caused by Typhoon Rita (Kading), PAGASA retired the name Kading in its auxiliary list. The name replaced was Katring.

Season effects

This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1978. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, missing persons (in parentheses), and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 1978 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Nadine January 6 – 13 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Marshall Islands None None
Olive (Atang) April 15 – May 1 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Palau, Philippines, Taiwan Unknown 3
TD June 7 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Philippines None None
TD June 10 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Philippines None None
TD June 12 – 13 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Philippines None None
Polly (Bising) June 14 – 20 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Japan None None
Rose (Klaring) June 21 – 25 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan None None
Shirley (Deling) June 28 – July 2 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia Unknown None
TD July 7 – 11 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Japan None None
Trix July 11 – 24 Typhoon 130 km/h (80 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, China Unknown Unknown
TD July 16 Tropical depression Not specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None
Wendy (Emang) July 22 – August 3 Typhoon 130 km/h (80 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Japan None None
Virginia July 22 – August 3 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Japan None None
Agnes July 22 – 31 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 980 hPa (29.09 inHg) South China None 3
TD July 31 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
TD August 4 – 5 Tropical depression Not specified 1002 hPa (29.65 inHg) Taiwan None None
Gading August 4 – 8 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Taiwan None None
Bonnie August 9 – 13 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) South China, Vietnam None None
Carmen (Iliang) August 9 – 20 Typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, East China, Korea Unknown None
Della (Heling) August 9 – 13 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, China None None
Loleng August 13 – 17 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Philippines, South China None None
TD August 14 Tropical depression Not specified 1002 hPa (29.65 inHg) Taiwan None None
13W August 18 – 20 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Japan None None
TD August 18 – 19 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Palau None None
TD August 20 Tropical depression Not specified 1002 hPa (29.65 inHg) Taiwan None None
Elaine (Miding) August 21 – 29 Typhoon 120 km/h (75 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Philippines, South China Unknown Unknown
TD August 22 – 24 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Korean Peninsula None None
TD August 26 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Ryukyu Islands None None
Faye August 27 – September 10 Typhoon 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mariana Islands, Taiwan None None
Gloria (Norming) August 27 – 31 Tropical storm 75 km/h (45 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Ryukyu Islands None None
Hester August 28 – September 1 Tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Japan None None
Oyang August 29 – 30 Tropical depression 45 km/h (30 mph) Not specified Philippines None None
TD August 31 – September 2 Tropical depression Not specified 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) None None None
TD September 2 – 7 Tropical depression Not specified 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan None None
Irma (Ruping) September 9 – 15 Typhoon 120 km/h (75 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan None 6
Paring September 9 – 15 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Vietnam None None
Judy September 9 – 17 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) None None None
TD September 10 – 11 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Taiwan None None
Susang September 13 – 19 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Palau, Philippines, Vietnam None None
TD September 17 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Palau None None
Kit (Uding) September 20 – 28 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam Unknown Unknown
Tering September 21 – 22 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Philippines None None
TD September 21 − 22 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Ryukyu Islands None None
Lola (Weling) September 24 – October 5 Typhoon 130 km/h (80 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Philippines, South China Unknown Unknown
Mamie September 30 – October 5 Typhoon 130 km/h (80 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) None None None
TD October 5 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
Nina (Yaning) October 5 – 17 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam Unknown 59
Ora (Aning) October 8 – 15 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands None None
25W October 11 – 14 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None
26W (Bidang) October 11 – 17 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Caroline Islands, Philippines None None
Phyllis October 15 – 23 Typhoon 150 km/h (90 mph) 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) None None None
Rita (Kading) October 17 – 30 Typhoon 220 km/h (140 mph) 880 hPa (25.98 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines $100 million >300
Twenty-seven October 29 – November 3 Tropical storm 65 km/h (40 mph) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam None None
Tess October 31 – November 7 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam None None
TD November 9 – 11 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Vietnam None None
TD November 10 – 12 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Philippines None None
TD November 15 – 16 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) Vietnam None None
30W (Delang) November 16 – 20 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Philippines None None
Viola (Esang) November 17 – 24 Typhoon 195 km/h (120 mph) 910 hPa (26.97 inHg) Caroline Islands None None
TD November 25 – December 1 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Malaysia None None
Winnie November 25 – 30 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
TD December 4 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) None None None
Garding December 13 – 19 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Philippines Unknown None
Season aggregates
63 systems January 6 – December 19 220 km/h (140 mph) 880 hPa (25.98 inHg) >$100 million >371


See also

References

  1. ^ "Typhoon". The Canberra Times. April 27, 1978. Retrieved October 23, 2016 – via Trove.
  2. ^ "Typhoon "Atang" | Philippine Ship Spotters Society". psssonline.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  3. ^ a b c 1978 ATCR TABLE OF CONTENTS Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Historical Information
  5. ^ a b Morford, Dean R.; Lavin, James K. (January 1, 1995). "1978 Annual Typhoon Report" (PDF). Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Typhoon Irma leaves 3,000 homeless". The Canberra Times. September 18, 1978. Retrieved September 22, 2016 – via Trove.
  7. ^ "Typhoon brushes Japan; 6 die (September 16, 1978)". Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  8. ^ "59 flood deaths". The Canberra Times. October 13, 1978. Retrieved October 23, 2016 – via Trove.
  9. ^ a b "Typhoon #31 (16-24 NOV 1978)". Unisys Weather. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
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