List of state leaders in 1866

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1866.

Africa

• Ashanti Confederacy – Kwaku Dua I Panyin, Asantehene (1834–1867)
• Kingdom of Buganda – Muteesa I (1856–1884)
• Bunyoro – Kyebambe IV, Omukama of Bunyoro (1852–1869)
• Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
• Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
• Ethiopian Empire – Tewodros II (1855–1868)
• Kingdom of Jimma - Abba Gomol (1862-1878)
• Kingdom of Kaffa -
• Kasanje Kingdom - Mbumba a Kinguri (1857-1873)
• Kingdom of Kongo - Pedro V of Kongo (1859-1891)
• Kingdom of Lesotho – Moshoeshoe I (1822–1870)
• Liberia – Daniel Bashiel Warner, President of Liberia (1864–1868)
• Mthwakazi - Mzilikazi, King 1823-1868
• Kingdom of Rwanda – Kigeli IV (1853–1895)
• Sokoto Caliphate
  • Caliph -
    1. Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
    2. Ali bin Bello II (1866–1867)
  • Grand Vizier - Ibrahim Khalilu (1859-c.1874)
• Unyanyembe - Mkasiwa (1860-1875)
• Urambo - Mirambo (1860-1884)
• Yeke Kingdom - Msiri (1856-1891)
• Sultanate of Zanzibar – Majid bin Said (1856–1870)
• Zulu – Mpande kaSenzangakhona, King of the Zulu (1840–1872)

Asia

• Emirate of Afghanistan
  1. Sher Ali Khan (1863–1866)
  2. Mohammed Afzal Khan (1866–1868)
• Bamra – Tribhuban Singh, Raja (1865–1869)
• Sultanate of Brunei – Abdul Momin (1852–1885)
• China (Qing dynasty) - Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875)
• Jandala - Mir Khanzada Zahid Khan, ruled 1849–1900
• Jaora – Muhammad Ismail, Nawab (1865–1895)
• Empire of Japan
  • Monarch – Kōmei (1846–1867)
  • Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)
  • Ryukyu Kingdom - Shō Tai (1848-11 March 1879)
• Joseon (Korea) – Gojong (1864–1907, Emperor after 1897)
• Nepal - Surendra Bikram Shah (1847-1881)
• Sultanate of Oman –
  1. Thuwaini bin Said (1856–1866)
  2. Salim bin Thuwaini (1866–1868)
• Rajpipla State - Gambhirsinhji II (1860-1897)
• Siam – Mongkut (1851–1868)
• Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) - Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)

Europe

• Belgium
  • Monarch – Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
  • Cabinet Chief - Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
• Kingdom of Denmark
  • Monarch – Christian IX (1863–1906)
  • Prime Minister - Christian Emil (1865–1870)
• Second French Empire – Napoleon III (1852–1870)
• German Confederation – dissolved in 1866 as a result of the Austro-Prussian War
  • Franz Joseph of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1850–1866),
  • Austrian Empire – Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
  • Kingdom of Bavaria – Ludwig II (1864–1886)
  • Hamburg – Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1863–1864; 1866–1868; 1870; and again 1872–1873)
  • Kingdom of Hanover –
    • George (1851–1866)
    • Defeated and annexed by Prussia in 1866
  • Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
    • Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Victor de Tornaco (1860–1867)
  • Kingdom of Prussia –
    • Monarch – Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
    • Minister President - Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873)
  • Kingdom of Saxony – Johann (1854–1873)
  • Kingdom of Württemberg – Karl (1864–1891)
• Kingdom of Greece –
  • Monarch – George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Benizelos Rouphos (1865–1866)
    2. Dimitrios Voulgaris (1866)
    3. Alexandros Koumoundouros (1866–1868)
• Hungary –
  • Monarch- Franz Joseph
  • Chancellor - György Majláth
• Papal States – Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
• Kingdom of Italy –
  • Monarch – Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Marchese la Marmora (1864–1866)
    2. Bettino Ricasoli (1866–1867)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch – William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers (1849–1853, 1862–1866, 1871–1872)
    2. Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte, Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers (1866)
    3. Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers (1866–1868)
• Sweden–Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Sultan – Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
  • Grand Vizier -
    1. Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha (1863–1866)
    2. Mehmed Rushdi Pasha (1866–1867)
• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
  • Monarch – Luís I (1861–1889)
  • President of the Council of Ministers - Joaquim António de Aguiar (1865–1868)
• United Principalities (Romania)
  • Prince -
    1. Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1866)
    2. Carol I (1866–1881)
• Russian Empire – Alexander II (1855–1881)
• Kingdom of Spain – Isabella II (1833–1868)
• Kingdom of Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV (1859–1872)
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  • Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell (1865–1866)
    2. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1852, 1858, 1866–1868)

Middle East and North Africa

• Abu Dhabi – Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855–1909)
• Egypt Eyalet – Isma'il, Governor (1863–1867)
• Sultanate of Morocco – Muhammad IV (1859–1873)

North America

• Province of Canada
  • Governor General: The Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon (1861–1867)
  • Joint Premiers: Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau, Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada (1865–1867)
• Costa Rica –
  1. Jesús Jiménez Zamora, President of Costa Rica (1863–1866)
  2. José María Castro Madriz, President of Costa Rica (1866–1868)
• Honduras – José María Medina, President of Honduras (1864–1872)
• Second Mexican Empire
  • Maximilian (1864–1867)
  • Benito Juárez, President of Mexico (government in exile) (1858–1872)
• United States: Andrew Johnson, President of the United States (1865–1869)

Oceania

• Kingdom of Hawaii – Kamehameha V (1863–1872)
• Mangareva – Joseph Gregorio II, King of Mangareva (1857–1868)
• Samoa – Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860–1880)
• Tonga – Tāufaʻāhau, Tu'i Kanokupolu (1845–1893)

South America

• Argentina – Bartolomé Mitre, President of Argentina (1862–1868)
• Bolivia - Mariano Melgarejo, President (1864-1871)
• Empire of Brazil –
  • Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
  • Prime Minister –
    1. Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda, President of the cabinet of ministers (1865–1866)
    2. Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos, President of the cabinet of ministers (1866–1868)
• Chile – José Joaquín Pérez, President of Chile (1861–1871)
• Ecuador – Jerónimo Carrión, President of Ecuador (1865–1867)
• Uruguay – Venancio Flores, President of Uruguay (1865–1868)