South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone

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Satellite image of Cyclone Gafilo, the strongest storm on record in the basin by minimum central pressure

In the south-west Indian Ocean, tropical cyclones form south of the equator and west of 90° E to the coast of Africa.

Warnings and nomenclature

In 1946, Réunion's first airstrip opened, then called Gillot, and now called Roland Garros Airport. In 1950, the first meteorological station on the island opened at the airport, operated by Météo-France (MFR). The agency began publishing annual reviews in the 1962–63 season. Each year, the Météo-France office (MFR) based on Réunion island issues warnings on tropical cyclones within the basin, which is defined as the waters of the Indian Ocean from the coast of Africa to 90° E, south of the equator. The agency issues the warnings as part of its role as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center, designated as such in 1993 by the World Meteorological Organization. Intensities are estimated through the Dvorak technique, which utilizes images from satellites by the American National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.[1][2][3][4]

The Joint Typhoon Warning Center – a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force – also issues tropical cyclone warnings for the region.[5] Wind estimates from Météo-France and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 1-minute winds are about 1.12 times the amount of 10-minute winds.[6]

If a tropical storm in the basin strengthens to attain 10 minute sustained winds of at least 118 km/h (74 mph), the MFR classifies it as a tropical cyclone, equivalent to a hurricane or typhoon (a use of "tropical cyclone" which is more restrictive than the usual definition).[7]

History of the basin

The first storm in the MFR database of the basin originated on January 11, 1848. In January 1960, the first named storm was Alex, and each subsequent year had a list of storm names. Beginning in 1967, satellites helped locate cyclones in the basin, and in the following year, the MFR began estimating storm intensities from the satellite images. By 1977, the agency was using the Dvorak technique on an unofficial basis, but officially adopted it in 1981. Originally, the basin only extended to 80° E, and while it was extended eastward to the current 90° E, a lack of satellite imagery initially made data uncertain east of 80° E. The World Meteorological Organization designated the MFR as a Regional Tropical Cyclones Advisory Centre in 1988, and upgraded it to a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in 1993. In May 1998, two Europe-based Meteosat satellites began providing complete coverage of the basin. On July 1, 2002, the MFR shifted the cyclone year to begin on this date and end on June 30 of the following year; previously, the cyclone year began on August 1 and ended on the subsequent July 31. In 2003, the MFR extended their area of warning responsibility to 40° S, having previously been limited at 30° S.[2] During 2011, MFR started a reanalysis project of all tropical systems between 1978–98, with methods such as a Dvorak technique reanalysis and use of microwave imagery.[8] Preliminary results from this reanalysis project include correcting an increasing trend in the number of very intense tropical cyclones in the basin since 1978.[8] This also revealed a seemingly systematic underestimation of tropical cyclone intensities in the past.[8]

Statistics

From the 1980–81 to the 2010–11 season, there was an average of 9.3 tropical storms each year in the basin. A tropical storm has 10 minute winds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph). There are an average of five storms that become tropical cyclones, which have 10  minute winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph).[9] As of 2002, there was an average of 54 days when tropical systems were active in the basin, of which 20 had tropical cyclones active, or a system with winds of over 120 km/h (75 mph). The median start date for the season was November 17, and the median end date was April 20.[1]

Climatology

Tracks of storms in the basin from 1980 to 2005

Generally, the monsoon does not cross into the Mozambique Channel until December; as a result, storms rarely form there before that time.[1] From 1948 to 2010, 94 tropical systems developed in the small body of water, of which about half made landfall.[10] Occasionally, small storms form in the Mozambique Channel that resemble Mediterranean tropical cyclones or storms in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean; these systems are well-organized but have weaker convection than typical tropical cyclones, and originate over cooler than normal water temperatures of less than 26 °C (79 °F). A survey in 2004 conducted by weather expert Gary Padgett found meteorologists split whether these storms should be classified as tropical or subtropical.[11]

In an average year, ten tropical depressions or storms strike Madagascar, and most generally do not cause much damage.[12] Occasionally, storms or their remnants enter the interior of southeastern Africa, bringing heavy rainfall to Zimbabwe.[13]

Seasons

Before 1959

Main article: List of South-West Indian Ocean cyclones before 1959

1959

Season TD TC Strongest
storm		 Deaths Damage
USD		 Notes and
References
1959–1960 6 8 Carol 48

1960s

Season TD TC Strongest
storm		 Deaths Damage
USD		 Notes and
References
1960–1961 6 1 Doris
1961–1962 14 5 Daisy/Maud
1962–1963 10 4 Delia
1963–1964 12 4 Giselle
1964–1965 14 1 Freda
1965–1966 17 5 Ivy
1966–1967 13 2 Gilberte
1967–1968 8 4 Georgette/Janine 38
1968–1969 8 4 Dany/Helene
1969–1970 13 8 Jane

1970s

Season TD MTS TC ITC VITC Strongest
storm		 Deaths Damage
USD		 Notes and
References
1970–1971 16 11 8 4 1 Maggie-Muriel 32
1971–1972 9 7 2 1 0 Fabienne 7
1972–1973 13 11 4 2 1 Lydie 11
1973–1974 8 7 1 0 0 Deidre-Delinda
1974–1975 10 6 2 0 0 Gervaise 9
1975–1976 8 6 1 1 0 Terry-Danae
1976–1977 9 8 3 1 0 Jack-Io 301
1977–1978 14 12 2 1 0 Aurore 2
1978–1979 10 6 4 2 0 Celine 74
1979–1980 11 11 4 2 0 Viola-Claudette 30

1980s

Season TD MTS TC ITC Strongest
storm		 Deaths Damage
USD		 Notes and
References
1980–81 12 10 3 2 Alice-Adelaide/Florine
1981–82 14 10 5 2 Chris-Damia 100 $250 million
1982–83 6 3 0 0 Bemany/Elinah 33 $23 million
1983–84 14 11 4 4 Andry/Annette-Jaminy/Kamisy 356 $496 million
1984–85 9 9 1 0 Helisaonina 0 Unknown
1985–86 13 13 5 1 Erinesta 99 $150 million
1986–87 10 8 1 0 Daodo 10 $2 million
1987–88 11 11 4 1 Gasitao 100 $10 million
1988–89 12 11 6 0 Leon-Hanitra/Krissy 11 $217 million
1989–90 9 9 5 1 Walter-Gregoara 46 $1.5 million

1990s

Season TD MTS TC ITC VITC Strongest
storm		 Deaths Damage
USD		 Notes and
References
1990–91 11 7 3 0 0 Bella 88
1991–92 14 11 3 1 0 Harriet-Heather 2
1992–93 18 11 4 2 0 Edwina 20 [A 1][14]
1993–94 18 14 8 4 0 Geralda 558
1994–95 20 11 5 3 0 Marlene [15]
1995–96 21 11 6 3 0 Bonita 11 [16]
1996–97 21 12 5 3 0 Daniella 311 $50 million
1997–98 16 5 1 0 0 Anacelle 88
1998–99 14 6 2 2 0 Evrina 2
1999–00 14 9 4 3 1 Hudah 1,073 $800 million [17]

2000s

Season TD MTS TC ITC VITC Strongest
storm		 Deaths Damage
USD		 Notes and
References
2000–01 11 6 4 2 0 Ando 4 [A 1][18]
2001–02 15 11 9 5 1 Hary 52 $287 million [19]
2002–03 14 12 7 3 0 Kalunde 169 $6.7 million [A 1]
2003–04 15 10 5 3 1 Gafilo 396 $250 million [20][21]
2004–05 18 10 4 3 1 Juliet 253 [21]
2005–06 13 6 3 2 0 Carina 75 [22][23]
2006–07 15 10 7 6 0 Dora/Favio 188 $337 million [A 1][23]
2007–08 15 13 6 4 0 Hondo 123 $38.1 million [23]
2008–09 12 10 2 2 0 Fanele/Gael 30 [24]
2009–10 16 9 5 4 1 Edzani 40 [A 1][24][25]
144 97 52 34 4 Gafilo 1,339 ≥$919 million

2010s

Season TD MTS TC ITC VITC Strongest
storm		 Deaths Damage
USD		 Notes and
References
2010–11 9 3 2 0 0 Bingiza 34 [A 1][26]
2011–12 14 10 3 2 0 Funso 164 [A 1][26]
2012–13 11 10 7 3 0 Felleng 35 $46 million
2013–14 15 11 5 5 2 Hellen 11 $89.2 million
2014–15 14 11 4 3 2 Bansi 111 $46.4 million
2015–16 8 8 3 3 1 Fantala 13 $4.5 million [27]
2016–17 7 5 3 1 0 Enawo 341 $137 million
2017–18 9 8 6 3 0 Berguitta 108 $38.2 million
2018–19 15 15 11 10 0 Kenneth 1,382 ≥$2.31 billion Most active, costliest, and deadliest season on record
2019–20 12 10 6 3 1 Ambali 45 $25 million
112 89 49 32 6 Fantala 2,244 ≥$2.7 billion

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Number of tropical storms includes one subtropical depression that had winds above 65 km/h (40 mph).

References

  1. ^ a b c "Cyclone Season 2001–2002". RSMC La Reunion. Meteo-France. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  2. ^ a b Philippe Caroff; et al. (June 2011). Operational procedures of TC satellite analysis at RSMC La Reunion (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
  3. ^ https://habiter-la-reunion.re/aeroport-reunion-roland-garros/
  4. ^ Isabelle Mayer Jouanjean (2011). Lîle de La Réunion sous l’œil du cyclone au XXéme siécle (PDF) (Report) (in French). Université de la Réunion.
  5. ^ Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. p. iii, 218, 240. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
  6. ^ Chris Landsea (2006-04-21). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  7. ^ Chris Landsea (2001-07-15). "Subject: A1) What is a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone?". Frequently Asked Questions. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
  8. ^ a b c Philippe Caroff (October 23, 2015). Review of recent (2012-2015) main activities and achievements at RSMC La Reunion (docx). Eighth tropical cyclone technical coordination meeting (TCM-8). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  9. ^ Chris Landsea; Sandy Delgado (2014-05-01). "Subject: E10) What are the average, most, and least tropical cyclones occurring in each basin?". Frequently Asked Questions. Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 2014-10-13.
  10. ^ Corene J. Matyas (2014-04-07). "Tropical cyclone formation and motion in the Mozambique Channel". International Journal of Climatology. 35 (3): 375–390. Bibcode:2015IJCli..35..375M. doi:10.1002/joc.3985.
  11. ^ "June 2004 Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary". Gary Padgett. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
  12. ^ Cyclone Rehabilitation Project (PDF) (Report). World Bank. 1992-05-11. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
  13. ^ A. Mhizha; M. Musariri; E. Madamombe; Tererai (2012-01-23). Preliminary Water Resources Assessment for the Limpopo River Basin (PDF) (Report). University of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  14. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1992–1993 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  15. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1994–1995 (Report). MeteoFrance. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  16. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1995–1996 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  17. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 1999–2000 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  18. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2000–2001 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  19. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2001–2002 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  20. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2003–2004 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  21. ^ a b RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (2006-06-16). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Seventeenth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. pp. 30–32. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  22. ^ RSMC La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre. Cyclone Season 2005–2006 (Report). Meteo-France. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  23. ^ a b c RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (2010-09-15). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Eighteenth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. p. 31. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  24. ^ a b RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (August 3, 2011). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Nineteenth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. pp. 5–8. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  25. ^ Padgett, Gary (1997–2011). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Archived from the original on 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  26. ^ a b RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean (December 3, 2012). RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Twentieth Session (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organisation. pp. 2, 7, 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  27. ^ $4.5 million in damages from cyclone that hit remote Seychellois island, World Bank says (Seychelles News Agency, May 17, 2016)
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